Medical Terminology Express: A Short-Course Approach By ... · Welcome to the PowerPoint® for...

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Body Structure

Chapter 2

PowerPoint Lecture Notes to Accompany Medical Terminology Express, Second Edition Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Regina M. Masters


Introduction

Welcome to the PowerPoint® for Medical Terminology Express: A Short-Course Approach by Body System, Second Edition. This presentation consists of a chapter overview with interactive exercises based on chapter content and relevant images for the chapters in the text. Content slides contain a navigation bar along the left border to allow for single-click, quick, and slick movement throughout the presentation.

We hope you enjoy this presentation and find it to be a useful addition to the Express suite of learning resources.

— Barbara A. Gylys Regina M. Masters


Cellular level to organism level—a living human being. The body system illustrated is the digestive system.

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Organizational Levels of the Human Body

Cellular level Smallest structural and

functional unit of the body.

Tissue level

Organ level

System level

Organism level


Body planes and directional terms. Note the body is in anatomical position.

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Directional Terms

Terms that locate position of structures, surfaces, and regions of the body. Anterior/Posterior

Inferior/Superior

Proximal/Distal

Cephalad/Caudad

Ventral/Dorsal

Lateral/Medial


Body planes and directional terms. Note the body is in anatomical position.

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Body Planes

Three major planes of reference.

Median (midsagittal)

Frontal (coronal)

Horizontal (transverse)


Body cavities

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Body Cavities

Protect, separate, and support internal organs. Dorsal (posterior)

– Cranial – Spinal

Ventral (anterior) – Thoracic – Abdominal – Pelvic


Quadrants of the abdominopelvic region.

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Four Quadrants

Quadrants locate specific sites of abdominal organs.

RUQ

LUQ

RLQ

LLQ


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Nine Regions

Used to locate organs, origin of pain, and pathologies. Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right inguinal Hypogastric Left inguinal

Abdominal pelvic regions. Used clinically to cite or locate organs or abnormalities within the regions.


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Body Structure Exercise

1. Define and describe the smallest living structures in the human body.

2. Multiple organs working together form the (tissue, system, organism) level of functioning.


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1. Define and describe the smallest living structures in the human body. The smallest living structures of the human body are cells. All tissues and organs are composed of cells.

2. Multiple organs working together form the (tissue, system, organism) level of functioning.


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3. The liver is located in the abdominopelvic region known as the (right hypochondriac, right lumbar, right inguinal) region.

4. The body is divided into an upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portion by the (median, frontal, horizontal) plane.


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5. Identify the following directional terms:

side, to one side: / .

back (of body): / .

belly, belly side: / .

lying horizontally on the back, face up: .


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5. Identify the following directional terms:

side, to one side: later/al

back (of body): dors/al or poster/ior

belly, belly side: ventr/al

lying horizontally on the back, face up: supine


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6. Define the following abbreviations: RUQ:

LUQ:

RLQ:

LLQ:


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6. Define the following abbreviations: RUQ: right upper quadrant

LUQ: left upper quadrant

RLQ: right lower quadrant

LLQ: left lower quadrant


Structural organization of the human body. Cellular level to organism level—a living human being.

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Define Combining Forms Exercise

Structural Units 1. chondr/o:

2. cyt/o:

3. hist/o:

4. nucle/o:


Structural organization of the human body. Cellular level to organism level—a living human being.

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Structural Units 1. chondr/o: cartilage

2. cyt/o: cell

3. hist/o: tissue

4. nucle/o: nucleus


Body planes and directional terms with body in anatomical position.

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Directional

5. super/o:

6. infer/o:

7. later/o:

8. anter/o:



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Directional 5. super/o: upper, above

6. infer/o: lower, below

7. later/o: side, to one side

8. anter/o: anterior, front



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Directional 9. poster/o:

10. medi/o:

11. ventr/o:

12. caud/o:



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Directional 9. poster/o: back (of

body), behind, posterior

10. medi/o: middle

11. ventr/o: belly, belly side

12. caud/o: tail


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Body Regions

13. cephal/o:

14. cervic/o:

15. gastr/o:

16. thorac/o:

Abdominal pelvic regions. Used clinically to cite or locate organs or abnormalities within the regions.


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Body Regions

13. cephal/o: head

14. cervic/o: neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)

15. gastr/o: stomach

16. thorac/o: chest Abdominal pelvic regions. Used clinically to cite or locate organs or abnormalities within the regions.


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Identify Body Regions Exercise

17. around the umbilicus (navel):

18. above the stomach:

19. beneath the umbilicus:

20. on left lower side near the groin (ileus):

21. on right middle side near the waist:


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Identify Body Regions Exercise

17. around the umbilicus (navel): umbilic/al

18. above the stomach: epigastr/ic

19. beneath the umbilicus: hypo/gastr/ic

20. on left lower side near the groin (ileus): left inguin/al

21. on right middle side near the waist: right lumb/ar


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Build Medical Words Exercise

22. instrument to measure cells:

23. toward the middle:

24. separation, destruction, or loosening of tissue:

25. pertaining to the chest:


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22. instrument to measure cells: cyt/o/meter

23. toward the middle: medi/ad

24. separation, destruction, or loosening of tissue: hist/o/lysis

25. pertaining to the chest: thorac/ic


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26. pertaining to the neck:

