Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.
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Transcript of Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.
Medical TerminologyMedical Terminology
Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCPDr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP
Assistant ProfessorAssistant Professor
IntroductionIntroduction
Medical TerminologyMedical Terminology is the study of is the study of words that relate to body systems, words that relate to body systems, anatomical structures, medical anatomical structures, medical processes and procedures, and processes and procedures, and a variety of diseases that afflict a variety of diseases that afflict human organismhuman organism..
Word Root (WR)Word Root (WR)It is the basic stem word, usually derived It is the basic stem word, usually derived from Greek or Latin languagefrom Greek or Latin language..
WR is the WR is the building blocksbuilding blocks for many Prefixes, for many Prefixes, Suffixes, Anatomical Words, Medical Suffixes, Anatomical Words, Medical proceduresprocedures..
Greek WordGreek Word Word Root (WR)Word Root (WR)
Kardia (heart)Kardia (heart)
osteon (bone)osteon (bone)
nephros (kidney)nephros (kidney)
gastros (stomach)gastros (stomach)
erythros (red)erythros (red)
cardicardi
osteoste
nephrnephr
gastrgastr
erythrerythr
Combining Form (CF)Combining Form (CF)It is a WR to which a final vowel (usually “O”) is It is a WR to which a final vowel (usually “O”) is added (CF = WR / O)added (CF = WR / O)..
WRWRCFCFMeaningMeaning
cardicardi
cytcyt
osteoste
nephrnephr
gastrgastr
erythrerythr
cardi / ocardi / o
cyt / ocyt / o
oste / ooste / o
nephr / onephr / o
gastr / ogastr / o
erythr / oerythr / o
heartheart
cellcell
bonebone
kidneykidney
stomachstomach
redred
Building Compound WordsBuilding Compound WordsThe vowel performs a connecting function. The vowel performs a connecting function. IfIf second WR begins with asecond WR begins with a consonantconsonant::
leuk / o cyt / o = whiteleuk / o cyt / o = white
erythr / o cyt / o = rederythr / o cyt / o = red
If the second WR begins with a vowel, the If the second WR begins with a vowel, the “O” is sometimes retained“O” is sometimes retained : :
gastr / o / enter / o = stomach and intestinegastr / o / enter / o = stomach and intestine
In others, a combining vowel is not addedIn others, a combining vowel is not added::
hem / angio = blood vesselhem / angio = blood vessel
SuffixesSuffixesA suffix is a word element placed at the end of a A suffix is a word element placed at the end of a word or stem to form a new wordword or stem to form a new word..
Suffixes beginning with vowelsSuffixes beginning with vowels::
WR + Suffix = Medical WordWR + Suffix = Medical Word
gastr + gastr + itisitis (inflammation) = gastritis (inflammation) = gastritis
gastr + gastr + algiaalgia (pain) = gastralgia (pain) = gastralgia
gastr + gastr + ectomyectomy (excision) = gastrectomy (excision) = gastrectomy
SuffixesSuffixesSuffixes beginning with consonantsSuffixes beginning with consonants::
Combining Form + Suffix = Medical WordCombining Form + Suffix = Medical Word
WR + OWR + O
col + O + col + O + tomytomy (incision) = colotomy (incision) = colotomy
col + O + col + O + scopyscopy (examination) = coloscopy (examination) = coloscopy
col + O + col + O + rrhaphyrrhaphy (suture) = colorrhaphy (suture) = colorrhaphy
Summary of RulesSummary of Rules
Build medical words by the following rulesBuild medical words by the following rules::
RULE 1RULE 1..
Add suffixes that begin with an initial vowel Add suffixes that begin with an initial vowel directly to the word rootdirectly to the word root..
RULE 2RULE 2..
Add a connecting vowel “O” to the word root Add a connecting vowel “O” to the word root when the suffix begins withwhen the suffix begins with a consonanta consonant..
