6

MEDIEVAL SPAIN1

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7

What do we call building structures from the past?

Which historical periods come before and after the Middle Ages?

What events happened at the beginning and the end of the Middle Ages in Spain?

How do you think life changed on the Iberian Peninsula after Ancient History?

What groups of people do you think were living on the Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Ages?

What do you know? Let’s find out!

1

2

3

4

5

Useful language

The … came before the …

Then the … happened.

LET’S BEGIN

Which image do you think shows cultural heritage from:

• the Visigothic period?• the Andalusí period?

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98

Reflect

1 Read the timeline and match the correct sentences in your notebook.

2 Classify the photos from oldest to newest. Do you recognise anything in them?

3 What is the centre of your town like?

a Are the streets wide or narrow? Why do you think that is? b How is the centre different from the suburbs and why?c How old do you think the different parts of your town are?

4 Think about these inventions. How do you think people lived before them?

a paperb irrigationc the numerical system

a The Visigoths ruled in Hispania …

b The Visigoths and the Moors …c The Romans ruled in Hispania …d The Middle Ages in Spain lasted for …

1 … in Ancient History. 2 … ruled in Hispania in the Middle Ages.3 … 320 years longer than Ancient History.4 … after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

a b c

Useful language

I think people used to …

I imagine this meant that … (was easier / more difficult).

218 BC 711 1492

AD 476

MIDDLE AGES

200 1500140012001000800600400

ANCIENT HISTORY

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Work together

98

The City of Three Cultures

Evaluate your cooperative learning.

Think first

We are going to plan a tour of Toledo, the City of Three Cultures. In groups, think about these jobs: tour guide, researcher, finance officer and advertisement designer. What do you think these people do at work?

Step by step

Reflect

Compare your answers to the Think first questions with your experiences during this project. Have you changed your mind about your answers?

Materials: printed map of Toledo, notebook, computer and internet access, pen, pencil, drawing paper.

1 Find a map of Toledo and locate the main monuments. Which ones are open to visitors? Which ones are interesting to visit?

2 Each group member chooses a monument for the guided tour. Include at least one monument for each culture: Christian, Moorish and Jewish.

3 Do some research on your monument.

a What type of monument is it?

b When was it built?

c Is it Christian, Moorish or Jewish?

d What other facts may interest visitors?

e What are the opening hours?

f How much do tickets cost?

g How long is a typical visit here?

4 As a group, think about the planning, business costs and prices.

• Think about the best order to see the monuments in, and plan the best route.

• How much will you need to spend on the tickets for each visitor on the tour?

• How can you make sure you visit at least one monument belonging to each culture (Christian, Moorish, Jewish)?

• What will be your minimum and maximum number of visitors for each tour? Why?

5 Prepare an advert for your tour. Think about the different formats it can take. Mark the route the tour guide is going to follow on a photocopy of the map.

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1110

The Middle Ages

The VisigothsAfter the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in ad 476, a Germanic tribe called the Visigoths settled in Hispania. This marked the beginning of the Middle Ages in Spain.

They were victorious against other Germanic tribes, such as the Vandals, Alans and Suevi, to win their territory in Hispania. They conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula by ad 526 and established their capital in Toledo.

The Visigothic Kingdom existed from ad 456 until ad 711. At first the Visigoths were nomads and illiterate. However, during this time they became romanised by learning to speak Latin, becoming literate and adopting Roman law. Map of Visigothic Hispania c. AD 526

Constantinople

Rome

Toledo

Suevi

Suevi Vascones

Carthage

Vandals

Mediterranean Sea

AtlanticOcean

Black Sea

Red Sea

Visigoths

Visigoths

Ostro-goths

Goths

Athens

Huns

OstrogothsVisigothsVandals

ByzantinesSueviVascones

True or false

Read the text and decide if the sentences below are true or false.

Although the Visigoths were already Christians, in ad 589 King Recaredo I converted his kingdom to Catholicism at the Third Council of Toledo. This took place in their capital city.

The Visigoths had always been excellent metal workers. They crafted and gifted the Tesoro de Guarrazar - a collection of more than two hundred crowns and gold crosses - to the Catholic Church to show their loyalty to it in the 7th century.

a Rome was the capital city of the Visigothic Kingdom.b The Visigoths converted to Catholicism in the 6th century.c The Visigoths were pagans before converting to Catholicism in

AD 589.d The Visigoths gave metal crafts to the Catholic Church.e The Tesoro de Guarrazar was made in the 7th century BC.

at the

The Visigoths had always been excellent metal workers. They - a collection of more

Tesoro de Guarrazar

1 Which event marked the end of Ancient History in Western Europe?

2 Name three ways in which the Visigoths became romanised in Hispania.

3 What cultural feature did the Visigoths keep from their tribal past?

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1110

What was Al-Ándalus’ most important city?

