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Transcript of Medieval Europe & Crusades - JonesHistory.net. Medieval Period 2... · Medieval Europe & Crusades...
Medieval Europe & Crusades
Snapshots of two representative periods:
CharlemagneAnd
The Crusades
The Big Picture
4th-5th centuriesRoman Empire
Allies with“Barbarians”
To watch over regionsIn name of Rome
476Western Roman
Empire Falls
5th-8th centuries“Dark Ages”
Barbarian KingdomsMostly fail
8th-9th centuriesInvasion, instability,decentralization
VikingsMagyars
9th centuryCharlemagneOne Europe
Holy Roman Empire
10th centuryfragmentation
11th centuryCrusades
12th-13th century“High Middle Ages”
Frankish Kingdoms
• Relate the historical circumstances of the rise and fall of the Carolingian Empire.
• Explain important contributions of Charlemagne’s reign.
Rise of Frankish Kingdoms
• Franks – confederation of
peoples – Rome made
treaties with them
Franks
● expanded
– gradually defeating other kingdoms
– intermarrying ● converted to
Catholicism
● Frankish leaders allied with leading churchmen, abbots and bishops.
The Franks
– maintained Roman traditions of rule• official language = Latin• wills and laws were issued• courts were held
– Clovis (486–511), the greatest of the Merovingians, divided his kingdom among his sons
• Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy.
– Charlemagne’s family fills vacuum left by political strife among Merovingians
Rise of Charlemagne
Charlemagne was the greatest member of the Carolingian family,
arose in the early seventh century in Austrasia (northeastern Frankish kingdom).
long controlled the office of Mayor of the Palace, sort of a prime minister to the Merovingian kings.
Charlemagne10min
Try to get FIVE facts...
Dynasties: Holy Roman Empire
Rise of Charlemagne
built up close relations to leading members of the clergy, both bishops and abbots.
waged military campaigns along frontiers that maintained the integrity of the kingdom.
Charles Martel, Battle of Poitiers in 733
Carolingians take Throne 751
• Pippin III (751–768) wrote to Pope Zachary to ask if it was right that the person in Francia who had all the power lacked the title of king.
• Zachary needed help against the Lombards and told Pippin that he should be king.
• papal approval = legitimacy.
Charlemagne (768–814)
• a turning point in European history.
• long reign p• keen judge of
people. • worked out and
implemented a coherent plan.
Military Campaigns
helped to maintain the realm.
waged 53 campaigns in 46 years.
rarely led armies himself.
great talent was organization, not generalship.
restored the borders of the Merovingian kingdom
Institutional developments
• both reform and innovation.
• made the royal court and courtiers key players in both government and politics.
• created the impression of wide consultation and consensus. – Annual assemblies
Institutional developments
• “Capitularies” = legislation in capitula (“chapters”)were issued at almost every assembly.
• Key members of the Frankish people were made royal vassals and, so, entered into personal relationships with the king.
• Missi dominici
Ecclesiastical developments
• close alliance with the papacy• extension of the Church hierarchy
– Church organization as a complement to, and even an advance on, political organization.
• attempts to attain uniformity in canon law, liturgy and worship, and monastic practices went far toward achieving a common culture in Western Europe.
Charlemagne’s Coronation
one of the signal events in Western civilization.
problems in papal Rome.
emerging idea of a universal, imperial, hegemonic tradition in Francia.
The events of Christmas Day 800 led to the creation of a “New Israel” in Francia.
The idea of “Christendom” was born in Charlemagne’s reign.
Carolingian Renaissance
• century of unified Carolingian rule w
• stamping a common historical and cultural imprint on Western Europe
• development of schools & basic education
Carolingian Renaissance
• basis for a common European culture, a
• built Catholic Christianity into every aspect of life in Europe.
• established the framework for European intellectual life until the emergence of the universities in the twelfth century.
Fall of Carolingians
• Internal factors: – Family rivalries among
the sons and grandsons of Charlemagne tore the realm apart.
– Treaty of Verdun in 843. – complexity of the lands
and peoples over which the Carolingians ruled made uniformity difficult.
Fall of Carolingians
• External factors: • Viking, Muslim, and Magyar attacks that began in
the middle years of the ninth century. • militarization and localization of society as
responses to the unpredictable attacks forced people to fall back on locally available resources.
