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MEDICO – LEGAL SOCIETY OF SRI LANKA

ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC SESSIONS 2019

Chief Guest 

Hon. Justice Yasantha Kodagoda PC 

President of the Court of Appeal  

07 DECEMBER 2019

SRI LANKA FOUNDATION, COLOMBO

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Contents

Council (2019-2020) 02

Organizing Committee 04

Programme at a glance 05

Programme – Inauguration Ceremony 06

Programme – Plenary Session 07

Programme – Free Paper Session I 08

Programme – Free Paper Session II 09

Awards, Abstract Reviewers & Judges 10

Abstracts of Plenary Sessions 11

Abstracts of Free Paper Sessions 16

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The Council (2019 – 2020)

Medico – Legal Society of Sri Lanka

President Dr. Ajith Tennakoon

Vice Presidents Mr. A. Welianga Mr. M. R. Latif Joint Secretaries Mr. Madhawa Tennakoon Mr. J. M. R. Jayasundara Assistant Secretary Mr. Charith Galhena

Treasurer Dr. Ruwan Illeperuma

Assistant Treasurer Dr. S. P. A. Hewage Editors Prof. Muditha Vidanapathirana Mr. Chethiya Goonesekera

Past Presidents Hon. Justice Priyasath Dep Hon. Justice Shiranee Tilakawardane Mr. Chandra Fernando Mr. S. B. W. de Silva Mr. P. H. Manatunga Council Members Mr. Upali Gooneratne PC Dr. Jayanie Weeratna Mr. Chathura Galhena Dr. Uthpala Attygalle Mr. Sajeewa Medawatte Dr. Asela Mendis Dr. Paraniruban Paranitharan Mr. Dileepa Peiris Dr. Saminda Rajapaksha Mr. Lionel Gunathilake

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Organizing Committee of the Annual Scientific Sessions – 2019

Mr. Madhawa Tennakoon (Chairman)

Dr. Ruwan Illeperuma

Dr. Jayanie Weeratna

Dr. Asela Mendis

Mr. Chathura Galhena

Mr. J. M. R. Jayasundera

Mr. Chamath Fernando

Ms. Wasana Tissera

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Programme at a glance

08.30 – 09.00 a.m. Registration

09.00 – 10.00 a.m. Inauguration Ceremony

10.00 - 10.30 a.m. Refreshments

10.30 – 12.30 p.m. Plenary Session

12.30 – 01.30 p.m. Lunch (Registered Participants Only)

01.30 – 03.30 p.m. Free Paper Presentations (Session I)

03.30 – 03.45 p.m. Tea / Coffee Break

03.45 – 05.45 p.m. Free Paper Presentations (Session II)

05.45 – 06.00 p.m. Presentation of Awards

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Programme – Inauguration Ceremony

8.30 a.m. – Registration of Participants

8.45 a.m. – Invitees take their seats

9.00 a.m. – Arrival of the chief guest

9.05 a.m. – Ceremonial Procession

9.10 a.m. – Lighting of the oil lamp

9.15 a.m. – National Anthem

9.20 a.m. – Welcome address by the President

9.25 a.m. – Remembrance of Late Prof. M. S. L. Salgado

9.30 a.m. – Address by the Chief Guest

9.45 a.m. – Presentation of the Memento to the Chief Guest

9.50 a.m. – Vote of Thanks by Joint Secretary

9.55 a.m. – Procession Leaves

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Programme – Plenary Session

10.30 – 10.40 a.m. Introduction of Speakers 10.40 – 11.00 a.m. Genetically Modified Food: The Regulatory Procedure

Prof. Athula Perera Emeritus Professor, University of Peradeniya

11.00 – 11.20 a.m. Traditional Knowledge, Biopiracy and Pharmaceuticals:

Legal Connections Prof. Naazima Kamardeen

Professor in Law, University of Colombo.

11.20 – 11.40 a.m. Security preparation for the CBRNE Threats and mitigation Mr. S. W. A. B. Daulagala, SSP

Director Training – Police Special Task Force 11.40 – 12.00 a.m. Forensic Odontology in Criminal Investigations

Dr. Jayanie Weeratna Forensic Odontologist,

Institute of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Colombo 12.00 – 12.30 a.m. Question and Answers

Moderator - Dr. Uthpala Attygalle Consultant Judicial Medical Officer

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Programme – Free Paper Presentation Session I

Chairpersons: Dr. Jayanie Weeratne & Mr. Sajeeewa Medawatte

Time Abstract Title of the Abstract Author/s

1.30 - 1.45 p.m. FP 1 Sterilization- Is it the modern R.W.R.H.M.R.L.P.K Girihagama method of Ethnic Cleansing? 1.45 – 2.00 p.m. FP 2 Disclosing an incestuous paternity R.A.B.S.Ranasinghe, D.H.L.W. Jayamanne

by inherited alleles and y-str result V. J. Bandaranayake, N. Nizam 2.00 – 2.15 p.m. FP 3 Accidental electrocution due to Kiriella PA, Samaraweera DD

careless act by electrical authorities – A case report

2.15 – 2.30 p.m. FP 4 Identification psychotropic drugs in Kurukulanatha TH, Premathilaka

Blotter paper stamps UWS, Saputhanthri AS, Fernando MAJ, Welianga A

2.30 – 2.45 p.m. FP 5 Colloid Cyst of the 3rd Ventricle Mendis NDNA, Lakmali WAC as a contributory cause of Motor Traffic Accident

2.45 – 3.00 p.m. FP 6 Exploring the application of a Fernando MAJ, Dr. Watson DG Lux Cellulose 2 Column for the separation of enantiomers of amino acids in biological systems

3.00-3.15 p.m. FP 7 How sure is acid phosphatase N. Nizam, D. H.L.W. Jayamanne, test results in sexual assault V. J. Bandaranayake, P. G De. Silva evidence?

