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![Page 1: Medicines for children in developing countries: from challenges to specifications Atieno Ojoo Technical Specialist, Pharmaceuticals UNICEF Supply Division,](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062801/56649e195503460f94b0555a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Medicines for children in developing countries: from challenges to specifications
Atieno OjooTechnical Specialist, PharmaceuticalsUNICEF Supply Division, Copenhagen, Denmark
WHO PreQ; EU generic manufacturers meeting 261109, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Presentation outline
UNICEF EU generic manufacturers meeting 261109, Copenhagen, Denmark
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UNICEF EU generic manufacturers meeting 261109, Copenhagen, Denmark
3 33
8
11
17
19
26
10injuries
AIDS
measles
malaria
others
diarrhoealdiseases
pneumonia
other neonatalcauses
neonatal severeinfections
Causes of death in under 5s
World Health Statistics 2007
http://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/data/child/en/index.html
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UNICEF EU generic manufacturers meeting 261109, Copenhagen, Denmark
Some success stories2006
U5M <10 million (9.7m in 2006)
2007
1st WHO paediatric EML
1st Paediatric ARV FDCs
2008
1st Paediatric ACT antimalarial FDC
U5M <8.8 million
2009
2nd Paediatric ACT Antimalarial FDC
BUT
Its not yet time to celebrate !
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UNICEF EU generic manufacturers meeting 261109, Copenhagen, Denmark
Health worker challenges• Weight & height measurements often not taken
• Busy clinics• No weight and height measuring devices
• No suitable dose measuring & administration devices• What is a teaspoonful? Any spoon?• No spacers for MD Inhalers (Cost issue)
• Reconstitution of powders for oral suspension/liquid• Challenge if bottles not marked• Water supply challenges• no cold storage
• Repackaging• No clean bottles - patients have to bring own bottles,• no measuring/counting devices• no labels
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UNICEF EU generic manufacturers meeting 261109, Copenhagen, Denmark
Solutions?
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Current solution: ½, ¼, 1/8 tablets
UNICEF EU generic manufacturers meeting 261109, Copenhagen, Denmark
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UNICEF EU generic manufacturers meeting 261109, Copenhagen, Denmark
Patient/caregiver challenges• Palatability-Child refuses to take medicine• Too much liquid volume per dose• Child vomits, not sure how much to re-administer• No storage space for bulky liquids
• Also significant if caregiver has to carry and walk long distances
• Difficult to follow Instructions• Mix with apple or apple-grape juice or applesauce or yoghurt• Open capsule and sprinkle contents over a spoonful of applesauce, or yoghurt,
consume immediately
• Crush tablets and mix with condensed milk prior to administration
• Break tablets into 8 equal pieces (How?)
• Dissolve tablet water, then administer by dropper, oral syringe (not provided) or drink directly
• To be swallowed whole- not to be chewed
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UNICEF EU generic manufacturers meeting 261109, Copenhagen, Denmark
Challenges for HIV+ childrenChild: too many bottles Adult
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UNICEF EU generic manufacturers meeting 261109, Copenhagen, Denmark
No cold storage
Quote “ two years ago, I was involved in a study…….in children and adolescents. One of the subjects, a 5 year old boy, had to commute daily accompanied by either of his parents to the hospital to take the drug, which was a suspension that needed to be stored in a refrigerator. The family did not have a refrigerator and did not have electricity connection either, so we could not even donate a refrigerator as there was provision for this”
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UNICEF EU generic manufacturers meeting 261109, Copenhagen, Denmark
WHO-UNICEF joint planWork on a global project to make paediatric medicines a priority• Add missing essential formulations to the Model list in 2009; advise on doses
• Develop EML for children (2007-8)
• Update treatment guidelines (2007-9)
• Develop paediatric prescribing information – a formulary
• Develop effective methods for provision of information at the point of care
• Collaborate with regulatory authorities to encourage appropriate drug development and approval processes in all regulatory authorities
• Develop quality standards for paediatric medicines
• Public development support for missing essential medicines for children
• Advocate for the development of paediatric medicines by the industry
• Develop a system for enhancing safety monitoring of medicines in children
• Provide guidance on procurement and supply of paediatric medicines
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Ideal paediatric medicine1. Route of administration: Oral most frequently used
2. Dosage form? SODF** Liquids?1. Sufficient bioavailability
2. Dose uniformity
3. Non toxic excipients
4. Acceptable organoleptic properties: Taste
5. Dosing aids
3. Ease of administration for both parent and child
4. Clear product information/instructions
5. Cost effective
6. Does not require cold storage
7. Minimum steps of manipulation before use
** Chewable, fast melts, effervescent, granules, sprinkles, soluble tablets,, sublingual, etc
UNICEF EU generic manufacturers meeting 261109, Copenhagen, Denmark
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UNICEF EU generic manufacturers meeting 261109, Copenhagen, Denmark
We need the support of manufacturers• Solid oral dosage forms that can me made into liquid at the time of use• Dispersible tablets, effervescents, solubles
• Reduce requirements for additional water• Fast melts, sublingual, lollipops
• Reduce requirements for cold storage• Course of therapy individual patient packs
• No bulk packs for repacking
• Provide information on sources and prices of paediatric medicines http://www.unicef.org/supply/index_47129.html.
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Coated particles in tablet form for preparing suspension
UNICEF EU generic manufacturers meeting 261109, Copenhagen, Denmark
Courtesy of J. Breitkreutz
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UNICEF EU generic manufacturers meeting 261109, Copenhagen, Denmark
Example of win-win strategiesReduced input costs for solid formulations Vs liquid formulations• Most Solid dose manufacture technology already exists• Reduced need for excipients, less safety concerns• Reduced complexity
Going green/reducing carbon foot prints while meeting developing country end user needs
• Drug product with no cold storage requirements• Reduced freight loads-reduced cost• No need to transport water around the world!
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UNICEF EU generic manufacturers meeting 261109, Copenhagen, Denmark
Thank you