MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
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Transcript of MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
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MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGYMEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
Subjects :1. Medical Entomology (Introduction)
2. Mosquitoes and flies3. Mites
Subjects :1. Medical Entomology (Introduction)
2. Mosquitoes and flies3. Mites
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Compared to the number of species of mammals, protozoa and helminthes, insect species outnumbers them all
ARTHROPODS
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MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
Introduction
Definition: entomology Definition: entomology Science that study insects (Entomon = Science that study insects (Entomon =
Insecta) and other species belonging to Insecta) and other species belonging to Phylum Arthropoda, Phylum Arthropoda, in relation toin relation to health, and its controlhealth, and its control
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Medical entomology Medical entomology Study of Study of vectorvector,, vector borne diseases vector borne diseases
and abnormalities caused by insectsand abnormalities caused by insects
Introduction
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entomology Medik (Kedokteran) entomology Medik (Kedokteran) Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang vectorvector,,
disease dan kelainan yang disebabkan disease dan kelainan yang disebabkan oleh insectsoleh insects
VectorVector Vector are mostly insects which carry and Vector are mostly insects which carry and
transmit disease agents from patient to transmit disease agents from patient to healthy person; or from disease sources to healthy person; or from disease sources to uninfected food or drinks uninfected food or drinks
Introduction
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ARTHROPODAARTHROPODA
- Divided into 5 classes- Divided into 5 classes
I. Class Insecta --- I. Class Insecta --- Medically important insect :Medically important insect :
* Order Diptera* Order Diptera
* Order Anoplura* Order Anoplura
* Order Hemiptera* Order Hemiptera
* Order Siphonaptera* Order Siphonaptera
II. Class ArachnidaII. Class Arachnida
III. Class CrustaceaIII. Class Crustacea
IV. Class ChilopodaIV. Class Chilopoda
V. Class DiplopodaV. Class Diplopoda
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Characteristic
Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Arthropoda Multicellular animal (metazoa)Multicellular animal (metazoa) Symmetric, bilateralSymmetric, bilateral Segmented body Segmented body Possess an exoskeletonPossess an exoskeleton Appendages : antennae, palpa etc.Appendages : antennae, palpa etc.
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MetamorphosisMetamorphosis Morphological changes and development Morphological changes and development
in the life cycle of Arthropodsin the life cycle of Arthropods
Two type metamorphosisTwo type metamorphosis Complete metamorphosisComplete metamorphosis Incomplete metamorphosisIncomplete metamorphosis
Metamorphosis
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Complete Metamorphosis Complete Metamorphosis Marked changes and development in the Marked changes and development in the
morphology and biology (natural morphology and biology (natural habitat, types of food, etc)habitat, types of food, etc)
Eggs - Larva - Nymphs - AdultsEggs - Larva - Nymphs - Adults
Incomplete Metamorphosis Incomplete Metamorphosis Eggs/ova - (Larva) - Pupa - AdultsEggs/ova - (Larva) - Pupa - Adults
Metamorphosis
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Insects may act asInsects may act as
Vector/transmitter of disease agentsVector/transmitter of disease agents
As direct cause/etiology of disease or As direct cause/etiology of disease or
injuryinjury
Role as vector
ROLE OF ARTHROPODS
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Mode of transmission
Two modes of transmission Two modes of transmission
As mechanical vector As mechanical vector
As biological vectorAs biological vector
ROLE OF ARTHROPODS
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House flies
Role as mechanical vectorRole as mechanical vectordisease agents do not develop or multiply disease agents do not develop or multiply
inside the vectorinside the vectorExample : gastroenteritis agents in flies Example : gastroenteritis agents in flies
and cockroachand cockroachTransmission occurs through the Transmission occurs through the
proboscis, legs, body, wingsproboscis, legs, body, wings
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ROLE AS BIOLOGICAL VECTORROLE AS BIOLOGICAL VECTOR
- Disease agents develop or multiply inside the - Disease agents develop or multiply inside the vectorvector
- Example :Example :PlasmodiumPlasmodium sp. sp. at at Anopheles sp.Anopheles sp.- Transmission occurs through the proboscisTransmission occurs through the proboscis
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Role as vector
Anopheles , vector of malariaAedes aegypti , vector of dengue
hemorrhagic fever
ROLE OF ARTHROPODS
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Role as the cause of disease
Disease or injury may be caused by insects through various means :- Mechanical injury- Injection of poisonous substances- Allergies- Psychosis
Role of Arthropods
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Role as the cause of disease
Mechanical causeMechanical causeBites - sting - piercing and bloodsucking - Bites - sting - piercing and bloodsucking -
larval movementlarval movementArthropods may act as :Arthropods may act as :
Endoparasites : larva of flies causing myiasis Ectoparasites: headlouse Permanent parasites : fleas Intermittent parasites: mosquito
Role of Arthropods
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AllergiesAllergiesDyspnea /asthma : caterpillar, Dyspnea /asthma : caterpillar,
butterflies butterflies
PsychosisPsychosisEntomophobiaEntomophobia
A boy with allergy from mosquito biteA boy with allergy from mosquito bite
Injection of Toxic substanceInjection of Toxic substancePoison enters through :Poison enters through :
Direct contact (caterpillars), bites (spider), sting (scorpion), piercing (mosquito)
Common symptoms :Common symptoms : Itching, swelling, urticaria (mosquito,
caterpillars) Hemolysis (scorpion) bleeding (bees) Nerve damage (scorpion)
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Insect as cause of injury and disease
Scorpion Spider
Role of Arthropods
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Bedbugs: (1) female; (2) male; (3) bloodsucking activity
(3)(1) (2)
Centipedes
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Life cycle
MosquitoMosquito
Life span: 2 weeks Complete Metamorphosis (eggs - larva - pupa - adults).