3.15-3.30 p.m. FP 8 Deaths following bomb explosion ; P. Paranitharan, WNS Perera a comparison of the injury pattern of two victims

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Programme – Free Paper Presentation Session II

Chairpersons: Mr. A. Welianga & Mr. Chathura Galhena

Time Abstract Title of the Abstract Author/s

3.45 – 4.00 p.m. FP 9 Forensic History of the Sri Lankan Mendis NDNA Dynasty - from King Vijaya to King Sri Wickrama Rajasinghe - Historical research 4.00 – 4.15 p.m. FP 10 Human remain identification N. Nizam, D. H.L.W. Jayamanne by Mitochondrial DNA analysis V. J. Bandaranayake 4.15 -4.30 p.m. FP 11 Why pay more attention to blunt C. T. Mahanama, P.A. Kirialla abdominal injuries? 4.30 – 4.45 p.m. FP 12 A Homicidal blunt force trauma C. T. Mahanama, P.A. Kirialla to the head 4.45 - 5.00 p.m. FP 13 Identification of Metabolite of K.A.P.Bandumala Cannabinoid ∆ 9 THC-COOH W.D.V.Karunaratne

in urine by Solid Phase A.Welianga Extraction following Derivatization

and GC-MS 5.00 – 5.15 p.m. FP 14 Hidden Socio-economic Dangers of MCC Perera A G D

Grant Facilitated Land Reforms in Sri Lanka : Small Farmers, Consumers &Environment

5.15 – 5.30 p.m. FP 15 Late complication of upper oesophageal Sanjeewa HKR Attygalle U

Obstruction.

5.30 – 5.45 p.m. FP 16 New trends in Forensic Anthropological Pranavan S analysis

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Abstract Reviewers

01. Mr. Palitha Fernando PC Retired Attorney General

02. Dr. S. M. Colombage

Retired Consultant Judicial Medical Officer

03. Dr. R. A. D. Kumarawickrama Retired Senior Assistant Government Analyst

Judges for Awards

01. Prof. Muditha Vidanapathirana Professor of Forensic Medicine

02. Ms. Ayesha Jinasena PC

Additional Solicitor General

03. Dr. R. A. D. Kumarawickrama Retired Senior Assistant Government Analyst

Medico – Legal Society Awards

01. Best Research Paper

02. Best Case Report

03. Best Concept Paper

04. M. S. L. Salgado Award (for the best presentation)

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Abstracts

of

Plenary Sessions

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Genetically Modified Food: The Regulatory Procedure Prof. Athula Perera Emeritus Professor, University of Peradeniya Genetically modified food (GMF) is obtained from Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) which are the products of recombinant DNA Technology, also known as Gene Technology or Genetic Engineering. A result of a quantum leap in technological advancement, it enables the isolation, cloning and transfer of genes across species and even Kingdoms producing Transgenic plants, animals and microbes, each carrying in its genome, a new gene, producing a new character. GMOs, ranging from Bt corn (resistant to insect attack) to transgenic salmon (high growth rate) and bacteria (producing human insulin), carry many advantages. This quantum jump was due in part to the decisions taken by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to make use of biodiversity for the benefit of mankind using modern biotechnology. However, with this rapid use of gene technology arose the possibility of Risks and Concerns in relation to human health and the environment. The Cartagena Protocol (CP of the CBD) was thus initiated and set in motion to enable countries to establish safety measures, especially in importing these GMOs and their products. Sri Lanka signed and ratified the CP and through the Biosafety Framework prepared the Biosafety Act which is at the moment ready to be presented to Parliament. It has an administrative structure, a method of risk assessment, management and communication as well as a mechanism for public participation in the decision-making process. However, in the case of GM Food, the regulations in the Food Act of 2006 cover this aspect, thereby giving the Ministry of Health the full responsibility of conducting RA, RM & RC based on which a permit maybe issued to import such GM Food.

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Traditional Knowledge, Biopiracy and Pharmaceuticals: Legal Connections Professor Nazima Kamardeen Professor in Law, University of Colombo The pharmaceutical industry requires innovations in order to produce new drugs that will solve the increasingly complex diseases that our population faces. In recent times, we have seen the pharmaceutical industry turn towards traditional medicinal knowledge for this purpose. Traditional knowledge is characterised by the fact that it is held by communities, not individuals, and that it is practised, stored and transmitted in ways that are different from knowledge that we are generally accustomed to. With the advent of the World Trade Organisation (WTO)) every country that became a member of the WTO was required to mandatorily accede to its Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property (TRIPS). This meant that each nation was now under obligation to provide intellectual property protection to those that requested it, including foreigners who wished to protect the Intellectual Property IP related aspects of the products and services that they were trading in that particular country. Since the TRIPS agreement only recognised IP that could be held by an individual, or a clearly identified set of persons, and that would not keep changing character with time, it left unprotected the category of knowledge categorised as Traditional Knowledge, with the result that those who used it did so without acknowledging or compensating its owners, an act commonly known as biopiracy. Given that IP has the potential to bring in enormous profits, the loss to traditional communities from a monetary perspective, is quite considerable. Further, issues like the loss of commonly used herbs, and the loss of privacy to knowledge considered as sacred, has also not been fully appreciated, leaving the traditional communities bereft of more than just financial gain. This paper will therefore seek to explore the legal perspectives from which biopiracy can be addressed, with a view to ascertaining how the pharmaceutical industry could still source the innovation it needs, without harming the interests of traditional communities.

