Medical Grandrounds Odessa Tolentino-Wilson, MD October 25, 2007.
Medical Grandrounds February17, 2010 Ledesma Hall Presenter: Kristine S de Luna Moderator: Dr....
Transcript of Medical Grandrounds February17, 2010 Ledesma Hall Presenter: Kristine S de Luna Moderator: Dr....
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Medical GrandroundsFebruary17, 2010
Ledesma HallPresenter: Kristine S de Luna
Moderator: Dr. Maricel Gler
DOUBLE TROUBLE(TB -HIV)
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Objectives
1. To present a case of a patient with AIDS who developed disseminated TB.
2. To discuss the pathophysiology of TB in AIDS.3. To discuss the challenges in the diagnosis of TB
in AIDS.4. To discuss the challenges in the treatment of TB
in AIDS, as well as current guidelines in the management.
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Identifying Data
R.A.51 years old, maleSingle
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Chief Complaint
Fever and cough
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History of the Present Illness1 month PTA cough; fever; weight loss (50%)
3 weeks PTA right upper quadrant
abdominal pain nausea; appetite loss 2 weeks PTA GI consult, Impression:
pancreatitis, liver abscess CT scan of the abdomen Meds: Cefixime,
Metronidazole, pancreatin Infectious Diseases Specialist
Referral
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PLAIN
DELAYEDPORTAL VENOUS
ARTERIAL
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PLAIN ARTERIAL
PORTAL VENOUS DELAYED
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Prominent pancreatic head with moderate surrounding fat stranding and prominent lymph nodes.
Small pockets of air within the pancreatic head with a suspicious connection to the duodenum. Duodeno-pancreatic fistula has to be ruled out.
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Mildly enhancing central focus with partially calcified wall in hepatic segment VII.
Ovoid focus in hepatic segment II, likely a hemangioma.
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Upper gastrointestinal series
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Normal upper gastrointestinal series
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History of the Present Illness5 days PTA Probable
disseminated TB and
immunocompromised state
Few hrs PTA Persistence ADMISSION
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Review of Systemsno rashes no sore throatno difficulty in swallowing no chest painno dysuria
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Past Medical History(-) PTBgallbladder stones in 2005 post open cholecystectomy
(-) blood transfusion
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Personal Social Historynon-smokerOccasional alcoholic beverage drinkergoes to the gym 3 times a week for 15 years
Denies illicit drug useAdmits to have unprotected sex with a male partner for the past 10 years
Currently in a sexual relationship with a male
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Family History(+) pulmonary tuberculosis- mother
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Physical ExaminationBP: 100/60 CR: 110, reg RR: 22 T: 38.1
Height: 165.1 cm Weight: 65.2 kg BMI: 23.9 Pain Scale: 2/10
General Appearance: weak-looking, conscious, not in CP distress
Skin: warm, no active dermatoses, (+) pallor
HEENT: no nasaoaural discharge, no oral lesions, non-hyperemic posterior pharyngeal walls, tonsils not enlarged, 2 movable, non-tender, non-matted submandibular lymph nodes (approx 1 x 1 cm each) bilateral, midline trachea
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Physical Examination Lungs: symmetric chest expansion, no retractions, equal vocal and tactile fremiti, resonant, clear breath sounds
Heart: AB 5th LICS MCL, no heaves, no thrills, regularly regular rhythm, no murmurs
Abdomen: flat, surgical scar RUQ, NABS, direct tenderness RUQ, no rebound tenderness, no masses, non-palpable liver edge, non-palpable spleen
Genitourinary: no costovertebral angle tenderness
Extremities: (-) edema, (-) cyanosis, pulses full and equal
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AFB smear and TB PCR
AFB smear result: Negative
GeneXpert MTb/Rif result: MTB detected, No Rifampicin resistance
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Initial Impression
Pulmonary TB, Smear Negative
To consider disseminated tuberculosis To consider immunocompromised state
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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
A cu te< 3 w e e ks
S ub a cu te3 - 8 w ee ks
C h ro n ic> 8 w e e ks
C O U G H
Source: Irwin, Richard MD & Mark Madison, MD. Diagnosis and Treatment of Cough. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol 343, No. 23 pg 1715 – 1721.
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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
g a llb ladd er , b i lia ry p a nc rea tic h e pa tic re na l p u lm o na ry
r ig ht up per qu ad ran t p a in
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Course in the WardDay 1: Admitted to isolation room. Referred
to GI. The following were requested: CXR-PA , CBC, ESR, CRP Quantitative, CD4, blood CS at 2 sites, liver function test, amylase, lipase, prothrombin time.
