Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

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Medical Terminology Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP FCCP Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

Transcript of Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Page 1: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Medical TerminologyMedical Terminology

Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCPDr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP

Assistant ProfessorAssistant Professor

Page 2: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

IntroductionIntroduction

Medical TerminologyMedical Terminology is the study of is the study of words that relate to body systems, words that relate to body systems, anatomical structures, medical anatomical structures, medical processes and procedures, and processes and procedures, and a variety of diseases that afflict a variety of diseases that afflict human organismhuman organism..

Page 3: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Word Root (WR)Word Root (WR)It is the basic stem word, usually derived It is the basic stem word, usually derived from Greek or Latin languagefrom Greek or Latin language..

WR is the WR is the building blocksbuilding blocks for many Prefixes, for many Prefixes, Suffixes, Anatomical Words, Medical Suffixes, Anatomical Words, Medical proceduresprocedures..

Greek WordGreek Word Word Root (WR)Word Root (WR)

Kardia (heart)Kardia (heart)

osteon (bone)osteon (bone)

nephros (kidney)nephros (kidney)

gastros (stomach)gastros (stomach)

erythros (red)erythros (red)

cardicardi

osteoste

nephrnephr

gastrgastr

erythrerythr

Page 4: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Combining Form (CF)Combining Form (CF)It is a WR to which a final vowel (usually “O”) is It is a WR to which a final vowel (usually “O”) is added (CF = WR / O)added (CF = WR / O)..

WRWRCFCFMeaningMeaning

cardicardi

cytcyt

osteoste

nephrnephr

gastrgastr

erythrerythr

cardi / ocardi / o

cyt / ocyt / o

oste / ooste / o

nephr / onephr / o

gastr / ogastr / o

erythr / oerythr / o

heartheart

cellcell

bonebone

kidneykidney

stomachstomach

redred

Page 5: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Building Compound WordsBuilding Compound WordsThe vowel performs a connecting function. The vowel performs a connecting function. IfIf second WR begins with asecond WR begins with a consonantconsonant::

leuk / o cyt / o = whiteleuk / o cyt / o = white

erythr / o cyt / o = rederythr / o cyt / o = red

If the second WR begins with a vowel, the If the second WR begins with a vowel, the “O” is sometimes retained“O” is sometimes retained : :

gastr / o / enter / o = stomach and intestinegastr / o / enter / o = stomach and intestine

In others, a combining vowel is not addedIn others, a combining vowel is not added::

hem / angio = blood vesselhem / angio = blood vessel

Page 6: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

SuffixesSuffixesA suffix is a word element placed at the end of a A suffix is a word element placed at the end of a word or stem to form a new wordword or stem to form a new word..

Suffixes beginning with vowelsSuffixes beginning with vowels::

WR + Suffix = Medical WordWR + Suffix = Medical Word

gastr + gastr + itisitis (inflammation) = gastritis (inflammation) = gastritis

gastr + gastr + algiaalgia (pain) = gastralgia (pain) = gastralgia

gastr + gastr + ectomyectomy (excision) = gastrectomy (excision) = gastrectomy

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SuffixesSuffixesSuffixes beginning with consonantsSuffixes beginning with consonants::

Combining Form + Suffix = Medical WordCombining Form + Suffix = Medical Word

WR + OWR + O

col + O + col + O + tomytomy (incision) = colotomy (incision) = colotomy

col + O + col + O + scopyscopy (examination) = coloscopy (examination) = coloscopy

col + O + col + O + rrhaphyrrhaphy (suture) = colorrhaphy (suture) = colorrhaphy

Page 8: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Summary of RulesSummary of Rules

Build medical words by the following rulesBuild medical words by the following rules::

RULE 1RULE 1..

Add suffixes that begin with an initial vowel Add suffixes that begin with an initial vowel directly to the word rootdirectly to the word root..

RULE 2RULE 2..

Add a connecting vowel “O” to the word root Add a connecting vowel “O” to the word root when the suffix begins withwhen the suffix begins with a consonanta consonant..