Al-ÁndalusThe Moors invaded the Iberian Peninsula and defeated the Visigoths at the Battle of Guadalete in ad 711. They called their territory Al-Ándalus.

They conquered most of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands in just a few years. The only remaining Christian territory was to the north in Asturias.

Dierent stages of Al-Ándalus

• ad 711: the foundation of Al-Ándalus in Hispania. It belonged to the Caliph of Damascus (modern-day Syria).

• ad 756: Abd al-Rahman I established the Emirate of Córdoba and became its Emir.

• ad 929: Al-Ándalus became independent. Abd al-Rahman III established the Caliphate of Córdoba. He was the first Caliph of Al-Ándalus.

• ad 1031: The Caliphate of Córdoba fell. This resulted in many Taifa kingdoms.

Society

Al-Ándalus society consisted of three religious communities that coexisted peacefully: the Muslims, Christians and Jews. Families mixed and the religious groups had different roles in society. However, by the end of the Reconquista in 1492, the whole of the Iberian Peninsula was under Christian rule again.

4 Which event marked the founding of Al-Ándalus in Hispania? How long did the kingdom last?

5 Name a defining feature of society in this period.

6 What is the difference between an Emirate, Caliphate and Taifa? Discuss with a partner, then search online to check your answers.

711 Battle of Guadalete

929 Caliphate of Córdoba

756 Emirate of Córdoba

1031 Taifa kingdoms

1492 Christian conquest

of Granada

1238 Kingdom of Granada

700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

Al-Ándalus

The Moors introduced new foods in the peninsula such as almonds, rice and apricots.

Project tips

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1312

Life in Al-Ándalus

Most people in Al-Ándalus lived in walled towns. The Andalusíes were known for their crafts and trade, so there were a lot of merchants in their towns.

Their towns reflected their way of life:

• The city centre contained the medina, where the craftspeople lived, and the market place, the zoco.

• People prayed in a mosque.

• Also inside the city walls, there was usually a fort called an alcazaba, a fortified palace called an alcázar and the local baths.

• Jewish people often lived in separate neighbourhoods called juderías.

• Fields surrounded the cities. Farmers grew new crops such as cereals, olives and grapes.

Al-Ándalus’ legacy• Architecture: Many buildings that were constructed in Al-Ándalus

still exist today. We can still see Islamic-style architecture in many places in Spain, such as horseshoe arches, mosaics, domes and open courtyards.

• Maths and geometric patterns: The Andalusíes were great mathematicians. They introduced Arabic numerals as well as the number zero. They used maths in their art. They decorated their buildings with mosaics that contained geometric patterns, like stars or floral motifs.

• Scholars: Averroes was one of the most important Islamic scholars of the Middle Ages. He was born in Córdoba in ad 1126 into a family of judges and public servants. He wrote about many things, including medicine, philosophy, astronomy and physics.

• Agriculture: The Andalusíes also developed new methods of irrigation and introduced new crops, such as rice, oranges and aubergines.

Al-Ándalus arquitecture Olive oil Córdoba judería

Useful language

This is where people would (plant their crops). / It’s (outside the walls).

People used to (buy fruit at the zoco).

Some people would (pray in the mosque).

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1312

alcazaba

alcázar

mosque

medina

city walls

zoco

1 3 5

2 4 6

1

3

64

5

2

1 Describe parts of a Moorish town for a partner to guess them.

2 Where did people go to:

• plant new crops• bathe• buy vegetables

3 Many Spanish words are of Arabic origin, such as ojalá, cero and alfombra. How many examples can you find?

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1514

The Christian Kingdoms

The Reconquista began after the Moors came in the 8th century. It ended with the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada in 1492.

How long did the Reconquista take?

Dierent stages of the Reconquista

8th–10th centuries

The Christians from the north of the Iberian Peninsula created small kingdoms that were independent of Al-Ándalus.

In ad 722, Don Pelayo, the ruler of the Kingdom of Asturias, defeated the Moorish army at the Battle of Covadonga. This victory marked the beginning of the Reconquista.

11th century

Al-Ándalus was divided into small independent states called Taifas. The Taifas were in constant conflict, which helped the Christian Kingdoms expand into the south and conquer territories in Al-Ándalus.

In 1085, Alfonso VI, the King of Castilla and León, conquered Toledo.