Meds: HRZE 4 tabs daily, pantoprazole 40 mg/IV once daily, vitamin B complex once daily, ocreotide drip x 24 hours, pancreatin 150 mg/tab 3 times a day .
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AFB smear and TB PCR
AFB smear result: Negative
GeneXpert MTb/Rif result: MTB detected, No Rifampicin resistance
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Course in the WardDay 1: Admitted to isolation room.
Referred to GI. The following were requested: CXR-PA , CBC, ESR, CRP Quantitative, CD4, blood CS at 2 sites, liver function test, amylase, lipase, prothrombin time.
Meds: HRZE 4 tabs daily, pantoprazole 40 mg/IV once daily, vitamin B complex once daily, ocreotide drip x 24 hours, pancreatin 150 mg/tab 3 times a day .
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Infiltrates in the right upper lobe, compatible with pulmonary tuberculosis of undetermined activity.
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Course in the WardDay 1: Admitted to isolation room. Referred
to GI. The following were requested: CXR-PA , CBC, ESR, CRP Quantitative, CD4, blood CS at 2 sites, liver function test, amylase, lipase, prothrombin time.
Meds: HRZE 4 tabs daily, pantoprazole 40 mg/IV once daily, vitamin B complex once daily, ocreotide drip x 24 hours, pancreatin 150 mg/tab 3 times a day .
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Complete Blood CountDec 9, 2010
Haemoglobin (nv 14 -17.5) 12.6 g/dl (l)Hematocrit (nv 41.5 – 50.4) 35.9% (l)RBC (nv 4.5 -5.9) 4.67 x 10^6/ULWBC (nv 4.4 -11) 11.16 x 10^3/UL (h)Segmenter (nv 40-70) 78% (h)Lymphocyte (nv 22-43) 6% (l)Eosinophils (nv 0-4) 2%Monocytes (nv 0-7) 14% (h)Platelets (nv 150,000-450,000) 198,000/ULMCV (nv 80-96) 76.9 um^3 (l)MCHC (nv 33.4 -35.5) 35.10 %MCH (nv 27.5-33.2) 27 pg (l)RDW (nv 11.6-14.6) 14.6 %
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ChemistryDec 9, 2010 Dec 10, 2010
Amylase (nv 13-60) 523 U/L (h) 436.5 (h)Lipase (nv 28-100) 711 U/L (h) 316 (h)Total protein (nv 6.4-8.3) 8 g/dlAlbumin (nv 3.5 -5.2) 3.5 g/dlGlobulin 4.5 g/dlA/G ratio (nv 1.1 – 1.6) 0.78AST (nv 10-50) 36 U/LALT (nv 10-50) 17 U/LAlkaline phosphatase (nv 40-130)
95 U/L
Total Bilirubin (nv 0-1) 0.73 mg/dlDirect Bilirubin (nv 0-0.3) 0.37 mg/dl (h)Indirect Bilirubin (nv 0.1 -1) 0.36 mg/dlCRP-LX 42.21 mg/l (h)ESR (nv 0-20 mm/hr) 98 (h)
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Other Laboratory Tests
CD4: 74/mm3 (500 to 1500/mm3)
Blood CS: negativeProthrombin Time: normal
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Course in the WardDay 2: Febrile episodes. No pain.
Abdomen: soft, non-tender. Ocreotide 100 mcg SC once a day.
Day 3: For HBsAg, VDRL, anti-HCV, anti-HAV IgG, HIV viral load. Soft, low fat diet. May go home.