Surgical Procedure SuffixesSurgical Procedure Suffixes SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning ExampleExample
- - ectomyectomy
- - o/centesiso/centesis
- - o/stomyo/stomy
- - o/tomyo/tomy
excisionexcision
puncturepuncture
mouth, forming mouth, forming an opening an opening
incision to cutincision to cut
intointo
append/append/ectomyectomy
appendixappendix
arthr/o/arthr/o/centesiscentesis
jointjoint
col/o/col/o/stomystomy
coloncolon
phleb/o/phleb/o/tomytomy
veinvein
Surgical Procedures SuffixesSurgical Procedures Suffixes SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning ExampleExample
- - desisdesis
- - o/rrhaphyo/rrhaphy
- - o/pexyo/pexy
- - o/plastyo/plasty
bindingbinding , ,
stabilizationstabilization
suturesuture
fixationfixation , ,
suspensionsuspension
formationformation , ,
plastic repairplastic repair
arthr/o/arthr/o/desisdesis
jointjoint
neur/o/neur/o/rrhaphyrrhaphy
gastr/o/pexygastr/o/pexy
stomachstomach
rhin/o/rhin/o/plastyplasty
nosenose
Surgical Procedure SuffixesSurgical Procedure Suffixes
SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning ExampleExample
--o/clasiso/clasis
--o/lysiso/lysis
--o/tripsyo/tripsy
to break down, to break down, refracturerefracture
loosen, freeloosen, free
from adhesionsfrom adhesions,,
destructiondestruction
to crushto crush
oste/o/clasisoste/o/clasis
bonebone
enter/o/lysisenter/o/lysis
small intestinesmall intestine
lith/o/tripsylith/o/tripsy
stonestone
Diagnostic and Symptomatic SuffixesDiagnostic and Symptomatic Suffixes SuffixSuffixMeaningMeaningExampleExample
- - algiaalgia
- - o/dyniao/dynia
- - o/celeo/cele
- - ectasisectasis
- - o/geno/gen
painpain
painpain
hernia, swellinghernia, swelling
dilatationdilatation
beginning, beginning, originorigin
cephal/cephal/algiaalgia
headhead
cephal/o/cephal/o/dyniadynia
headhead
hepato/hepato/celecele
liverliver
bronchi/bronchi/ectasisectasis
bronchusbronchus
carcin/o/carcin/o/gengen
cancercancer
Diagnostic and Symptomatic SuffixesDiagnostic and Symptomatic Suffixes
SuffixSuffixMeaningMeaningExampleExample
--iasisiasis
--itisitis
--o/logyo/logy
--o/malaciao/malacia
--o/megalyo/megaly
condition, condition, formation offormation of
InflammationInflammation
study ofstudy of
softeningsoftening
enlargementenlargement
chole/lith/chole/lith/iasisiasis
gall stonegall stone
gastr/gastr/itisitis
stomachstomach
bio/bio/logylogy
lifelife
oste/o/oste/o/malaciamalacia
bonebone
hepat/o/hepat/o/megalymegaly
liverliver
Diagnostic and Symptomatic SuffixesDiagnostic and Symptomatic SuffixesSuffixSuffixMeaningMeaningExampleExample
--oidoid
--omaoma
--osisosis
--o/pathyo/pathy
--o/peniao/penia
resembleresemble
tumortumor
abnormal abnormal conditioncondition
diseasedisease
decrease, decrease, deficiencydeficiency
lip/lip/oidoid
lipidlipid
aden/aden/omaoma
glandgland
dermat/dermat/osisosis
skinskin
nephr/o/nephr/o/pathypathy
kidneykidney
leuk/o/leuk/o/peniapenia
white (cell)white (cell)
Diagnostic and Symptomatic SuffixesDiagnostic and Symptomatic SuffixesSuffixSuffixMeaningMeaningExampleExample
--phagiaphagia
--phasiaphasia
--plegiaplegia
--phobiaphobia
--o/ptosiso/ptosis
eatingeating
speechspeech
paralysisparalysis
fearfear
prolapse, fallingprolapse, falling
dys/dys/phagiaphagia
difficultdifficult
a/a/phasiaphasia
withoutwithout
hemi/hemi/plegiaplegia
halfhalf
acro/acro/phobiaphobia
extremitiesextremities
hyster/o/hyster/o/ptosisptosis
uterusuterus
Diagnostic and Symptomatic SuffixesDiagnostic and Symptomatic Suffixes
SuffixSuffixMeaningMeaningExampleExample
--o/rrhageo/rrhage
--o/rrheao/rrhea
--o/rrhexiso/rrhexis
--o/sclerosiso/sclerosis
--o/scopyo/scopy
hemorrhagehemorrhage
discharge, flowdischarge, flow
rupturerupture
hardeninghardening
examinationexamination
hem/o/hem/o/rrhagerrhage
bloodblood
men/o/men/o/rrhearrhea
mensesmenses
angi/o/angi/o/rrhexisrrhexis
blood vesselblood vessel
arteri/o/arteri/o/sclerosissclerosis
arteryartery
ot/o/ot/o/scopyscopy
earear
General Review-SuffixesGeneral Review-Suffixes
For building a medical termFor building a medical term The CF is used when a suffix begins withThe CF is used when a suffix begins with
a consonanta consonant::
gastr/ogastr/o/pexy /pexy leuk/oleuk/o/cyte/cyte