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Security preparation for the CBRNE Threats and mitigation Mr. S. W. A. B. Daulagala Director Training – Police Special Task Force

The threat of chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosives (CBRNE) events is a global challenge. Terrorist attacks are increasingly focused on radicalized individuals, extremists and criminals. This threat, aggravated by the prevalence of potential CBRNE materials normally used for industrial and scientific purposes. Requires coordinated action by many contributors. Framing a scalable, responsive, dynamic, sustainable and evidence-based approach for all contributors to CBRNE events. This approach is equally based on the four components of Emergency management, Prevention mitigation, Preparedness, Response and Recovery. The Strategy recognizes that there are shared responsibilities and contributions across various levels of government sectors and specializations for CBRNE safety and security. The Strategy respects each government's jurisdiction and legal frameworks, Contributors are encouraged to develop and coordinate their own strategies and action plans to implement this Strategy, but may take action on this strategy directly in the absence of jurisdictional strategies or plans. In this way, jurisdictional CBRNE strategies, action plans and activities contribute to building national CBRNE resilience in an integrated fashion for the safe country.

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Forensic Odontology in Criminal Investigations Dr. Jayanie Weeratna Forensic Odontologist, Institute of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Colombo Forensic Odontology is the branch of dentistry which deals with the correct management, examination, evaluation and presentation of dental evidence in criminal or civil legal proceedings. The uniqueness and the individuality of the human dentition allows the Forensic Odontologists to form a strong opinion of association in criminal cases where teeth and teeth marks are part of the physical evidence recovered from a scene of crime. Dental hard tissues are extremely resistant to fire and are usually the only remains after an extended period of burial. Since the late 1890s, forensic dentistry has gradually established itself as important, often indispensable, in medico legal cases. This specialty covers four basic areas, namely; Identifications of human remains, bite-mark evaluation, injury assessment and age estimation. Much of its expertise is based on clinical experience, fundamental research and advances in knowledge in relation to dentistry in general. Thus it is intellectually challenging and a gratifying way to serve dentistry and the public.

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Abstracts of

Free Paper Presentation Sessions

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FP- 01 STERILIZATION- IS IT THE MODERN METHOD OF ETHNIC CLEANSING? R.W.R.H.M.R.L.P.K Girihagama Senior State Counsel – Attorney General’s Department This paper reviews the evolution of genocide, ethnic cleansing and its new trends. In the first phase of the text, the author attempts to demarcate between genocide and ethnic cleansing, objectives of ethnic cleansing, and examples of such acts and the methods adopted. Consequent to these heinous events, the international community assembled to recognise and codify such acts as crimes against humanity and granted universal jurisdiction to the International Criminal Court (ICC) to hear these issues. The author further attempts to analyse the historic events related to the topic in order to demonstrate various methods adopted to commit such crimes and thereby showcase the paradigm shift in the modes of committing these crimes. Since the criminalisation of these acts, the pattern of committing such acts has become more systematic and sophisticated, it appears that medical science also has been playing a major role in giving effect to such purposes. One such instance for the aforesaid scenario can be identified as using different methods of sterilization. Few infamous examples are Uighurs in China, Peruvians and indigenous Canadians etc. In the second phase of this paper, the author intends to discuss about the events emerged relating to the alleged caesarean sections supposed to have been taken place in Kurunegala base hospital owing to the first complaint reported on May 2019. Information pertaining to the said issue was gathered from sources available in social media and since the said matter is now pending before a court of law, the author will not intend to touch upon the materials before the court but the facts available to the general public in the social media. In conclusion the author intends to seek clarification about the role of medical practitioners in such context, the remedies available to the society at large and the modus operandi could be applied to resolve the issue.

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FP- 02 DISCLOSING AN INCESTUOUS PATERNITY BY INHERITED ALLELES AND Y-STR RESULT

R.A.B.S.Ranasinghe3, D. H.L.W. Jayamanne1, V. J. Bandaranayake2,

N. Nizam2

1. Deputy Government Analyst, Government Analyst’s Department, Pelawatte,

Battaramulla. 2. Senior Assistant Government Analyst, Government Analyst’s Department, Pelawatte,

Battaramulla. 3. Assistant Government Analyst, Government Analyst’s Department, Pelawatte,