Zaragoza

Guadalete (711)

Covadonga(722)

A l - Á n d a l u s

Kingdom o

f Asturias

Toledo

Córdoba

Granada

ValladolidZaragoza

Toledo

Córdoba

Granada

Valladolid

Kingdomof León

K. of C

astilla

K. of

Navarra

K. ofAragón

CatalanCounties

A l - Á n d a l u s

1 2

722 Battle of Covadonga

1085 Alfonso VI conquers Toledo

1492 Christian conquest

of Granada

1212 Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

THE RECONQUISTA

700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

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1514

RepopulationThe Reconquista was a complex process that involved two factors: battles and repopulation of previously Andalusí territories.

Repopulation went through four stages:

• the Duero Valley;

• areas between the Ebro and the Tajo;

• the Guadiana and Turia Valleys;

• Andalucía and Murcia.

13th century

The Christian Kingdoms united to become bigger and stronger. In 1212, the combined forces of the Kingdoms of Aragón, Navarra, Castilla and Portugal defeated the Moors at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. This battle was a key victory in the Reconquista. Soon, the following territories were conquered: Sevilla and Córdoba (by Fernando III); Jerez, Cádiz and Murcia (by Fernando III’s son, Alfonso X); Valencia and the Islas Baleares (by Jaime I, King of Aragón).

15th century

In 1469, King Fernando II of Aragón and Queen Isabel I of Castilla married. This united their two kingdoms to create one powerful kingdom, forming the Christian Kingdoms.

In 1492, they conquered the last remaining territory in Al-Ándalus the Kingdom of Granada. This marked the end of the Reconquista.

Jerez

Navas deTolosa (1212)

K. of

Navarra

Crown ofCastilla

Crown

of Ara

gón

Kin

gdom

of P

ortu

gal

A l -Ándalus

Zaragoza

Toledo

Córdoba

Granada

Valladolid

Cádiz

MurciaSevilla

Sevilla

Jerez

Crown of Castilla

Crow

n of

Ara

gón

Kin

gdom

of

Port

ugal Zaragoza

Toledo

Granada

Valladolid

Cádiz

Murcia

K. ofNavarra

Kingdom ofGranada

Córdoba

3 4

1 Who was fighting on each side of the Reconquista?

2 Why do you think repopulation was an important strategy for the Reconquista?

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1716

Life in the Christian Kingdoms

Society and the economyFeudalism was a social system that existed in the Middle Ages. Medieval society had a hierarchy of different levels and roles.

Architectural stylesSpain’s mixture of cultures in the Middle Ages resulted in many different architectural styles.

Monarchy

The king or queen governed the country. Everything and everyone belonged to him or her.

Nobles

The nobles were loyal to the king. They were very rich, owned land and lived in castles.

Knights

Knights fought in the nobles’ armies and the nobles gave them land.

Clergy

Priests, monks and nuns were religious people in Christianity. Monks lived in monasteries and nuns lived in convents.

Peasants and serfs

Peasants lived in villages near the nobles’ castles. Most peasants were serfs, which meant they were not free people. They had to work on the nobles’ land and give them some of their crops.

1

1

2

4

3

5

4

25

3

Romanesque architecture was popular in Christian territories during the 11th and 12th centuries. Features included: small windows, rounded arches, thick walls and low structures.

Gothic churches were built from the 13th to the 16th centuries. Features included: big stained-glass windows, pointed arches, thin walls, rose windows and tall structures.

Mudéjar architecture was a mixture of Islamic and Romanesque / Gothic styles with elaborate tilework and brickwork. It developed after the 11th century.

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1716

City lifeIn the 12th century, trade started to expand. As a result, cities increased in size and importance. New cities were usually built near trade routes, on roads and on rivers.

1 Classify the people into the hierarchical pyramid.

army • lord • queen • serf knight • farmer

2 Compare your answers to activity 1 with a partner. Are your answers the same? Who else fits into the hierarchy?

3 In the Christian Kingdoms, where would you go to …

• ... buy some shoes?• ... go to mass?• ... leave the city?

4 In pairs, think of examples of the four medieval architectural styles in Spain.

cathedral

town hall

castle

fortified gateway

main square

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18

Our world

Multicultural societySocieties consist of many different people living their lives in different ways. However, this is not only true for our world today – history shows us that it is a common theme.

1 Get into pairs. Person A reads text A below. Person B reads text B on page 108. Together, decide if the sentences below refer to text A, B or both.

Unit 1, text A

Andalusí society was diverse and consisted of different religious groups. Some families came from mixed Muslim-Christian backgrounds.

Though the majority were Muslim, other religious groups could practise their religions and traditions, too.

• Muslims followed Islam and had their own traditions, such as the Hajj. They were the ruling group in society.

• Muladís were Christians who converted to Islam and adopted Moorish customs.

• Mozarabs were Christians who kept their own religion but adopted Moorish customs.

• Jews were in the minority but played an important role in politics, commerce and art. They kept their customs and lived in districts called juderías.