nephr/o/nephr/o/pexy pexy oste/ooste/o/cyte/cyte
The WR is directly joined to the suffix when The WR is directly joined to the suffix when the suffix begins with a vowel the suffix begins with a vowel : :
gastr/gastr/algia algia dermatdermat/osis/osis
nephrnephr/oma /oma mastmast/ectomy/ectomy
Suffixes: Adjective EndingsSuffixes: Adjective Endings
Adjective EndingAdjective EndingExampleExample
--acac
--alal
--aryary
--icic
--icalical
--ousous
--tictic
cardi/cardi/acac (heart) (heart)
neur/neur/al al (nerve) (nerve)
saliv/saliv/aryary (saliva) (saliva)
hypo/derm/hypo/derm/icic (under skin) (under skin)
med/med/icalical (medicine) (medicine)
sub/cutane/sub/cutane/ousous (under skin) (under skin)
paraly/paraly/tic tic (paralysis)(paralysis)
Suffixes: Noun EndingsSuffixes: Noun EndingsNoun EndingNoun EndingMeaningMeaningExampleExample
--iaciac
--iaia
--isis
--ismism
--istist
--yy
Indicates person Indicates person afflicted with diseaseafflicted with disease
Forms noun from rootForms noun from root
Abnormal conditionAbnormal condition
One who specializesOne who specializes
Condition or processCondition or process
Hemo/o/phil/Hemo/o/phil/iaciac
))Blood loveBlood love((
Pneumon/Pneumon/iaia
Cut/is (skin)Cut/is (skin)
Alcohol/Alcohol/ismism
Uro/log/Uro/log/istist
Myo/path/Myo/path/yy
))muscle diseasemuscle disease((
Suffixes: Diminutive EndingsSuffixes: Diminutive Endings
Diminutive EndingDiminutive EndingMeaningMeaningExampleExample
--oleole
--icleicle
--uleule
minuteminute
smallsmall
littlelittle
arteri/arteri/oleole
arteryartery
part/part/icleicle
piecepiece
pust/pust/uleule
pimplepimple
Plural EndingsPlural EndingsSingularSingularPlural FormPlural FormSingularSingularPluralPlural
aa
axax
enen
ixix
sissis
onon
umum
usus
yy
mama
aeae
acesaces
inaina
icesices
sesses
aa
aa
ii
iesies
matamata
pleurpleuraa
thorthoraxax
lumlumenen
appendappendixix
diagnodiagnosissis
gangliganglionon
bacteribacteriumum
digitdigitusus
deformitdeformityy
carcinomcarcinomaa
pleurpleuraeae
thorthoraces
lumluminaina
appendappendicesices
diagnodiagnosesses
gangligangliaa
bacteribacteriaa
digitdigitii
deformitdeformitiesies
carcinomcarcinomataata
PrefixesPrefixes
- -Prefixes are derived from Greek or LatinPrefixes are derived from Greek or Latin
language and used to build a medicallanguage and used to build a medical
vocabularyvocabulary . .
- -Prefixes are always located at the beginningPrefixes are always located at the beginning
of a wordof a word..
- -A prefix is always used in conjunction ofA prefix is always used in conjunction of
combining form or a combining form and acombining form or a combining form and a
suffixsuffix..
Prefixes of PositionPrefixes of PositionPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaning ExampleExample
ambiambi--
amphiamphi--
anteante--
prepre--
propro--
both, both sidesboth, both sides
on both sideson both sides
before, in front ofbefore, in front of
ambiambi/lateral/lateral
sideside
amphiamphi/crania/crania
skullskull
anteante/febrile/febrile
feverfever
prepre/operative/operative
operationoperation
propro/otic/otic
earear
Prefixes of PositionPrefixes of PositionPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample
dextr/odextr/o--
sinistr/osinistr/o--
dors/odors/o--
epiepi--
interinter--
to the right ofto the right of
to the left ofto the left of
backback
uponupon
betweenbetween
dextrdextr/o/cardia/o/cardia
heartheart
sinistrsinistr/o/cardia/o/cardia
dorsdors/algia/algia
painpain
epiepi/gastrium/gastrium
stomachstomach
interinter/costal/costal
ribsribs
Prefixes of PositionPrefixes of PositionPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample
hypohypo--
infra- or Subinfra- or Sub--
mes/omes/o--
medimedi--
retr/oretr/o--
posteropostero--
under, below, under, below, beneathbeneath
in the middlein the middle
after, backwardafter, backward
located behindlocated behind
hypohypo/dermic/dermic
skinskin
mesmes/o/sternum/o/sternum
chest platechest plate
retroretro/cervical/cervical
neckneck
posteropostero/lateral/lateral
to the sideto the side
Prefixes of colorPrefixes of colorPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample
albalb--
albumin/oalbumin/o--
leuk/oleuk/o--
chlor/ochlor/o--
glauc/oglauc/o--
poliopolio--
