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A period of European history from the

fall of Western Roman Empire in 476 until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Followed by the Renaissance. Marked by constant warfare and the feudal system, the Crusades, the Black Death, Christian-orientated art and works.

Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages 476-1000 CE

Once called the “Dark Ages” (which roughly covered the time from the fall of the Roman Empire, c. 400 CE, to the reign of Charlemagne, c. 800 CE), this term is seldom used now, as we become better informed about the accomplishments of this period.

High Middle Ages1000-1300 CE Late Middle Ages1300-1400 CE The Middle Ages end at about the

time of the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453.

The map below depicts the general boundaries of the various nations of Europe in the Middle Ages.

Europe in the Middle Ages

WESTERN and CENTRAL EUROPE

Latin- the language of the catholic Church -the common language of writings -education language

EASTERNGreek and Old Slavonic

VERNACULARS Old English (Beowulf), German (Nibelungelied), Greek (Digenis Acritas), Slavic (Tale of Igor’s Campaing), Old French (Chanson de Roland), Castilian (Mio Cid).

Languages

In the southern part of England,

people in medieval times spoke a language called Anglo-Saxon. This language is also called Old English.

Old English

In fact, it looks something like this:

oðþæt him æghwylc þær ymbsittendra ofer hronrade hyran scolde (Beowulf, Old English).

Old English

Anglo-Saxon uses only some of the

same letters we use in our alphabet today. Plus, it uses three letters that

we no longer use - þ ð æ

In medieval times, most people did not

read or write. Perhaps that is why it is sometimes easier to hear and understand Old English than it is to read it.

Still, there are many words in Old English that we do not use today. Here are some examples:

Spoken Old English

durst – Dare; to have the necessary boldness or courage for somethingwhence - From where, e.g., "Whence comest thou?" means "Where do you come from?"whither - To where, e.g., "Whither thou goest, I'll go." means "Where you go, I will go."

English Language Timeline

Medieval Period was based on feudalism Feudalism was a hierarchy based on the least

powerful swearing allegiance and loyalty to the person in power above him. It began with the serfs and ended with the king and the Pope.

Medieval Life

The bubonic plague created a labor

shortage that contributed to the end of feudalism and to the passing of the Middle Ages.

Theocentrism

The medieval “entreteiners”

Books

Themes of Medieval Literature

Themes of Medieval Literature fall into several major categories which seem to reflect the concerns/focus of life for people in that time period. The Seven Deadly Sins (what to avoid) The Seven Heavenly Virtues (what to do) Physiognomy and “The Humours” Values of “courtly love” The Code of Chivalry

The Seven Deadly Sins are: Lust Gluttony Avarice (greed) Sloth Wrath Envy Pride

The Seven Virtues are: Chastity Temperance Charity Diligence Forgiveness Kindness Humility

Rules of Courtly Love

1. Marriage is no real excuse for not loving. 2. He who is not jealous cannot love. 3. No one can be bound by a double love. 4. It is well known that love is always

increasing or decreasing. 5. Boys do not love until they arrive at the age

of maturity. 6. No one should be deprived of love without

the very best of reasons. 7. Love is always a stranger in the home of

avarice. 8. It is not proper to love any woman whom

one should be ashamed to seek to marry.

9. A true lover does not desire to embrace in love anyone except his beloved.

10. When made public, love rarely endures. 11. The easy attainment of love makes it of little

value; difficulty of attainment makes it prized. 12. Every lover regularly turns pale in the presence

of his beloved. 13. When a lover suddenly catches sight of his

beloved, his heart palpitates. 14. A new love puts to flight an old one. 15. Good character alone makes any man worthy of

love. 16. A man in love is always apprehensive. 17. Real jealousy always increases the feeling of

love.

18. Jealousy, and therefore love, are increased when one suspects his beloved.

19. He whom the thought of love vexes, eats and sleeps very little.

20. Every act of a lover ends in the thought of his beloved.

21. A true lover considers nothing good except what he thinks will please his beloved.

22. A lover can never have enough of the solaces of his beloved.

23. A man who is vexed by too much passion usually does not love.

24. A true lover is constantly and without intermission possessed by the thought of his beloved.

25. Nothing forbids one woman being loved by two men or one man by two women.

Chivalry

Chivalry is a system of discipline and social interaction that is derived from the warrior class of medieval

times, especially and primarily the class of trained warriors who participated in the Crusades (12th – 14th centuries).

Chivalry was a code of conduct based on the

process of becoming a knight. Adherence to oaths of allegiance and rules

governing fighting were basic to its precepts. The ideals and behavior codes governed both

knight and gentlewoman adhere to the oath of loyalty to one’s overlord acceptance of certain rules of warfare adoration of a particular lady for purposes of self-

improvement

Chivalry has a discipline because those ancient soldiers trained themselves daily through learning and practicing the arts of attack and self defense.

These arts gave rise to the idea of control of body, mind, and speech in the Knight.

From this idea of engaging only other

Knights developed the idea of treating enemies and friends fairly and equally.

Later, as the honor of being a Knight grew, both Monarchy and the Church (Eastern Orthodox as well as Roman Catholic) began to participate in the selection and creation of Knights.

A Knight should be known for:

Prowess Justice Loyalty Defense Courage

Faith Humility Largesse Nobility Franchise

A morality play to teach a lesson to its viewers. It’s

about a character named Everyman who confronts Death and has to find which of his friends will go with him.

Everyman

Epic PoetryThe beginnings of English Literature Unknown author; possibly one

Christian author in Anglo-Saxon England

Unknown date of composition (roughly 8th-11th Century CE)

Beowulf

Canterbury Tales was written in Middle

English by Geoffrey Chaucer who is often called the father of English poetry. He is credited with making English respectable. Until Chaucer most literature and documents of importance were done in Latin.

Canterbury Tales (written 1387)

A tale about Arthur’s knights and

the Round Table, Sir Gawain accepts the Green Knights challenge to exchange blows. The story might really be about redemption and sin.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

King Arthur is a legendary British leader

who, according to medieval histories and romances, led the defense of Britain against the Saxon invaders in the early 6th century. The details of Arthur's story are mainly composed of folklore

and literary invention, and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians.

King Arthur

The Alliterative Morte Arthure is a

4346-line Middle English alliterative poem, retelling the latter part of the legend of King Arthur.

The romances in this volume are two of the best and most important of our surviving Middle English romances.

Alliterative Morte Arthure

Attend and listen gentlemen

that be of freeborn bloodI shall tell you of a good yemanHis name was Robyn Hode"

opening lines of "A Gest of Robyn Hode"

El Cantar del Mio Cid, 1140

Arabic Conquest of the Peninsula 711 Muslims and Christians battles Born of the “Lenguas romances”: castellano, italiano,

portugués, francés, occitano… El Cantar del Mio Cid, the beginning of the Hispanic

Literature Castilian as the Kingdom language

The Spain of the Middle Ages

Fernando and Isabel marriage Conquest of the Peninsula by the Christians 1492 and

Muslims and Jewish expulsion 1492 -Cristobal Colón (and the Castilian

language) arrives to the “New World” -First Spanish Grammar by Nebrija

The Spain of the Middle Ages

Created by Created by Irma Nydia VillanuevaIrma Nydia VillanuevaSpanish Teacher, Puerto Rico Department of EducationSpanish Teacher, Puerto Rico Department of Educationspanishteacherpr@yahoo.comspanishteacherpr@yahoo.com

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