Eggs laid on water surface :
– White 1-2 hours - Turns black 2-4 days - Larva ( stage I -
IV) 6-8 days - Pupa 1-3 day - Adults male and female
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1. Mosquito bites may cause urticaria, and dermatitis2. As vector transmitter of many diseases :
Example 1:Malaria (Plasmodium) Main vectors of malaria in Jawa and Bali : Anopheles
sundaicus, A. aconitus, A. subpictus, A. maculatus, A. balabacensis, A. sinensis.
Medical importance
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Dengue (by Dengue virus) Based on severity, clinical dengue may
manifest as Dengue Fever (DF), Dengue
Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) or Dengue Shock
Syndrome (DSS). Vector: Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae.
scutelaris, Ae. togoi
Dengue (by Dengue virus) Based on severity, clinical dengue may
manifest as Dengue Fever (DF), Dengue
Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) or Dengue Shock
Syndrome (DSS). Vector: Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae.
scutelaris, Ae. togoi
Medical importance
vector of disease : Example 3.
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Yellow fever - by Yellow Fever virus Primary vectors : Aedes aegypti, Ae. simpsoni
Yellow fever - by Yellow Fever virus Primary vectors : Aedes aegypti, Ae. simpsoni
Japanese B. encephalitis and St. Louis
encephalitis (by JBE and SLE virus) Primary vectors : Culex pipiens, C. tarsalis, Ae. togoi
Japanese B. encephalitis and St. Louis
encephalitis (by JBE and SLE virus) Primary vectors : Culex pipiens, C. tarsalis, Ae. togoi
Medical importance
vector of disease : Example 4 & 5
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Medical importance
Aedes aegypti , vector of dengue fever
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Family PsychodidaeGenus Phlebotomus = Sandflies11
Family SimuliidaeGenus Simulium = black fly = buffalo gnats 22
Family Ceratopogonidae/HeleidaeGenus Culicoides = midges = no-see-um = punkies33
Bloodsucking Flies Bloodsucking Flies
Flies
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Sub ordo BrachyceraFamily TabanidaeGenus Tabanus = horse flyGenus Chrysops = deer flyGenus Hybomitra
44
55Sub ordo Athericera = CyclorraphaFamily MuscidaeGenus Glossina = Tsetse FliesGenus Stomoxys = Stable Flies
Bloodsucking Flies Bloodsucking Flies
Flies
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Medical importance The bites may cause dermal papules, intense pain,
itching, nausea, fever, malaise As vector of the following diseases :
Flies
Phlebotomus fever = demam papataciDisebabkan virusTerdapat di laut Tengah, Arab, Asia selatanvectornya Phlebotomus papataci
BartonellosisDisebabkan Bartonella baciliformisTerdapat di Pegunungan Andesvectornya Phlebotomus verrucosum
Kala azar By Leishmania donovaniOriental soreBy Leishmania tropicaAmerican Leishmaniasis By Leishmania braziliensis
Phlebotomus sp.Phlebotomus sp.
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Medical importance Painful bite, causing itch and fever Act as vector of disease (as intermediate host of
Filarial worm) : Culicoides grahami, and C. austeni, as vector of
Acanthocheilonema perstans Culicoides grahami as vector of Dipetalonema
streptocerca Culicoides furens and C. paraensis as vector of
Mansonella ozzardi
Culicoides sp.Culicoides sp.
Flies
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Source : Color Atlas of Medicine and parasitesology. 1977W. Peters & H.M. Gillers
Adults Culicoides sp.
Culicoides sp.Culicoides sp.
Flies
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Medical importance vector Arfiican sleeping disease
Trypanosoma gambiense, vector is Glossina
palpalis Trypanosoma rhodesiense, vector is Glossina
morsitans
Glossina sp.Glossina sp.
Flies
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Source : Atlas parasitesologi Kedokteran. 1994Juni Prianto, Tjahaya P.U., Darwanto
Source :A Colour Atlas of Clinical parasitesology. Tomio Yamaguchi
Alih Bahasa : Lesmana Padmasutra, dkk.