Battaramulla. Introduction DNA analysis is important in solving dispute in paternity cases of sexual assaults as in criminal offences. Sexual harassment with vaginal penetration may end up with pregnancy. The situation is common if the abusive action has been carried out for a longer period. Analysis of Short Tandem Repeat (STR) markers of the victim, child/fetus and the rapist as in paternity testing is carried out for sexual assault with pregnancy cases. However, in false accusation the suspect’s profile does not match with the profile of the child/fetus. In such cases, the homozygosity of inherited alleles might give us an indication about the closeness of relationship of the real perpetrator to the victim. Similarly, further analysis of lineage markers such as Y-STR markers are highly informative in finding out the rapist in such cases. Case report (investigation/ results) A mentally retarded girl was produced as the victim of sexual assault along with a fetus of 4 months. One of her own brothers was alleged as the perpetrator by the police based on the testimony of the father of the victim. STR DNA analysis of the victim, fetus and the suspect was carried out. The paternity test was failed in 3 positions revealing that the suspect was not the father of fetus. However, there were 10 homozygous positions in fetus profile indicating that the suspect had to be a very close relative of the victim. As a male profile was obtained for the fetus, further analysis of Y-STR markers of fetus and suspect was carried out. This resulted a perfect match revealing there is a paternal relationship. Therefore, upon our request, remaining brother and the father of the victim was produced for DNA analysis. The DNA profile of father of the victim was matched in the paternity test revealing that the father of the victim was the real perpetrator. Conclusion Consideration of homozygosity of DNA profiles and further Y-STR analysis can sometimes direct us towards further investigation in order to establish the true father correctly and perfectly, especially in incestuous paternity.

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FP - 03 A NEGLEGENT ACT BY AUTHORITIES – A CASE OF ELECTROCUTION Kiriella PA1, Samaraweera DD2

1Senior registrar in forensic medicine, TH Karapitiya 2Consultant Judicial Medical Officer, TH Karapitiya Introduction: Death due to electrocution sometimes causes diagnostic difficulty at the autopsy when evidence of electrocutions is absent. History might be vague and often there are no eye witnesses. Case History: The body of a 38year old man was found holding on to a barbed wire of a fence erected to protect crops in a remote area. It was noted apparently the deceased had tried to creep under the fence while holding on to the lower most wire. It was two days after the death that the body was found. Left hand was tightly gripping on to the barbed wire and showed a joule burn with charring but a definite exit wound could not be found. Body was in a state of moderate degree of putrefaction and also showed evidence of animal bites. Discussion: The fence was made of live Giricilia trees inter connected with four rows of barb wires. No electrical lines were seen nearby. There was a domestic electrical line more than 50 meters away from the scene. A lamp post was seen near this. A tree has fallen on to this which resulted in the power line being detached from the post. Authorities have - the line by attaching it to the post with a coir rope. Lately the rope had been detached and the electric line has fallen on to the fence electrifying it. The cause of death was given as electrocution and the manner was accidental. However, there is an element of negligence involved in this case. Key words – Electrocution, Joule burns

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FP- 04 IDENTIFICATION PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS IN BLOTTER PAPER STAMPS Kurukulanatha TH1, Premathilaka UWS1, Saputhanthri AS1, Fernando MAJ1, Welianga A2

1Assistant Government Analyst, 2 Government Analyst Government Analyst’s Department, No 31, Isuru Mawatha, Pelawatta, Battaramulla Introduction The illicit production, sale, trafficking and abuse of new psychoactive substances (NPS) have emerged over the last decade considerably worldwide. These new drugs were produced by slight modification of the existing controlled drugs and correct identification of such NPS is the responsibility of the drug laboratory. This study highlights analytical procedures for the identification of a new class of hallucinogenic substances i.e. 25X-NBOMe [2, 5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl) phenethylamine series] soaked in blotter papers. Objectives The main aim of this research is develop an appropriate extraction method to recover the active drugs on blotter papers. Further to qualitative analysis of standard NBOMes using TLC, UV-Visible , FTIR and GC-MS to develop accurate qualitative method for correct identification of the drugs on blotter papers. Further to develop and validate, more specific, sensitive and accurate method for quantitative analysis of NBOMes in blotter papers. Method The qualitative analysis was based on results by standards of 25X-NBOMe (X=Cl,Br,I) using analytical methods mentioned above. Two GC-MS methods were developed for qualitative analysis of 25-NBOMes and identification was established on retention time of the TIC and its mass pattern. Twenty alleged blotter paper samples seized by police investigations were analyzed in the Drug Laboratory of GAD. Results 25C-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe and 25I-NBOMe result peaks at 23.826 min, 24.954 min, 26.209 min respectively by method III and 14.109 min, 14.693 min, 15.342 min respectively by method IV. Characteristic fragment ions observed at m/z=302,185 for 25C-NBOMe, m/z=248,230 for 25B-NBOMe and m/z=278, 247 for 25I-NBOMe. Conclusion Methanol is found to be suitable as a solvent for 25-NBOMes and the optimum extraction time is about 60 minutes. The analytical techniques used to identify the NBOMes standards in the study can also be employed successfully to identify the same in blotter papers. GC-MS can be used to identify the kind of NBOMes separately.

