Medieval & Renaissance City - York University fw15-16/medieval and renaissance... · •Why look at...
Transcript of Medieval & Renaissance City - York University fw15-16/medieval and renaissance... · •Why look at...
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Medieval & Renaissance City
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Purpose
• Why look at Medieval & Renaissance cities
– They contrast with our present-day cities
– Contemporary city has its origins in these
western cities
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London C19th office building
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• London, St
Pancras Railway
station
• C19th
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• Manchester UK:
– John Rylands
library
• C19th
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• Gilbert Scott
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Victorian Gothic
• Medieval gothic was fashionable in Victorian Britain
• Victorian art often celebrated the medieval:
– Sir Walter Scott
– The Pre-Raphaelites
• Why?
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American Gothic
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Canadian Gothic
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The Renaissance
• What was it?
– A “rediscovery” of the learning of the classical
world?
– Rediscovery of rationality, urban creativity?
– The resurgence of urban commercial
relationships?
– An invention of C19th historians?
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C19th Historians
• Western urban history interrupted/disrupted
by the collapse of the Roman empire
– “The Dark Ages”
• Medieval urban revival
– Christian cities, gothic architecture
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Western Europe
• Collapse of Roman Empire (c.
450 CE) interrupts urban history
in Western Europe
• Cities shrink, some vanish
• Long-distance trade shrinks
• Local warlords take over:
feudalism
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Feudalism
• Western Europe controlled by nobility,
Church
• Rural peasants controlled by landowners
– Church
– nobility
• Nobility provides military protection
• Emphasis on rural subsistence
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Feudalism
• A coping mechanism for
– social and economic disorder
– natural disasters (Volcanic eruption of 519 CE)
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Eastern Europe, Middle East
• But Urban tradition continues
– Byzantine Empire
– Muslim cities
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Revival of Western Cities
• Linked to re-emergence of long-distance
trade with Eastern Europe, Middle-East
• Boom in full progress C12th, C13th
• Via cities in
– Northern Italy
– Flanders, Rhineland
– Northern Germany
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Siena
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Siena
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• Bruges, City Hall
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• Bruges, bell tower
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• Louvain,
Belgium: Town
Hall
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Tallinn, Estonia
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• Rostock,
Germany
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Urban Economy
• Mercantile urban economy begins to
transform the whole of society
• Rural landowners want to make money in a
market economy, not control peasants
• Cities outside the feudal system
• Cites a place of strangers, foreigners
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Medieval & Renaissance Cities
• Dense populations
– easy target for infectious disease
• Most were small
• Built as walking cities
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Exeter 1935
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Jerusalem, Old City
• Covers 1 sq km
• Population of 20,000
• Ancient site, re-worked by Romans
• Rebuilt in medieval period
• Ottoman walls
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• Jerusalem: a divided city
• Old city divided into
‘quarters’:
– Jewish
– Muslim
– Christian
– Armenian
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1875
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• Herod Gate
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Urban Form
• In Europe, chief institutions at city centre
– market
– cathedral
– merchants halls
• Important & wealthy citizens want to live
close to city centre
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Lincoln
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Tallinn
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Visby
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York UK: Merchant Venturer’s Hall
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Exeter: Buttermarket, 1920s
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Urban Form
• Social status like a Donut:
– High status in centre
– Lower status outside
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City Walls
• Define the city
• Protection in war
• Security from bandits
• Customs & tariff barrier
• Ornamental symbol of city
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Carcasonne
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Bristol
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• Swearing in the
Mayor of
Bristol
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• Ricart’s
Kalendar,
1479
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Broad St, Bristol
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St John’s Gate, Bristol
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St John’s Guild Hall, Bristol
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Smith: 1568
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River Avon, Courage Brewery,
Bristol
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St Peter’s Church, Bristol
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Housing
• Complex household structure
• Different “classes” under one roof, in one
household
– merchant, workers, servants
• Work/retail/residence blurred
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Burgage yard, Bristol
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Florence
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Florence
• Important city of northern Italian
renaissance
• City state
– able to evade control by nobility, Pope
• Boomed on long distance trade
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Florence
• Economic boom: C12th & C13th
• Economic decline: C14th
– but flowering of architecture, art, mathematics
etc.
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Florence
• Small, dense, city
• C14th: 95,000 people in a 20 minute walk
– 30,000 people/km2
• Inner city Toronto today: 10,000
people/km2
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Medieval & Renaissance Cities
• Different from now:
– Small and dense
• Similar to now:
– Complex social patterns, complex use of space
– Importance of long distance trade
– Cities were centres of cultural change and
innovation
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