Glossina sp.Glossina sp.
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Stomoxys sp.Stomoxys sp.
Flies
Medical importance Painful bites; mostly on cattle and
horses which may cause anemia Mechanical vector of :
Trypanosoma evansi – which causes a disease in animals called surra
- Example: Stomoxys calcitrans
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Stomoxys sp.Stomoxys sp.
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Family Muscidae– Musca domestica = House flies 11Family Sarcophagidae– Meat flies – Characteristic : viviparous– Lay its larva on meat Example :– Genus Sarcophaga : myiasis semi-
systemic and accidental – Genus Wohlfahrtia : specific– myiasis
22
Non-biting Flies Non-biting Flies
Flies
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Family Calliphoridae– Blow flies– Example : Chrysomyia bezziana– Specific Myiasis on open wound,
nostril, ear holes (myiasis of the skin and atrial openings)
33
Family Drosophilidae– Species: Drosophila melanogaster– Also called fruit flies, may cause
accidental intestinal myiasis 44
Non-biting Flies Non-biting Flies
Flies
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Medical importance Adult flies may act as mechanical vector of
many disease agents : protozoa, worm eggs, bacteria, virus.
Larva stage may invade human tissue causing a disease called myiasis
Lalat rumah
Musca domesticaMusca domestica
Flies
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Musca domestica (House flies )
Musca domesticaMusca domestica
Flies
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Definition: Infestation of human or
animal tissue or organs by
maggot (larva stage) of certain
non-biting flies
This larva live from tissue, body liquid, or food from This larva live from tissue, body liquid, or food from
the hospes the hospes
MYIASISMYIASIS
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MyiasisMyiasis
Larvae in necrotic tissue
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TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION
Infestations occur when the insects put their Infestations occur when the insects put their eggs on the injury skin or open abscess. eggs on the injury skin or open abscess.
Species that cause myasis, for example Species that cause myasis, for example Passeromyia longicomis larvae. Passeromyia longicomis larvae.
Species that cause myasis dermal only, for Species that cause myasis dermal only, for example example Cordylobia anthropophage Cordylobia anthropophage and and Cordylobia hominis.Cordylobia hominis.
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Diagnosis Diagnosis
For Ophtalmomyasis, irrigation of lacrimal For Ophtalmomyasis, irrigation of lacrimal gland until the parasite come out. gland until the parasite come out.
One drop of cocaine for paralyzing the One drop of cocaine for paralyzing the movement, then lifted by using tweezer movement, then lifted by using tweezer ( forceps ). Same as dermal myasis. ( forceps ). Same as dermal myasis.
Myasis intestinal : feces examination. Myasis intestinal : feces examination.
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MITES
IntroductionIntroduction
Classified under ordo Acarina Causing acariasis Medically most important mites :
Family Sarcoptidae (Scabies mite)
Family Trombiculidae
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MITES
Scabies , Sarcoptic mange Scabies , Sarcoptic mange Etiology : Sarcoptes scabiei
Family Sarcoptidae Order : Acarina Disease : scabies,
sarcoptic mange Ectoparasite, inhabit the
skin creating tunnels under the stratum corneum where female lay eggs
Predilection sites : thin skin folds (between fingers, armpit, wrist, genital fold) Source :A Colour Atlas of Clinical Parasitology. Tomio Yamaguchi.
Translation : Lesmana Padmasutra, dkk.
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Common among children and adults of poor personal hygiene
Among inhabitants of prisons, orphanages, boarding houses and military barracks
Source :A Colour Atlas of Clinical Parasitology. Tomio Yamaguchi. Translation : Lesmana Padmasutra, dkk.
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Scabies Mites Scabies Mites
Clinical symptoms Night itch caused by :
Female activity of tunnel burrowing Host reaction against metabolic wastes
Pruritus, vesicules and pustula along the tunnel
Pustula is the result of bacterial secondary infection
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Scabies Mites Scabies Mites
Predilection sites of Scabies in man
Source : Basic Clinical Parasitology. 1994. Neva F.A. & Brown H.W.
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Scabies MitesScabies Mites
Chronic Scabies of the scrotum
Source :A Colour Atlas of Clinical Parasitology. Tomio Yamaguchi.. Translation : Lesmana Padmasutra, dkk.
Scabies of labia majora and the surrounding areas
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Scabies Mites Scabies Mites
Clinical D/By finding specific skin infection in the area of
predilectionsObserving patient scratching specific area of predilection
Laboratory D/Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Test : Skin scraping from
predilection area is placed on a glass slide, add one drop of 10% KOH, warm the slide, cover with slide cover glass, and examine under the microscope to find the adult mite or the eggs.
Dark Ink Test : place a drop of ink on the suspected skin surface, press slightly to allow ink to enter the tunnel, rinse and observe the ink filled tunnels
Diagnosis
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Thank you ………………….Thank you ………………….Thank you ………………….