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FP- 05 COLLOID CYST OF THE 3RD VENTRICLE AS A CONTRIBUTORY CAUSE OF MOTOR TRAFFIC ACCIDENT Mendis NDNA1, Lakmali WAC2, 1 Senior Lecturer, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Colombo. 2 Registrar in Forensic Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Colombo. Introduction: Most traffic accidents are multifactorial and some traffic accidents occur as a result of natural causes when an illness suddenly affects the driver of a vehicle.1 The underlying medical conditions mainly comprise of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.2,3 However, it is often difficult to assess accurately the significance of potentially incapacitating natural disease to a motor traffic accident. Here we present a rare case of a colloid cyst of 3rd ventricle as a contributory cause of motor traffic accident. Case report: A previously healthy 31-year-old man met with a motor traffic accident while driving. He had minor injuries on the head and right elbow. He did not go to take treatment as he didn’t have any serious injuries and he felt fine after meeting with the accident. However, family members found him to have altered level of consciousness and took him to the local hospital. Patient has been transferred to a tertiary care hospital for a CT scan of the head, which revealed obstructive hydrocephalus and colloid cyst in the root of 3rd ventricle. Extra ventricular drain was inserted to relieve the hydrocephalus, immediately. Later the colloid cyst was surgically excised. Discussion: Colloid cyst of the 3rd ventricle is a rare and commonly fatal condition. It is a benign lesion that arise from embryological remnants in the roof of the 3rd ventricle. Colloid cysts may be asymptomatic, but symptoms can arise from raised intracranial pressure, secondary to obstructive hydrocephalus. Sudden neurological events including seizures and collapse are known to occur with cases of colloid cyst of third ventricle.The literature revealed that about 1 in 1000 road traffic accidents is caused by the acute illness of a driver. Our case also highlights the contribution of natural disease to a motor traffic trauma. Keywords: Colloid cyst of 3rd ventricle, sudden death, trauma

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FP- 06 EXPLORING THE APPLICATION OF A LUX CELLULOSE 2 COLUMN FOR THE SEPARATION OF ENANTIOMERS OF AMINO ACIDS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. Fernando MAJ1 , Dr.Watson DG 2

1Assistant Government Analyst, 2Senior lecturer at University of Strathclyde, UK Government Analyst’s Department, No 31, Isuru Mawatha, Pelawatta, Battaramu Introduction Based on optical activity of amino acids they are denoted to as L (levorotatory) - or D (Dextrorotatory) form. These D and L forms of amino acids have significantly dissimilar biological activities and stability in living systems. There are some naturally occurring non proteogenic amino acids which are used pharmacologically in the treatments of some diseases. For example, “penicillamine (PenA, 3, 3-dimethylcysteine)” which is used for treatment of Wilson’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis. L form is significant, However, DL racemic mixture and the L form are have unexpected toxicity. D- Amino acid are therapeutically important against cancers and some peptides containing D-amino acids that can kill cancer cells. Moreover, D and L forms of amino acids are precursors of prodrugs and synthetic amino acids and peptides. Objectives The aim was to develop a fast and flexible enantiomeric determination of the amino acids with simply adaptable and sensitive chromatographic method with minimal materials in pharmaceutical, various chemical and biological field. Method Chromatographic chiral separation was achieved by using a Lux cellulose 2-chiral column. Different derivatizing agents and buffering agents were then applied to optimize the best chiral resolution. The LC-ESI-MS method was developed using standards of amino acids and was applied in the determination of some amino acids in some fecal extracts and urine samples. Results Finally, the DL standards of Phe, Try, Leu, Ile, Pro, Val, Met Tyr, Ser and Thr were separated among the seventeen amino acids with in a run time of 41 minutes. Chiral separation of fecal extract could be seen only in the Phe, and Tyr. Conclusion Treatment with methanolic HCL followed by acetic anhydride in catalytic reaction with pyridine at 600C was the best derivatization method for producing enantioseparation of amino acid standards. This technique can be also employed with modification to separate amino acids in fecal extracts and urine samples.

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FP- 07 HOW SURE IS ACID PHOSPHATASE TEST RESULTS IN SEXUAL ASSAULT EVIDENCE? N. Nizam2, D. H.L.W. Jayamanne1, V. J. Bandaranayake2, P. G De. Silva2 1 Deputy Government Analyst, Government Analyst’s Department, Pelawatte, Battaramulla. 2 Senior Assistant Government Analyst, Government Analyst’s Department, Pelawatte, Battaramulla. Introduction: The detection of semen in sexual assault evidence, mainly depends on acid phosphatase (AP) test. In general, Forensic DNA laboratories presumptively test rape case evidence for acid phosphatase in order to decide further DNA typing. Despite its wide use, in a few cases, it has shown that acid phosphatase test gives false negative results. Case report In two recent rape cases-evidence analyzed at the Government Analyst’s Department, male DNA profiles have been obtained from differentially extracted samples, although the samples were found negative for acid phosphatase test. In brief, an underwear of a victim that also contained blood showed hardly noticeable purple coloration which cannot be concluded as a positive result for the AP test. Similarly, in another case few stains were found on a polythene sheet said to a split of semen from an oral penetration and purple coloration was not obtained at all. However, differentially extracted sample of these cases showed mixture profiles, each containing a male profile with the victims’ profile. This illustrates the drawback of the dependency of DNA analysis on presumptive tests. Discussion This drawback might be a matter of sensitivity and specificity of the test or may be due to other reasons such as matrix effect, blood, degradation, etc. Thus, there is a possibility of negligence of true sexual assault evidence if the analysis is solely based on acid phosphatase test. Therefore, the “direct to DNA” approach, samples proceed directly to DNA, is recommended in such cases rather than conventional process method. Conclusion The conventional process method for sexual assault evidence is unsuccessful when semen found in synthetic materials and found with blood. Similarly, considering other possible causes laboratory guidelines for sexual assault evidence process needs to be re-evaluated for “direct to DNA” approach. Even though, this approach is more reliable, use of it for each sexual assault evidence is not cost effective.