Page 9: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Surgical Procedure SuffixesSurgical Procedure Suffixes SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning ExampleExample

- - ectomyectomy

- - o/centesiso/centesis

- - o/stomyo/stomy

- - o/tomyo/tomy

excisionexcision

puncturepuncture

mouth, forming mouth, forming an opening an opening

incision to cutincision to cut

intointo

append/append/ectomyectomy

appendixappendix

arthr/o/arthr/o/centesiscentesis

jointjoint

col/o/col/o/stomystomy

coloncolon

phleb/o/phleb/o/tomytomy

veinvein

Page 10: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Surgical Procedures SuffixesSurgical Procedures Suffixes SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning ExampleExample

- - desisdesis

- - o/rrhaphyo/rrhaphy

- - o/pexyo/pexy

- - o/plastyo/plasty

bindingbinding , ,

stabilizationstabilization

suturesuture

fixationfixation , ,

suspensionsuspension

formationformation , ,

plastic repairplastic repair

arthr/o/arthr/o/desisdesis

jointjoint

neur/o/neur/o/rrhaphyrrhaphy

gastr/o/pexygastr/o/pexy

stomachstomach

rhin/o/rhin/o/plastyplasty

nosenose

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Surgical Procedure SuffixesSurgical Procedure Suffixes

SuffixSuffix MeaningMeaning ExampleExample

--o/clasiso/clasis

--o/lysiso/lysis

--o/tripsyo/tripsy

to break down, to break down, refracturerefracture

loosen, freeloosen, free

from adhesionsfrom adhesions,,

destructiondestruction

to crushto crush

oste/o/clasisoste/o/clasis

bonebone

enter/o/lysisenter/o/lysis

small intestinesmall intestine

lith/o/tripsylith/o/tripsy

stonestone

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Diagnostic and Symptomatic SuffixesDiagnostic and Symptomatic Suffixes SuffixSuffixMeaningMeaningExampleExample

- - algiaalgia

- - o/dyniao/dynia

- - o/celeo/cele

- - ectasisectasis

- - o/geno/gen

painpain

painpain

hernia, swellinghernia, swelling

dilatationdilatation

beginning, beginning, originorigin

cephal/cephal/algiaalgia

headhead

cephal/o/cephal/o/dyniadynia

headhead

hepato/hepato/celecele

liverliver

bronchi/bronchi/ectasisectasis

bronchusbronchus

carcin/o/carcin/o/gengen

cancercancer

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Diagnostic and Symptomatic SuffixesDiagnostic and Symptomatic Suffixes

SuffixSuffixMeaningMeaningExampleExample

--iasisiasis

--itisitis

--o/logyo/logy

--o/malaciao/malacia

--o/megalyo/megaly

condition, condition, formation offormation of

InflammationInflammation

study ofstudy of

softeningsoftening

enlargementenlargement

chole/lith/chole/lith/iasisiasis

gall stonegall stone

gastr/gastr/itisitis

stomachstomach

bio/bio/logylogy

lifelife

oste/o/oste/o/malaciamalacia

bonebone

hepat/o/hepat/o/megalymegaly

liverliver

Page 14: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Diagnostic and Symptomatic SuffixesDiagnostic and Symptomatic SuffixesSuffixSuffixMeaningMeaningExampleExample

--oidoid

--omaoma

--osisosis

--o/pathyo/pathy

--o/peniao/penia

resembleresemble

tumortumor

abnormal abnormal conditioncondition

diseasedisease

decrease, decrease, deficiencydeficiency

lip/lip/oidoid

lipidlipid

aden/aden/omaoma

glandgland

dermat/dermat/osisosis

skinskin

nephr/o/nephr/o/pathypathy

kidneykidney

leuk/o/leuk/o/peniapenia

white (cell)white (cell)

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Diagnostic and Symptomatic SuffixesDiagnostic and Symptomatic SuffixesSuffixSuffixMeaningMeaningExampleExample