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HBsAg: negativeVDRL: negative Anti-HAV IgG:positiveAnti-HCV: negativeHIV VIRAL LOAD PCR: 780, 000
copies/ml
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HIV Screening, Agglutination (Dec 13, 2010): reactive to anti-HIV 1
HIV Screening, EIA (Dec 14, 2010):
reactive
Chemiluminescence Microparticle Immunoassay Test for HIV Ag/Ab, Western Blot (Dec 14, 2010): + HIV Ab, bands present (gp 160, gp 120, p 66, p 51, gp 41, p 31, p 24)
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Final Diagnosis
Disseminated TuberculosisAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
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Epidemiology of TB
The Philippines is the 9th among the the 22 high burden countries for TB
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HIV Prevalence in the Philippines Department of Health – National Epidemiology
Center November 2010
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Department of Health – National Epidemiology Center
November 2010
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Types of Sexual Transmission
Mode of Transmission
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HIV + TB
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EPIDEMIOLOGY of TB in HIV
Of 33.2 million persons infected with Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), one-third are estimated to also be infected with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
HIV Infection associated tuberculosis: The Epidemiology and Response. Getahun, et al Stop TB and HIV/AIDS Department
WHO Geneva Switzerland May 2010
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WHO Data – Philippines 2009
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Late 1980’s
HIV epidemic increased the number of TB cases in countries with a high prevalence of HIV infection
3-fold increase in the number of TB case notifications over the decade
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2000
Increases in HIV-related TB cases mirrored the increase in the prevalence of HIV infection but with a 4-7 year delay
Nunn et al, Tuberculosis Control in the Era of HIV. Nat Rev Immunol 2005
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200880% - Countries on sub-Saharan Africa
10% - Southeast AsiaTB accounted for 26% of AIDS-related deaths
Getahun, et al. HIV Infection-Associated Tuberculosis-The Epidemiology and Response. Clinical Infectious Disease 2010.
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Philippine Data 2009
• Estimated number of HIV+ TB cases: 256 • Number adults with advance HIV infection who
are currently receiving Anti-retroviral therapy
and who were started on TB treatment: 205
Data Source: DOH-NASPCP Philippine National AIDS Council, Country Report of the Philippines December 2009
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Susceptibility
HIV
TB Disease Progression
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Effects of HIV on TB
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• Increases the risk for activation of latent infection and rate of disease progression
• 7 to 10% increase per year in HIV-infected adults compared to 5 to 10% lifetime risk for HIV-negative adults
• Increased disseminated disease and extrapulmonary infection with lower CD4 (60%)
• HIV is the most powerful factor known to increase the risk of TB
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Effects of TB on HIV
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Association between tuberculosis and HIV disease progression in a high tuberculosis prevalence area
Badri M, et al Int J Tuberc Lung Dse 2001
CONCLUSION: Increases HIV replication The onset of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients is associated with an increased risk of AIDS and death
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Pattern of HIV-Related TBHIV infection
Progression
CD 4 T-lymphocytes decline
Immune system less able to prevent growth/spread of M. tuberculosis
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DIAGNOSISTB + HIV
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PastHistory
• sexually transmitted infection• herpes zoster (shingles) which often leaves a scar• recent or recurrent pneumonia• severe bacterial infections• recent treated TB
Symptoms
• weight loss (> 10 kg or > 20% of original weight)• diarrhea (> 1 month)• retrosternal pain on swallowing (suggests esophageal candidiasis)• burning sensation of feet (peripheral sensory neuropathy)
Signs • scar of herpes zoster• pruritic (itchy) papular skin rash• Kaposi sarcoma• symmetrical generalized lymphadenopathy• oral candidiasis• persistent painful genital ulceration• aphthous ulceration
Clinical features suggestive of HIV co-infection in TB patients
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Diagnostics
Sputum smear microscopy- cornerstone of TB diagnosis since 1882- 105 mycobacteria per milliliter to be positive- sensitivity in HIV infection is 43% to 51%
Chest X-Ray- no CXR pattern is absolutely typical of PTB with underlying HIV infection- CXR changes in TB/HIV reflect the degree of immunocompromise1. Mild – cavitation & upper lobe infiltrates2. Severe- interstitial infiltrates esp in lower zones, no abnormality
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Diagnostics
Sputum Culture
- gold standard for diagnosis of TB- HIV individuals require more incubation time than for non-HIV infected individuals - careful feasibility studies are in progress (i.e. liquid culture systems that are more sensitive and rapid)- should be encouraged in patients with (-) sputum for people living with HIV who are being evaluated for AFB smear (-) TB
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Case Definitions
Smear Positive Smear Negative
One sputum smear examination positive for AFB and
Laboratory confirmation of HIV Infection or
Strong evidence of HIV infection
• At least 2 sputum specimens negative for AFB and
• Radiological abnormalities consistent with active TB and laboratory confirmation of HIV infection or strong clinical evidence of HIV and
• Decision to treat with full course of Anti-TB chemotherapy OR
• AFB smear negative sputum which is culture positive
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TREATMENTTB + HIV
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Recommended Treatment
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Recommended Treatment2HRZE/4HRMay prolong treatment up to 9 mos (for patients with delayed response)Advanced HIV (CD4 counts < 100/ul)
- treated dailyRifampicin plays a key role in
treatment: 2-3x higher recurrence rate if not included in continuation phase
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When to start anti-retroviral treatment?