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FP- 08 DEATHS FOLLOWING BOMB EXPLOSION; A COMPARISON OF THE INJURY PATTERN OF TWO VICTIMS P. Paranitharan1, WNS Perera1

1 Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya Introduction Sri Lanka faced several incidents of bomb explosions in the past. Most of the incidents were related to terrorist involvement. The type of bomb explosions involved suicide bombers with high explosives. There was massive destruction to property and human lives. These two victims belong to an explosion in the recent past where it was suspected of a human carrier with explosives. In contrast to the previous experience with suicide bombers the explosions mainly resulted in penetrating injuries. Case report Victim A A 20 year old girl was seated inside a church at right side along the front rows. She was positioned more towards the middle. The suicide bomber was facing her from the behind at the time of explosion according to the information made available. The majority of the penetrating and perforating injuries were due to shrapnel, identified as metal balls discharged from an exploding suicide bomber. The pattern and distribution of injuries indicate that the victim may not be at close proximity and mostly exposing the left posterior portion of the torso, neck and left upper extremity. Victim B An 8-year-old girl who was sitting on a bench with her family had injuries following the same suicidal bomb blast was subjected to the autopsy. She was in the right middle of the church more towards the left side of the bench. Explosion had occurred to her left side from the front. She had penetrating injuries due to shrapnel on the head and face. Injuries indicate that the victim was not in the close proximity exposing her left upper extremity. Conclusion Both victims died following penetrating injuries due to shrapnel discharged from a bomb explosion. In victim A it involved head and neck and victim B it was head injuries. The injuries due to blast effect, fire, heat or blast wave were not observed in both victims.

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FP - 09 FORENSIC HISTORY OF THE SRI LANKAN DYNASTY - FROM KING VIJAYA TO KING SRI WICKRAMA RAJASINGHE - HISTORICAL RESEARCH Mendis NDNA Senior Lecturer, Dept. of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo

Introduction: Assassinations of prominent political leaders have occurred throughout history. History of Sri Lanka is not devoid of such killings. Lankan dynasty from king Vijaya to King Sri Wickrama Rajasinghe shows many such deaths involving the kingship and its inheritance. This paper is intended in analysing circumstances and causes of death involving the ‘Kings of Sri Lanka’. Many historical books, inscriptions and ola leaves were perused to obtain information with regard to important forensic issues related to Sri Lankan dynasty. History: In early and late Anuradhapura period there had been a total of 118 kings and of whom 32 have been murdered. Polonnaruwa kingdom had 18 kings and of them 8 (44%) murdered. During the fragmented and colonial period of ruling 21% of rulers have been killed. In addition there are six reported cases of suicide. Probably the first ever serial killing recorded in the history is the case of queen Anula who is supposed to have killed 7 of her consorts during a few years period. Discussion: Pattern of killing and reasons for such killing appears similar to the pattern scene even today. Murders have been mainly carried out to gain the ruling power. Causative factors for suicide also seems similar to reasons seen today. Conclusions: The analysis of these cases indicate that there are similarities of the methods and circumstance between historical and recent events. This implies we can use these similarities to analyse cases and get valuable information about various possibilities that could occur in recent cases as well as use of recent knowledge, research analysis to study and analyse cases in the history especially where full details are lacking, with a view to formulate better opinions about historical events which would help in correcting certain misconceptions in events mentioned in the history. Key words: Assassinations, inheritance, murder, serial killing

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FP-10 HUMAN REMAIN IDENTIFICATION BY MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ANALYSIS N. Nizam2, D. H.L.W. Jayamanne1, V. J. Bandaranayake2

1 Deputy Government Analyst, Government Analyst’s Department, Pelawatte, Battaramulla. 2 Senior Assistant Government Analyst, Government Analyst’s Department, Pelawatte, Battaramulla. Introduction DNA analysis plays a major role in human remain identification. Short Tandem Repeat (STR) typing is the most commonly used tool in such cases and comparison of unknown body’s DNA profile to direct relatives, parent and children, profiles is carried out. However, in the occasions where there is no any direct relatives are present to use as reference, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis is concerned. mtDNA is a valuable genetic marker with maternal inheritance and in such situation the unknown body’s mtDNA profile is compared to maternally inherited relatives mtDNA profile for a match. Case report A bone sample of a skeletonised human body was received to the laboratory and it was suspected to a missing lady in that police area. The missing lady was unmarried and her parents were dead. The only relative alive was her younger brother. A blood sample of the brother of missing lady was taken as the reference. STR profiling was carried out for both bone sample and reference blood sample. A female DNA profile was obtained from the bone. This indicated that it was a female body. When compare the DNA profiles of each sample, both shared common alleles except in one locus. Statistical analysis of the profiles for siblings by eDNA indicated that there is a possibility of 99.96% of being them full siblings rather than two unrelated person. The mtDNA profiles were obtained by the Sanger sequencing method and considered the hyper variable region 1 and 11(HV-1 and HV-11). The sequence of the regions HV-1 and HV-2 showed a perfect match with similar mutations (a unique haplotype). This revealed the maternal inheritance of the human remain to the brother of the missing lady. Conclusion Finally, according to the mtDNA typing results with all other facts, it was concluded that the skeletonised body was of the missing lady.