--phagiaphagia

--phasiaphasia

--plegiaplegia

--phobiaphobia

--o/ptosiso/ptosis

eatingeating

speechspeech

paralysisparalysis

fearfear

prolapse, fallingprolapse, falling

dys/dys/phagiaphagia

difficultdifficult

a/a/phasiaphasia

withoutwithout

hemi/hemi/plegiaplegia

halfhalf

acro/acro/phobiaphobia

extremitiesextremities

hyster/o/hyster/o/ptosisptosis

uterusuterus

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Diagnostic and Symptomatic SuffixesDiagnostic and Symptomatic Suffixes

SuffixSuffixMeaningMeaningExampleExample

--o/rrhageo/rrhage

--o/rrheao/rrhea

--o/rrhexiso/rrhexis

--o/sclerosiso/sclerosis

--o/scopyo/scopy

hemorrhagehemorrhage

discharge, flowdischarge, flow

rupturerupture

hardeninghardening

examinationexamination

hem/o/hem/o/rrhagerrhage

bloodblood

men/o/men/o/rrhearrhea

mensesmenses

angi/o/angi/o/rrhexisrrhexis

blood vesselblood vessel

arteri/o/arteri/o/sclerosissclerosis

arteryartery

ot/o/ot/o/scopyscopy

earear

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General Review-SuffixesGeneral Review-Suffixes

For building a medical termFor building a medical term The CF is used when a suffix begins withThe CF is used when a suffix begins with

a consonanta consonant::

gastr/ogastr/o/pexy /pexy leuk/oleuk/o/cyte/cyte

nephr/o/nephr/o/pexy pexy oste/ooste/o/cyte/cyte

The WR is directly joined to the suffix when The WR is directly joined to the suffix when the suffix begins with a vowel the suffix begins with a vowel : :

gastr/gastr/algia algia dermatdermat/osis/osis

nephrnephr/oma /oma mastmast/ectomy/ectomy

Page 18: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Suffixes: Adjective EndingsSuffixes: Adjective Endings

Adjective EndingAdjective EndingExampleExample

--acac

--alal

--aryary

--icic

--icalical

--ousous

--tictic

cardi/cardi/acac (heart) (heart)

neur/neur/al al (nerve) (nerve)

saliv/saliv/aryary (saliva) (saliva)

hypo/derm/hypo/derm/icic (under skin) (under skin)

med/med/icalical (medicine) (medicine)

sub/cutane/sub/cutane/ousous (under skin) (under skin)

paraly/paraly/tic tic (paralysis)(paralysis)

Page 19: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Suffixes: Noun EndingsSuffixes: Noun EndingsNoun EndingNoun EndingMeaningMeaningExampleExample

--iaciac

--iaia

--isis

--ismism

--istist

--yy

Indicates person Indicates person afflicted with diseaseafflicted with disease

Forms noun from rootForms noun from root

Abnormal conditionAbnormal condition

One who specializesOne who specializes

Condition or processCondition or process

Hemo/o/phil/Hemo/o/phil/iaciac

))Blood loveBlood love((

Pneumon/Pneumon/iaia

Cut/is (skin)Cut/is (skin)

Alcohol/Alcohol/ismism

Uro/log/Uro/log/istist

Myo/path/Myo/path/yy

))muscle diseasemuscle disease((

Page 20: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Suffixes: Diminutive EndingsSuffixes: Diminutive Endings