Some groups, such as Christians and Jews, were protected groups. This meant they could practise their traditions, but had to pay a special tax called the jizyah.

Useful language

In (Visigothic) times, people used to (grow their own food).

Today, we (buy food in supermarkets).

There are (more people) in (Toledo) now than in (Andalusí) times.

a This Christian pilgrimage began in the 9th century. b Different religious groups have different traditions.c Some people adopted new traditions.d Both Christians and Muslims can make special pilgrimages.e The pilgrims followed ancient trade routes.

2 Imagine you have a conversation with a Visigothic person or an Andalusí person. You try to explain the similarities and differences between our world today and theirs. What do you tell them? Think about: cities, monuments and different religions.

The Great Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba

The synagogue in Toledo

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19

Study skills

Giving presentationsGiving a presentation can be a fun way of communicating information to your teacher and classmates. Here are some tips you can follow to make your presentation clear and interesting.

1) Connect with your audience.

• Look at your teacher and classmates and smile at them.

• Use music or a slide presentation to engage your classmates.

• Use a story or humour to keep them interested.

2) Keep your presentation short and clear.

• If you use a slide presentation:

– do not use more than ten slides.

– do not fill the slides with just text.

– use images and graphics, too.

– do not use a font smaller than size 30.

• Have clear notes on paper to help you remember what you want to say. Do not read them out loud, just use them when you need to.

• Use hand gestures to make a point and move around while you speak.

3) Stay calm!

• Take a deep breath before you begin. It will help calm your nerves.

• Speak slowly, loudly and clearly.

• Do not panic if you make a mistake. Forget about it and move on!

1 Do a group presentation about the Middle Ages. When working on a presentation in groups, organisation and coordination are very important. Follow these instructions to plan your presentation:

• In small groups, choose a general topic from the unit:The Visigothic Kingdom, Al-Ándalus or the Christian Kingdoms.

• Then decide a more specific area regarding your topic: Religion, society, the territories they occupied or important monarchs or rulers.

• Decide which aids you want to incorporate into your presentation: Music, posters, slide presentations.

• Assign tasks to everyone in the group and create a calendar with dates of when to finish each component: Collect information, make posters, create slides, write notes, rehearse, etc.

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REVIEW

2120

1 Complete and illustrate a timeline of these events in your notebook.

2 Look at the picture and spot the mistakes. Write sentences describing the mistakes in your notebook.

3 Imagine you live in a particular town in Spain in the Middle Ages. Describe it to partner so they can guess what type of kingdom you live in (Visigothic, Al-Ándalus or a Christian Kingdom).

• What does your town look like?

• What do people there do for a living?

• What cultures and religions exist there?

4 Discuss the following questions:

• Where is your town?

• Do you think life in other parts of Spain is the same?

• King Recaredo conversion to Catholicism

• end of Western Roman Empire

• the arrival of the Moors

• the conquest of Granada

• Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

• Emirate of Córdoba

• Caliphate of Córdoba

• Taifa kingdoms

Useful language

My town has a …

The streets are very (narrow).

476 589 711 756 929 1031 1212 1492

VISIGOTHIC KINGDOM AL-ÁNDALUS AND CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS

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2120

What do you know now? Check your progress!

5 In your notebook, complete the sentences by choosing the correct words.

a Andalusí / Visigothic society consisted of a king, nobles and peasants.

b The name for the relationship between landowners and serfs in the Middle Ages was feudalism / taifas.

c The Kingdom of Granada was the last territory under Moorish / Visigoth rule.

d The four main architectural styles from medieval Spain are Islamic, Gothic, Mudéjar and Roman / Romanesque.

6 Put the events in chronological order.a The Reconquista finished.b The Moors invaded Spain.c The Caliphate of Córdoba divided into taifas.d The Reconquista started.e The Visigoths settled in Hispania.f King Fernando II of Aragón and Queen Isabel I of

Castilla married.

7 Who are the sentences below about?a They lived in castles.b They fought in the nobles’ armies.c They ruled the country.d They worked on land belonging to the nobles.e They lived either in convents or monasteries.

8 In your notebook, decide whether the following places belong in Al-Ándalus (A), a city in a Christian Kingdom (C) or both (B).

• medina • protective walls

• mosque • market place

• alcazaba • alcázar

• town hall • cathedral

9 Classify the characteristics listed below according to their architectural style.

• horseshoe arches

• pointed arches

• thick walls

• stained-glass windows

• small windows

• mosaics

10 Look at the photos and identify the style.

11 Talk about your favourite part of the Middle Ages in Spain. Use the word cloud below to help you.

religionAl-Ándalussocietythe Christian Kingdoms

battle architecture

a

c

b

d

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