• Bonds between the center and the localities were slowly dissolved.
Medieval Culture✔ Manorialism
✔ Feudalism✔ Social Classes
✔ Knighthood✔ Revival of Trade
Europe After Romans
• Explain Manorialism and why it arose. • Explain Feudalism and its connection to
Manorialism.
Developments during this period in politicsand society
Manorialism
✔ Economic system✔ “Insular”;
independent✔ Social hierarchy✔ Land = “wealth
generator”✔ Wealth trickle-
down✔ commons
Feudalism
✔ Political system✔ Social hierarchy✔ Obligations up
and down✔ Rights and
responsibilities✔ Three estates✔ Middle Ages as
transformation of Roman world
Feudalism1min56
Feudalism
Social Classes Middle Ages
1min30
Social Classes
New Agriculture
Population growth
Climate change
Technology
● Mills● Iron tools● Carruca● Iron plow● Horse collar● Horseshoe
2-field to 3-field system
Cities Grow
• Old Roman cities• Rise of the
bourgeoisie• “burghers”
• ~5K pop.• London, 1200s, 40K• Florence, Venice,
Milan ~80K• Townspeople get
liberties from kings and lords
Expensive Land needed for
wealth to support Duties to the
Overlord “hommage”
Knighthood
ChivalryTournamentsLe Roman Courtois
Chivalry
✔3min45
NOTES: ✔Le Cid?✔William the Conqueror?✔Chivalry changed warrior behavior by...✔Chaucer's view...
Chivalry
Chivalry
Trade Comes Back
• Leads to growth of towns
• Italy first• Venice
• Flanders• Champagne
• Fairs
• Money economy revived
• Banking• “Commercial
Revolution”
Guilds
• Crafts organized by guilds
• Guild Halls• Levels
• Master• Journeyman• Apprentice
Guilds
Monopoly Prices wages
C
New Agriculture
Population growth Climate change Technology Mills Iron tools Carruca Iron plow Horse collar Horseshoe 2-field to 3-field system
Medieval help desk...
Church & Crusades
• Explain the role of the Church in Medieval European society both for the clergy in secula and those in regula.
• Explain fully the causes and effects of the Crusades.
Medieval Church
~500 to ~750 = development of the Catholic Church.
In Rome, popes gradually turned away from Mediterranean - relationships w/ political leaders of Western Europe.
Popes
● institutional leadership in central Italy the papal state.
● great patrons of art and learning in and around Rome.
Bishops
• important local leaders. • As new kingdoms grew, more
bishoprics were created. • Bishops coming together in
councils could legislate for their whole realms long before kings could do so.
• Bishops became key advisers to kings.
Monasteries
• spread all across Europe. • Monks played a key role in
converting the people of the countryside.
• Many missionaries were Irish or Anglo-Saxon monks who traveled far to preach and teach.
• Monasteries were often important centers of learning.
Medieval Church
3min
Take note of any FOUR facts.
Medieval Church
New Orders
• Cistercians• Outside monastery
• Hildegard of Bingen• chant
• Franciscans• Dominicans• Heresy is…• The Inquisition
• Purpose• method
The Crusades
The Crusades2min22
Crusades
The First Crusades … in a nutshell
Muslims conquer Palestine 7th century -
Christians on pilgrimageNo problem
11th century – SeljukTurks take Palestine
- not nice!
1095 Pope Urban IIPreaches Crusade
To liberate Holy Land
1096 First CrusadePersecution of Jews
For centuries to come
1097 Constantinople
(invitation regretted!)1099
Jerusalem
1187 Saladin unitesMuslims – ejects
Christians
Many more crusadesFollow through the
15th cen. - not successful
Europe transformed
Break down feudalism● Serfs can now buy freedom● Decrease in population of knights
Increase authority of kings Increase demand for luxury goods from the
east● Commerce increases permanently
Increase in knowledge from the east
Muslim Perspective
At first thought was Byzantines
Termed all “Franks” – thought just another imperialist action as seen in Spain
Barbarians from the north
Not a lot of religious context for Muslims here, but for some idea was Jerusalem should be controlled by Muslims
Not for all Crusaders either!
Crusades – Jewish Perspective
3min56
Crusades... Rabbi Wein