Diminutive EndingDiminutive EndingMeaningMeaningExampleExample

--oleole

--icleicle

--uleule

minuteminute

smallsmall

littlelittle

arteri/arteri/oleole

arteryartery

part/part/icleicle

piecepiece

pust/pust/uleule

pimplepimple

Page 21: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Plural EndingsPlural EndingsSingularSingularPlural FormPlural FormSingularSingularPluralPlural

aa

axax

enen

ixix

sissis

onon

umum

usus

yy

mama

aeae

acesaces

inaina

icesices

sesses

aa

aa

ii

iesies

matamata

pleurpleuraa

thorthoraxax

lumlumenen

appendappendixix

diagnodiagnosissis

gangliganglionon

bacteribacteriumum

digitdigitusus

deformitdeformityy

carcinomcarcinomaa

pleurpleuraeae

thorthoraces

lumluminaina

appendappendicesices

diagnodiagnosesses

gangligangliaa

bacteribacteriaa

digitdigitii

deformitdeformitiesies

carcinomcarcinomataata

Page 22: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

PrefixesPrefixes

- -Prefixes are derived from Greek or LatinPrefixes are derived from Greek or Latin

language and used to build a medicallanguage and used to build a medical

vocabularyvocabulary . .

- -Prefixes are always located at the beginningPrefixes are always located at the beginning

of a wordof a word..

- -A prefix is always used in conjunction ofA prefix is always used in conjunction of

combining form or a combining form and acombining form or a combining form and a

suffixsuffix..

Page 23: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Prefixes of PositionPrefixes of PositionPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaning ExampleExample

ambiambi--

amphiamphi--

anteante--

prepre--

propro--

both, both sidesboth, both sides

on both sideson both sides

before, in front ofbefore, in front of

ambiambi/lateral/lateral

sideside

amphiamphi/crania/crania

skullskull

anteante/febrile/febrile

feverfever

prepre/operative/operative

operationoperation

propro/otic/otic

earear

Page 24: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Prefixes of PositionPrefixes of PositionPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample

dextr/odextr/o--

sinistr/osinistr/o--

dors/odors/o--

epiepi--

interinter--

to the right ofto the right of

to the left ofto the left of

backback

uponupon

betweenbetween

dextrdextr/o/cardia/o/cardia

heartheart

sinistrsinistr/o/cardia/o/cardia

dorsdors/algia/algia

painpain

epiepi/gastrium/gastrium

stomachstomach

interinter/costal/costal

ribsribs

Page 25: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Prefixes of PositionPrefixes of PositionPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample

hypohypo--

infra- or Subinfra- or Sub--

mes/omes/o--

medimedi--

retr/oretr/o--

posteropostero--

under, below, under, below, beneathbeneath

in the middlein the middle

after, backwardafter, backward

located behindlocated behind

hypohypo/dermic/dermic

skinskin

mesmes/o/sternum/o/sternum

chest platechest plate

retroretro/cervical/cervical

neckneck

posteropostero/lateral/lateral

to the sideto the side

Page 26: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Prefixes of colorPrefixes of colorPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample

albalb--

albumin/oalbumin/o--

leuk/oleuk/o--

chlor/ochlor/o--

glauc/oglauc/o--

poliopolio--

cirrh/ocirrh/o--

xanth/oxanth/o--

whitewhite

greengreen

graygray

yellowyellow

albuminalbumin/oid/oid

resembleresemble

chlorchlor/emia/emia

bloodblood

glaucglauc/oma/oma

Polio/myel/itisPolio/myel/itis

cirrhcirrh/osis/osis

abnormal conditionabnormal condition

Page 27: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Prefixes of ColorPrefixes of ColorPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample

cyan/ocyan/o--

melan/omelan/o--

erythr/oerythr/o--

rube/orube/o--

purpur/opurpur/o--

blueblue

blackblack

redred

purplepurple

cyancyan/o/derma/o/derma

skinskin

melanmelan/oma/oma

tumortumor

erythrerythr/o/cyte/o/cyte

cellcell

purpurpurpur/ic/ic

pertaining topertaining to

Page 28: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Prefixes of Number and MeasurementPrefixes of Number and Measurement

PrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample

primiprimi--

uniuni--

monomono--

bibi--

didi--

hemihemi--

firstfirst

oneone

twotwo

halfhalf

primiprimi/para/para

to bear offspringto bear offspring

monomono/nucleus/nucleus

kernelkernel

bibi/lateral /lateral side side

didi/plegia /plegia paralysis paralysis

hemihemi/plegia/plegia

paralysisparalysis

Page 29: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Prefixes of Number and MeasurementPrefixes of Number and MeasurementPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample

hyperhyper--

hypohypo--

multimulti--

polypoly--

tritri--

quadriquadri--

macromacro--

micromicro--

over, excessiveover, excessive

under, belowunder, below

manymany

threethree

fourfour

largelarge

smallsmall

hyperhyper/tension/tension

hypohypo/tension/tension

strainstrain

multimulti/para/para

to bear offspringto bear offspring

tritri/cephalus/cephalus

quadriquadri/plegia/plegia

paralysisparalysis

macromacro/cephaly/cephaly

micromicro/gastria/gastria

Page 30: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Prefixes of NegationPrefixes of NegationPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample

a- (used before a- (used before a consonant) a consonant)

an- (used before an- (used before a vowel) a vowel)

arar - -

imim--

inin--

without, not, without, not, lack oflack of

notnot

aa/phasia/phasia

speechspeech

anan/encephaly/encephaly

headhead

arar/rhythmia/rhythmia

rhythmrhythm

imim/mature/mature

inin/complete/complete

Page 31: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Prefixes of DirectionPrefixes of DirectionPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample

abab - -

adad--

circumcircum--

periperi - -

ecec--

exex--

diadia--

perper--

transtrans--

from, away fromfrom, away from

to, toward, nearto, toward, near

aroundaround

out fromout from

through, acrossthrough, across

abab/normal/normal

regular, usualregular, usual

adad/sternal/sternal

circumcircum/renal/renal

periperi/renal/renal

ecec/topia/topia

placeplace

diadia/rrhea/rrhea

flowflow

trans/thoraxtrans/thorax

Page 32: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Prefix of DirectionPrefix of DirectionPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample

ectoecto--

exoexo--

extraextra--

endoendo--

intraintra--

parpar--

parapara--

supersuper--

suprasupra--

ultraultra--

outsideoutside

in, withinin, within

near, besidenear, beside,,

beyondbeyond

aboveabove

beyond, excessbeyond, excess

ectoecto/derm/derm

exoexo/phthalmia/phthalmia

extraextra/bronchial/bronchial

endoendo/cranial/cranial

intraintra/muscular/muscular

parapara/colon/colon

supersuper/lactation/lactation

suprasupra/pubic/pubic

ultraultra/sonic/sonic

Page 33: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Miscellaneous PrefixesMiscellaneous PrefixesPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample

antianti--

contracontra--

bradybrady--

tachytachy--

dysdys--

eueu--

heterohetero--

homohomo--

againstagainst

slowslow

rapidrapid

bad, difficultbad, difficult

good, easygood, easy

differentdifferent

samesame

antianti/bacterial/bacterial

contracontra/indicated/indicated

brady/cardiabrady/cardia

tachytachy/cardia/cardia

dysdys/pepsia/pepsia

digestiondigestion

eueu/pnea/pnea

hetero/cellularhetero/cellular

homo/sexualhomo/sexual

Page 34: Medical Terminology Dr. Walid Daoud, MD, FCCP Assistant Professor.

Miscellaneous PrefixesMiscellaneous PrefixesPrefixPrefixMeaningMeaningExampleExample

hidr/ohidr/o--

hydr/ohydr/o--

malmal - -

metameta--

panpan--

pseudopseudo--

scler/oscler/o--

symsym--

synsyn--

sweatsweat

waterwater

ill, bad, poorill, bad, poor

after, beyondafter, beyond

allall

falsefalse

hardhard

unionunion

hidrhidr/osis/osis

hydrohydro/phobia/phobia

malmal/nutrition/nutrition

metameta/carpal/carpal

panpan/hyster/ectomy/hyster/ectomy

pseudopseudo/mening/itis/mening/itis

sclerscler/osis/osis

symsym/podia/podia

synsyn/chilia/chilia