medical physics in EM spectrum
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Medical physics in the
electromagnetic spectrum
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Radio Waves : Mobile Phones
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Radio Waves : Mobile Phones
Mobile phones use microwave energy. We knowthat microwaves can cook food – can a mobile
phone cause heating?
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Radio Waves : Mobile Phones
0.2C temperature
rise
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Infrared : Near Infrared Spectroscopy
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Infrared : Pulse oximetry
Heart rate:81 bpm
Blood oxygenation: 99%
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Infrared : Near Infrared Spectroscopy
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Infrared : Near Infrared Spectroscopy
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Time (seconds)
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50
concentration(
molar.cm)
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
HbO2
Hbvol
Hb
Infrared : Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Flashing lights
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Infrared : Thermography
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Infrared : Thermography
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Infrared : Thermography
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Infrared : Thermography
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Visible : Endoscopy
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Visible : Endoscopy
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Visible : Endoscopy
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Visible : Endoscopy
ParasiticWorm!
The stomach wall has
relapsed backinto the oesophagus.This is a hernia.
This is theendoscope comingout of the oesophagus
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Visible : Endoscopy with a camera pill
On the right is an x-ray movie showing a pill which has been swallowedwhich contains a camera. It passes through the gut, taking a movie which is
sent to a receiver outside the body, shown on the left.
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Visible : New approaches to Endoscopy
Another new method is virtual endoscopy. Here, we take a high resolution CTscan of the body using x-rays and then, using a computer, identify the gut wall
and show it as if it is viewed through an endoscope.
This prevents the discomfort which
patients may feel during endoscopy
This movie shows a polyp in the wall
of the gut.
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Visible : Scanning laser ophthalmoscope
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Visible : Scanning laser ophthalmoscope
With thanks to
Dr. A Manivannan
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Visible : Scanning laser ophthalmoscope
With thanks to
Dr. A Manivannan
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Visible : Photodynamic therapy
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Visible : Photodynamic therapy
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Blue : Treatment of jaundice
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Blue : Blue light treatment of jaundice in babies
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X-rays : X-radiography
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X-rays : x-radiography
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X-rays : Computed tomography image (CT scan)
Second
metatarsal bone
(the bone that
David Beckham and
Wayne Rooney broke!)
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X-rays : Computed tomography image (CT scan)
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X-rays : Radiotherapy
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X-rays : Radiotherapy
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Cancer occurs when cells divide too quickly. Thedividing cells become a tumour which can damage
surrounding tissue or spread to the rest of the
body
X-rays : Radiotherapy
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• X-rays or other radiation can damage the DNA incells and kill them
• This is why radiation can be dangerous
• But cells which are dividing rapidly are more likely
to be killed
• So we use x-rays to kill the rapidly-dividing cancercells
• We must still ensure that healthy tissue is
undamaged
X-rays : Radiotherapy
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A linear accelerator generates
x-rays. It rotates around the
body, irradiating the tumour
from all directions
X-rays : Radiotherapy
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X-ray CT scan of chest shows lungs, heart and tumour (red)
X-rays : Radiotherapy
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A medical physicist decides which
angles to shine x-rays from
to destroy tumour and minimise
damage to other tissue
X-rays : Radiotherapy
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The treatment plan lists the directions the x-rays will come from and calculates theradiation dose to the tumour (in purple) and rest of body (grey)
X-rays : Radiotherapy
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Summary :
• Medical physicists use all parts of the electromagnetic
spectrum to diagnose and treat illnesses
• Different parts of the spectrum interact in different ways with
the body because they have different energies
Low energy High energy
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Medical physics in the
electromagnetic spectrum
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Acknowledgements :
• Thanks to Dr Gerard van Leeuwen, Dr Clare Elwell, Dr
Kevin Howells, Dr Sandy Mosse, Dr Paul Campbell, Dr
Topun Austin, Dr Alf Linney, GE Healthcare, Paul Burke and
Jeff Jones, and Elekta for providing images.
• This lesson was developed by Adam Gibson, Jeff Jones,
David Sang, Angela Newing, Nicola Hannam and Emily
Cook
•
We have attempted to obtain permission and acknowledgethe contributor of every image. If we have inadvertently used
images in error, please contact us.