Medicines and Drugs1 MEDICINES and DRUGS Depressants.
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Transcript of Medicines and Drugs1 MEDICINES and DRUGS Depressants.
Medicines and Drugs 2
What are depressants?
• Substances that calm and relax (depress) the central nervous system by interfering with nerve impulse transmission.
They slow down brain activity They slow down heart activity They reduce breathing rate They dull emotional responses
How do depressants work?
• Depressants change the communication between brain cells by altering the concentration or the activity of chemicals called neurotransmitters
• Depressants causes a depression, or a decrease in brain activity.
• Depressants can be categorized by dosage effect – this categorization includes tranquilizers, sedatives and hypnotics.
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Medicines and Drugs 4
What are anti-depressants?
• Antidepressants are drugs used to treat the clinical condition known as depression (mood changes, insomnia, fatigue, despair, inability to concentrate)
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It’s the dose…..not the drug…
Low doses Little or no effect
Moderate doses Sedation Soothing Reduction of anxiety
High doses Sleep Slurred speech
Extremely high doses Coma Death
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Sedatives
Soothing of distress Not producing sleep at normal
doses Barbiturates
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Use and abuse of ethanolDoses
30-50mg /100ml of bloodEuphoria
100mg / 100ml of bloodSlurred speech, staggering, aggressive behavior
200mg / 100ml of bloodDifficult movement and vision
400mg / 100ml of bloodComa, death
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Use and abuse of ethanolSocial effects
Sickness, death- Cost of treatment
- Lost productivity
Violent crimes Car accidents Alcoholism, family problems
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Use and abuse of ethanolPhysiological effects
Short-term effectseuphoriasociabilityrelaxationdecreased inhibitionsloss of judgementimpairment of perception/memoryincreased reaction timeviolent behaviordizzinessloss of balancenausea, vomittingdeath
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Use and abuse of ethanolPhysiological effects
Long-term effects:cirrhosis of liverliver cancercoronary heart diseasehigh blood pressurestrokesgastritispeptic ulcersanxiety/depressionfetal abnormalitiesphysical dependence/tolerance
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Use and abuse of ethanolSynergistic effects
Alcohol + aspirinrisk of stomach bleeding
Alcohol + sedativesheavy sedationcomma, death
Alcohol + cocainehigh blood pressureirregular heart beat
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Detection of ethanolBreathalyzer
Road-side test Ethanol in breath Oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic
acid Use of acidified K2Cr2O7 Orange to green color Transfer of electrons > current >
voltage measured
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Detection of ethanolChromatography (GLC)
Ethanol in breath, blood and urine Inert gas through liquid or solid Compounds separated by b.p. Different retention times recorded Amount = area under peak Other drugs can be detected, too
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Detection of ethanolIntoximeter (infra-red spectroscopy)
Ethanol in breath Transmittance versus wavenumber=IR spectrum Characteristic peak of -OH @
3340cm-1
Comparison of sample and reference
Amount = size of peak