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FP- 11 WHY PAY MORE ATTENTION TO BLUNT ABDOMINAL INJURIES? C. T. Mahanama1, P.A. Kirialla1

1. Teaching Hospital Karapitiya, Karapitiya Introduction Abdominal trauma has been traditionally classified as either blunt or penetrating. Penetrating abdominal trauma can usually be diagnosed easily and reliably, whereas blunt abdominal trauma is often missed because clinical signs are less obvious Abdominal injury is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality; expedient diagnosis and treatment of intra-abdominal injuries are essential to prevent morbidity and death. Mortality rates are quite higher among patients with blunt abdominal trauma than in those with penetrating wounds, because of the lack of early diagnostic facilities and optimal management. Case report His abdomen hit a table while dancing under influence alcohol. Then he started vomiting and was taken to the hospital. On the second morning he complained of constipation. They treated it. After a while, he fainted and died. Abdominal ultra sound scan was not done. An abrasion of 1x1cm was in the upper abdominal area. It associated with underneath deep contusion and haemorrhage to peritoneal cavity. Mesenteric vessels injuries were seen. Conclusion Couse of death given as hemorrhage to peritoneal cavity due to mesenteric vessels injuries. The injury to the mesenteric vessel is due to blunt force trauma to the abdomen. But this was not diagnosed in the hospital. This death could have been prevented if the condition had been identified at the hospital. Careful consideration of blunt abdominal injuries can prevent deaths.

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FP-12 A HOMICIDAL BLUNT FORCE TRAUMA TO THE HEAD C. T. Mahanama1, P.A. Kirialla1

1. Teaching Hospital Karapitiya, Karapitiya Introduction: Inflicting injury to the head is one of the most effective methods of homicide. The recent rise in the trend of murder cases involving head injury is a serious concern to the society. Case report: According to the history given, it has been a blow with an alawanguwa. She was clad in a Green colour blouse with blood stain and pink colour trouser. There was an elongated laceration 3x1cm in size vertically place in middle of the forehead and elongated laceration 8x0.5cm in size in vertically place in left side of scalp. There was a laceration 12x5cm in size horizontally place in back of the right side of the scalp. It was associated with a comminuted depressed skull fracture right parietal and occipital bone, Subdural haemorrhage and brain lacerations. Small haemorrhage was seen within the midline structure of the brain. Conclusion: Linear or elongated lacerations can be caused by a blunt long thin object. All lacerations were elongated. Accordingly, the possible weapon must be a blunt long thin object. The elongated horizontally place two lacerations in forehead and top of the skull. So the assailant could have been standing in front of the victim and probably have assaulted from front. The laceration on the back of the head may have been due to an attack from behind. A depressed skull fracture occurs when an object with a large amount of kinetic energy impacts over a small area of the skull. Depressed skull fractures present a high risk of increased pressure on the brain, or a haemorrhage to the brain that crushes the delicate tissue. There were small haemorrhages in midline structure of brain. It signifies the diffuse traumatic axonal injury or diffuse vascular injury. Diffuse axonal injury, brain lacerations and haemorrhage can lead to sudden death. Cause of death give as craniocerebral injuries due to blunt force trauma.

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FP- 13 IDENTIFICATION OF METABOLITE OF CANNABINOID ∆ 9 THC-COOH IN URINE BY SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION FOLLOWING DERIVATIZATION AND GC-MS K.A.P.Bandumala 1, W.D.V.Karunaratne 2, A.Welianga 2

1Snr. Asst.Govt.Analyst , 2Snr. Asst.Govt.Analyst , 2Govt.Analyst Introduction Cannabis has been used for both recreational and medicinal purposes for several centuries. Cannabis plant matter, and indigenous preparation like “Madana Modake”, are one of the widely abused substances throughout the country. This psychoactive substance is obtained from the plant Cannabis sativa. L and some of the sub-species. The primary psychoactive constituent of cannabis is delta 9-tetrahydro cannabinol (∆ 9-THC), that produces myriad of pharmacological effects in humans. After smoking or ingestion of cannabis, the major psychoactive constituent ∆ 9-THC is rapidly and extensively metabolized in the body. Hence Cannabis detection is dependent on the detection of metabolites in the body. Objective The major acidic metabolite is, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (∆ 9THC-COOH), which is converted to mono-and di-glucuronide conjugates and these are the major forms of metabolite excreted in urine. Thus, the identification of ∆ 9-THC-COOH in urine is considered the best indication of previous cannabis consumption. Method Solid –Phase extraction SPE of urine followed by Derivatization and analyzed by GC-MS method was developed. To free the metabolite ∆ 9 THC-COOH, it is required to hydrolyse the urine by alkaline hydrolysis, extraction is achieved by SP using C18 sorbent. To detect the presence of ∆ 9 -

THC-COOH in the extract, rapid derivatization was accomplished using a mixture of N,O-bis-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) and trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS). GC-MS is the method of choice due to its selectivity and sensitivity. The GC-MS determination is performed using electron impact ionization in both the Scan and Selective Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode. Results The method was validated through the parameters of recovery, linearity, carry over and limit of detection. The method was successfully developed and it is used for the confirmation of ∆ 9 THC-COOH in urine. Conclusion The method developed provides a sensitive, accurate assay for presence of the THC-COOH in urine .Best chromatographic performance was observed in spiked samples, sample of known drug addict as well as case samples. Further same method is being developed for the quantification as well as for blood.