Treating HIV and TB Together
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Anti-Retroviral TherapyIntroduced in 1996Highly Active Anti-Retroviral
Therapy (HAART)- combination of ARV drugs
Dramatic reductions in morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected people
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Promise of ART in TB/HIV
• High mortality in pts w/ HIV+TB before ART - 20 to 30% in first yr
• Early deaths due to TB but later mortality due to AIDS & other OIs
• Highest mortality w/ low CD4 ( 100)
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Balance on timing of start of ART
GI Tolerability
High Pill Burden
Overlapping toxicities
IRIS
Risk of death due
to HIV/AIDS
Progression
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ART and TB Treatment – Drug InteractionsIsoniazid & Nucleoside Reverse
Transcriptase Inhibitors - cause peripheral neuropathy
Rifampicin – can decrease blood levels of PIs and NNRTIs (MOA: stimulates the activity of cytochrome P450)
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At present, the challenge is to use available ART in patients being treated with rifampicin-containing TB regimens.
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Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
Occurs as a result of simultaneous administration of ART and anti-TB drugs
Occurs in 6% to 36% of patients on HAART
Symptoms: high fever, lymphadenopathy, CNS lesions
Worsening of CXR findingsNo diagnostic laboratory tests
(must exclude treatment failure)
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IRIS
more frequent w/ low CD4 & those w/ extra-pulmonary TB
usually begins within 2 to 3 wks of starting ART
more frequent in patients started on ART during first 2 mos of anti-TB Tx
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IRIS Management
• Treat symptomatically w/ anti-inflammatory drugs to decrease fever & pain (once other causes excluded)
• Prednisone 1 mg/kg/day tapered over several wks - severe reactions (airway compromise, enlarging pericardial effusion, etc)
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World Health Organization (WHO). Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents: Recommendations for a public health approach (2006 revision)
Timely access to ART minimizes immune deterioration and improves tuberculosis outcomes
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When is the optimal time to start ART in patients on TB treatment?
2 Trials:
SAPiT (Starting Antiretroviral therapy (ART) in three Points In Tuberculosis therapy)
CAMELIA (Survival Benefit Associated With Earlier HAART Initiation in Cambodian HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Tuberculosis Therapy)
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SAPiT
HIV-infected patients diagnosed with TB and
CD4+ cell count < 500 cells/mm3
(N = 642)
Early ART ART initiated during intensive or
continuation phase of TB therapy (n = 429)
Sequential ART ART initiated after TB therapy
completed (n = 213)
Primary endpoint: all-cause mortality
From Larry William Chang, MD, MPH, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Cochrane Collaborative Group on HIV/AIDS at UCSF
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Abdool Karim SS, et al. CROI 2009. Abstract 36a.
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
Su
rviv
al
Months Post-randomization
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Intensive
phase of TB
treatment
Post-TB treatmentContinuationphase of TB
treatment
Early ARTSequential ART
SAPiT: Increased survival with concurrent HIV and TB treatment
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Primary Endpoint: Survival at the end of trial
CAMELIA Trial
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CAMELIA TrialMortality was reduced by 34% when
HAART was initiated 2 weeks vs 8 weeks after onset of TB treatment
HAART has been extremely successful, as evidenced by >95% of patients with undetected viral load
HAART initiation after 2 weeks after onset of TB treatment could potentially save 150,000 to 450,000 annual TB-HIV deaths
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2010 WHO Guideline
Start TB treatment first, followed by ART as soon as possible afterwards (and within the first 8 weeks)
Start ART in all HIV infected individuals with active TB irrespective of CD4 count
- Strong recommendation, low quality of evidence
- Strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence
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Approach to Decrease Burden of TB/HIVINTERVENTIONS against TB
INTERVENTIONS against HIV
Intensified case finding
Cure and TB preventive therapy
Condom promotionSTD treatment or
prophylaxisAnti-retroviral
therapy
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CONCLUSION
HIV is the most powerful factor known to increase the risk of TB
TB increases HIV replication and viral loadTreatment of co-infected patients requires
anti-TB and antiretroviral drugs to be administered concomitantly
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THANK YOU.