cirrh/ocirrh/o--
xanth/oxanth/o--
whitewhite
greengreen
graygray
yellowyellow
albuminalbumin/oid/oid
resembleresemble
chlorchlor/emia/emia
bloodblood
glaucglauc/oma/oma
Polio/myel/itisPolio/myel/itis
cirrhcirrh/osis/osis
abnormal conditionabnormal condition
Prefixes of ColorPrefixes of ColorPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample
cyan/ocyan/o--
melan/omelan/o--
erythr/oerythr/o--
rube/orube/o--
purpur/opurpur/o--
blueblue
blackblack
redred
purplepurple
cyancyan/o/derma/o/derma
skinskin
melanmelan/oma/oma
tumortumor
erythrerythr/o/cyte/o/cyte
cellcell
purpurpurpur/ic/ic
pertaining topertaining to
Prefixes of Number and MeasurementPrefixes of Number and Measurement
PrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample
primiprimi--
uniuni--
monomono--
bibi--
didi--
hemihemi--
firstfirst
oneone
twotwo
halfhalf
primiprimi/para/para
to bear offspringto bear offspring
monomono/nucleus/nucleus
kernelkernel
bibi/lateral /lateral side side
didi/plegia /plegia paralysis paralysis
hemihemi/plegia/plegia
paralysisparalysis
Prefixes of Number and MeasurementPrefixes of Number and MeasurementPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample
hyperhyper--
hypohypo--
multimulti--
polypoly--
tritri--
quadriquadri--
macromacro--
micromicro--
over, excessiveover, excessive
under, belowunder, below
manymany
threethree
fourfour
largelarge
smallsmall
hyperhyper/tension/tension
hypohypo/tension/tension
strainstrain
multimulti/para/para
to bear offspringto bear offspring
tritri/cephalus/cephalus
quadriquadri/plegia/plegia
paralysisparalysis
macromacro/cephaly/cephaly
micromicro/gastria/gastria
Prefixes of NegationPrefixes of NegationPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample
a- (used before a- (used before a consonant) a consonant)
an- (used before an- (used before a vowel) a vowel)
arar - -
imim--
inin--
without, not, without, not, lack oflack of
notnot
aa/phasia/phasia
speechspeech
anan/encephaly/encephaly
headhead
arar/rhythmia/rhythmia
rhythmrhythm
imim/mature/mature
inin/complete/complete
Prefixes of DirectionPrefixes of DirectionPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample
abab - -
adad--
circumcircum--
periperi - -
ecec--
exex--
diadia--
perper--
transtrans--
from, away fromfrom, away from
to, toward, nearto, toward, near
aroundaround
out fromout from
through, acrossthrough, across
abab/normal/normal
regular, usualregular, usual
adad/sternal/sternal
circumcircum/renal/renal
periperi/renal/renal
ecec/topia/topia
placeplace
diadia/rrhea/rrhea
flowflow
trans/thoraxtrans/thorax
Prefix of DirectionPrefix of DirectionPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample
ectoecto--
exoexo--
extraextra--
endoendo--
intraintra--
parpar--
parapara--
supersuper--
suprasupra--
ultraultra--
outsideoutside
in, withinin, within
near, besidenear, beside,,
beyondbeyond
aboveabove
beyond, excessbeyond, excess
ectoecto/derm/derm
exoexo/phthalmia/phthalmia
extraextra/bronchial/bronchial
endoendo/cranial/cranial
intraintra/muscular/muscular
parapara/colon/colon
supersuper/lactation/lactation
suprasupra/pubic/pubic
ultraultra/sonic/sonic
Miscellaneous PrefixesMiscellaneous PrefixesPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample
antianti--
contracontra--
bradybrady--
tachytachy--
dysdys--
eueu--
heterohetero--
homohomo--
againstagainst
slowslow
rapidrapid
bad, difficultbad, difficult
good, easygood, easy
differentdifferent
samesame
antianti/bacterial/bacterial
contracontra/indicated/indicated
brady/cardiabrady/cardia
tachytachy/cardia/cardia
dysdys/pepsia/pepsia
digestiondigestion
eueu/pnea/pnea
hetero/cellularhetero/cellular
homo/sexualhomo/sexual
Miscellaneous PrefixesMiscellaneous PrefixesPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample
hidr/ohidr/o--
hydr/ohydr/o--
malmal - -
metameta--
panpan--
pseudopseudo--
scler/oscler/o--
symsym--
synsyn--
sweatsweat
waterwater
ill, bad, poorill, bad, poor
after, beyondafter, beyond
allall
falsefalse
hardhard
unionunion
hidrhidr/osis/osis
hydrohydro/phobia/phobia
malmal/nutrition/nutrition
metameta/carpal/carpal
panpan/hyster/ectomy/hyster/ectomy
pseudopseudo/mening/itis/mening/itis
sclerscler/osis/osis
symsym/podia/podia
synsyn/chilia/chilia