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FP -14 HIDDEN SOCIO-ECONOMIC DANGERS OF MCC GRANT FACILITATED LAND REFORMS IN SRI LANKA: SMALL FARMERS, CONSUMERS &ENVIRONMENT Perera A G D Specialist in Food & Nutrition / Independent Researcher Introduction In this 21st century, we are not conquered via cannon power. We are conquered and subjugated through legal agreements / policies on food, agriculture, Free Trade and since of late, land agreements (i.e. MCC). MCC is a well-planned extension of the US global, geo-politics combined with global-food, agri and land politics. MCC facilitated land reforms are a part of carefully planned ultra neo-liberal agenda to commodify the lands and place them on the ‘Global Land Market’ for a song. In order to comprehend the overt and covert dangers it is important to understand the nexus between the MCC Grant and the World Bank Funded Overarching Agriculture Policy (OAP) of the Department of Agriculture that promotes Industrial Agriculture. Discussion Obviously, the hidden agendas and dangers of the MCC agreement will not be printed on the Agreement! Those who claim that the MCC agreement is a benevolent gift from the USA with no strings attached are either ignorant of the facts presented herein or are knowingly misleading the policy makers and the public with vested interests. Conclusions There are many hidden dangers of the MCC Agreement. It is a legal instrument that paves the way for white collar land grabbing and exploitation of farm labour and natural resources from poor and developing nations by US Transnational Corporations. With land lease given up to 5000 acres per investor and industrialization of agriculture, majority of the small farmers will lose their land and livelihood. Food produced will be for export. Land reforms will lead to destitution of small farmers, loss of national and food sovereignty, increase in food imports and severe environmental pollution. Local landscape, organic and tourist industries will suffer. Human elephant conflict will escalate.

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FP-15 LATE COMPLICATION OF UPPER OESOPHAGEAL OBSTRUCTION. Sanjeewa HKR1 Attygalle U1

1Office of the JMO, Base Hospital, Panadura Introduction Many foods can lodge in oesophagus, but the most common are meat such as steak, poultry, or pork leading to the colourful description of the phenomenon as steakhouse syndrome. People with food bolus obstruction typically display acute dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), often to the point that they cannot even swallow their saliva, leading to drooling. They may also suffer from chest pain, neck pain, regurgitation of food, or painful swallowing (odynophagia). Patients with oesophageal food boluses are also at risk of complications, such as perforation of the oesophagus, and aspiration into the lungs. As a result, urgent treatment of patients with high-risk features, or a lengthy duration of symptoms, is recommended. Case report A 55-year-old male who was dumb since birth and had congenital deformities died following a history of loss of appetite for 4-5 days. He had experienced vomiting after meals and he had been only on liquids for last 3-4 days. There was a history of having a ‘’Chicken Koththu’’ for his dinner two weeks ago. Post mortem examination revealed a large bony food particle within the upper part of oesophagus with a perforation of its posterior wall surrounded by pus and necrotic material. There was no identifiable structural finding in the oesophagus to facilitate obstruction. Discussion Impaction of food bolus in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are commonly seen in persons with structural abnormalities of the GIT. There are reported cases of bony food particles giving rise to perforations of the tract following impaction, in persons with no structural deformity of GIT. As he was a differently able person, features of obstruction may have overlooked for two weeks leading to fatal consequences. Differently able persons may swallow food without adequately chewing, which make them more prone to impaction of bony food. Features of obstruction like dysphagia, vomiting, etc should not be overlooked especially in differently able persons, which can amount to allegations of mismanagement, where a genuine mistake is also a reasonable explanation. Keywords Bony food, steakhouse syndrome, GIT perforation, differently able persons, mismanagement, genuine mistake

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FP - 16 NEW TRENDS IN FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS . Pranavan S 1 Forensic Anthropology Unit, Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Colombo Genetic Profiling is considered the most accurate method of identification of skeletal remains. However, DNA profiling cannot be used as a blanked method of identification as certain conditions such as cremation cause DNA to be destroyed. In such circumstances characteristic features of bone and teeth and prostheses play an important role in establishing the identity of the skeletal remains. Estimating the time since death in decomposed remains are done based on accumulated degree days (ADD). The scoring system used to calculate total body surface(TBS) of the body and comparing it with local average temperature helps to estimate the time since death. The histological analysis of bone microstructure has several forensic anthropological significances. Histological analysis is useful in Differentiating human bone from the bone like materials, identification of non- human bone, age estimation and estimation of time since death. The study of fracture surface morphology can be used to identify the fracture initiation and propagation in the bone. In forensic anthropological analysis studying the fracture surface is helpful to identify the impact location. This paper illustrates the new trends in Forensic Anthropology which is based on the working experience of the author in a leading Forensic anthropological lab (LABANOF) in Milan, Italy