27. pertaining to area around the umbilicus:

28. instrument to measure the cranium (skull):

29. tumor composed of cartilage:

30. inflammation of the stomach:


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26. pertaining to the neck: cervic/al

27. pertaining to area around the umbilicus: peri/umbilic/al

28. instrument to measure the cranium (skull): crani/o/meter

29. tumor composed of cartilage: chondr/oma

30. inflammation of the stomach: gastr/itis


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Vocabulary Challenge Exercise

1. adhesion:

2. endoscopy:

3. fluoroscopy:


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1. adhesion: band of scar tissue binding anatomical surfaces that are normally separate from each other

2. endoscopy: visual examination of the interior of organs and cavities with a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope

3. fluoroscopy: radiographic technique that uses a fluorescent screen to produce a visual image from x-rays resulting in continuous imaging of the motion of internal structures and immediate serial images


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4. inflammation:

5. sepsis:

6. ultrasonography:


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4. inflammation: protective response of body tissues to irritation, infection, or allergy

5. sepsis: body’s inflammatory response to infection, in which there is fever, elevated heart and respiratory rates, and low blood pressure

6. ultrasonography: imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) that bounce off body tissues and are recorded to produce an image of an internal organ or tissue


Gastroscopy—Visual examination of stomach with fiberoptic scope passed through the mouth to stomach and upper digestive tract.

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Diagnostic Procedures

Endoscopy Visual examination of an

organ or cavity with an endoscope.

Instrument and procedure name from organ or cavity examined.

Used for biopsy, coagulation, and fluid aspiration.


Chest x-ray of mediastinum indicating enlargement in suspected lymphoma.

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Radiograph (x-ray)

Ionizing radiation waves (x-rays) pass through the body onto a photographic film to produce an image of internal structures.

Radiopaque dye may be required for radiographs of soft tissue.


MRI scan of midsagittal section of head showing extreme clarity of soft tissue.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Radiographic procedure

that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body.

Exceptional detail of soft tissues.


Basic components of US device.

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Ultrasound (US) Ultra-high-frequency

sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image of a body structure on a computer screen.


US of urinary bladder to determine volume of urine contained in the bladder.

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Ultrasound (US) (continued)

Handheld US transducer emits sound waves as it is moved back and forth over the organ or structure examined. – Sound transmission

optimized with gel placed on the skin.

– Possible to place US probes inside a body cavity.


PET scan of brain in transverse section (frontal lobes top).

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Positron emission tomography (PET) Radioactive chemical

(tracer) is introduced into the body.

Tracer accumulates in the most rapidly metabolizing tissues.


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Positron emission tomography (PET) (continued)

Positively charged particles (positrons) emitted in a body region and detected by a device called a gamma camera to produce an image.

Identification of areas of increased and decreased metabolic activity.

– Areas of increased metabolism possibly indicate a tumor.

– Areas of decreased metabolism possibly indicate Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, or epilepsy.


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1. visual examination within (an organ): /scopy

2. process of recording (images using frequencies) beyond sound: ultra/ /o/graphy

3. instrument for examining the stomach: gastr/ /scope


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1. visual examination within (an organ): endo/scopy

2. process of recording (images using frequencies) beyond sound: ultra/son/o/graphy

3. instrument for examining the stomach: gastr/o/scope


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4. instrument to examine within (the body): endo/

5. process of recording cuts (slices of organs or tissues): tom/o/

6. specialist in the study of cells: / /logist


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4. instrument to examine within (the body): endo/scope

5. process of recording cuts (slices of organs

or tissues): tom/o/graphy

6. specialist in the study of cells: cyt/o/logist


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7. study of blood: hemat/o/

8. instrument for measuring heat: ___ /o/____

9. specialist in the study of x-rays: radi/o/____

10. study of stomach disorders: /o/_____


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7. study of blood: hemat/o/logy

8. instrument for measuring heat: therm/o/meter

9. specialist in the study of x-rays: radi/o/logist

10. study of stomach disorders: gastr/o/logy


Anastomosis

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Medical and Surgical Procedures

Anastomosis Surgical joining of two

ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow the flow from one to the other.


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Medical and Surgical Procedures

Cauterize

Process of burning abnormal tissue with electricity, freezing, heat, or chemicals (silver nitrate).

Usually performed to destroy damaged or diseased tissues or coagulate blood vessels.


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Clinically Related Exercise

1. Mr. R is scheduled to have wart removal on his elbow. The doctor explains that he will numb the elbow and then freeze the warts, which will scab and fall off. The doctor records the procedure in the medical record as (cauterizing, dissecting, suturing).

2. Mr. R’s saphenous vein is excised and used to bypass an occlusion in one of his heart vessels. Surgery that joins two vessels to allow the free flow of blood between them is called an .


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Clinically Related Exercise

1. Mr. R is scheduled to have wart removal on his elbow. The doctor explains that he will numb the elbow and then freeze the warts, which will scab and fall off. The doctor records the procedure in the medical record as (cauterizing, dissecting, suturing).

2. Mr. R’s saphenous vein is excised and used to bypass an occlusion in one of his heart vessels. Surgery that joins two vessels to allow the free flow of blood between them is called an anastomosis..


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