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Purnima Mankekar and Louisa Schein, Editors

Media , erotics ,

and transnational asia

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Meda, erotcs, and

transnatonal asa

Prma maar ad

Losa sch, ds.

Du Uvsty Pss

Duh d Lodo 2012

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2012 Duke Univeity e

All igt eeve

inte in te Unite Stte f Aei n i-fee ppe

Typeet in Wnk by Teng Inftin Syte, In.

iby f Cnge Ctlging-in-ublitin Dt ppe n telt pinte pge f ti bk.

Chpter 3 originlly ppered s Zines nd Zones of Desire: Mss-Medited

ove, Ntionl Romne, nd Sexul Citizenship in Gay Indonesi, by TomBellt, Journal of Asian Studies, Vlue 63, Iue 2 (My 2004), 367402.

Cpyigt 2004 Aitin f Ain Stuie. Repinte wit te peiinf Cbige Univeity e.

Cpte 6 iginlly ppee Dngeu Deie: Televiin n Eti in

te Twentiet-Centuy Ini, by uni Mnkek,Journal of Asian Studies,Vlue 63, Iue 2 (My 2004), 40331. Cpyigt 2004 Aitin f AinStuie. Repinte wit te peiin f Cbige Univeity e.

Cpte 7 iginlly ppee Heln Beuty: Tnntinl nging nHng Aein Vie, by ui Sein,Journal of Asian Studies, Vlue 63,

Iue 2 (My 2004), 43363. Cpyigt 2004 Aitin f Ain Stuie. Re-pinte wit te peiin f Cbige Univeity e.

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PUrnima mankekar ddcts ths boo to h

both ajt m (19552003) fo gg gst

th dyg of th lght.

LUia ein bs wth ths boo h gd

school thoy both, m oy (19601994):

You bllc d you ly loss to pushd

to go dp to sxulty studs.

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contents

ix acowldgts

1 ntroducton mdtos d Tsdtos:

eotcs, oclty, d as

Prma maar ad Losa sch

33 chapter 1 Wywd eotcs: mdtg Qu Dspoc rtu

mar F. maaLasa

53 chapter 2 Fo You rdg Plsu: lf-lth (Ziwo Baojian)

ifoto Bjg th 1990s

Jdh Farqhar

75 chapter 3 Zs d Zos of Ds: mss-mdtd Lov,

ntol roc, d xul tzshp Gay idos

om oLLsorFF

111 chapter 4 ospodc mgs, igd Vtul outs,

d outotcs o th itt

coL cosaL

139 chapter 5 Flows btw th md d th lc: Dsg

Poducto d ocl Poducto Ub Bjg

r Yho ha

173 chapter 6 Dgous Dss: eotcs, Publc ultu, d idtty

Lt Twtth-tuy id

Prma maar

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203 chapter 7 old Buty: Tstol Logg d og

ac Vdo

Losa sch

233 chapter 8 aoth kd of Lov? Dbtg oosxulty d

-x itcy though Tws d hs Fl rcpto

sara L. Frdma

267 chapter 9 Bo ud Wst eys: Th Poltcs d eotcs of th

Docuty Gz Born into Brothels

hahr dLL

297 chapter 10 ac Gshs d tl/st Ftss

a aLLso323 rfcs

357 otbutos

359 idx

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acknowledgMents

As demi projets trnsform into olletive endevors, they beome

tuly pleuble n ewing. Ove te ye tt it tken t bing

ti pjet t fuitin, ny llegue, fien, n fily ebe ve

generously ontributed guidne, provotions, nd support. Our erliest

uing n eti, ei, n Ai eege f nueu el t n-

ferenes from whih developed lose friendship oupled with intensely

genetive intelletul ynegy tt gve ie t ti wk. At te e tie,u itent eege f te ugeny f te ads ii, wi

lle ny f u t tke tin un te plex, uneven inteply f

ening n ptie ineent in exulitie n eti.

We t begn peenting piee f te lletin t te Aitin f

Asin Studies nnul meetings in 2000, where we beneted from stute

ent f Ry n evel ebe f te uiene. Celine

e Siizu n Rlp itzinge enie u tinking by ntibut-

ing tei wn wk n eti n ei t tt venue. ui Sein nuni Mnkek peente ey t te C in Cultul Stuie

nfeene in Biing, U.K., in 2000. We e gteful t ebe f

tt uiene f tei uetin n feebk. Anne Allin n wene

Cen pvie tiulting itiue t pnel we gnize t te Aei-

n Antplgil Aitin eeting in 2000. Elie vein f te

pte by Bellt, Mnkek, n Sein wee publie in teJournal

of Asian Studies (2004, vlue 6, nube 3), wee we benete f ug-

getion from eitor Ann Wltner n te nonymou peer reviewer for te

junl. Ou eit t Duke Univeity e, Ken Wike, epitize

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x aknWLeDGmenT

ptiene, entui, n g u tugut te pe f peping

te nuipt f publitin. We nnt tnk i enug f i up-

port nd guidne. Severl nonymous reviewers worked hrd on the in-

tegity f te vlue, etie even eviewing e tn ne. At Duke

Univeity e, te nuipt w epee tug te putinproce by Anitr Grile, Courtney Berger, Mny Erley, Je Brook, n

iz Sit. We e gteful t te f tei itne n iligene. inlly,

we tnk Stt Siley f ting u eule t te inex f

ti bk.

uni Mnkek wul like t knwlege te wk f Rzit

Div (Stnf Univeity) n eeti S (cLa). ei le e-

ings, bibliogrphi help, nd ssistne with literture reviews hve been

inipenble. ui Sein tnk Sin ee, ing-C K, n SntiSnug f tei itne wit ee n bibligpi eiting. Dil-

ln Mney pvie invluble bibligpi n tenil input in te

nl tge. Sevel f u tuent ve pvie tute enty, gen-

eu itiue, n w intelletul eie ve te ye. uni

Mnkek wie t tnk tuent in e Antplgil Appe t

Sexulity gute ein (-tugt wit Bb V) t Stnf Uni-

veity f tei ent n le eing f te intutin n e

ey. ui Sein i u inebte t te wie-nging pvtin fzen f unegute in e Citil Sexulitie le ve te ye.

Collegues t Rutgers nd Stnford s well s severl of our ontributors

oered rigorous redings nd ritique of the introdution. ouis Shein

tnk Cl Deen n vi Ge-ni, n uni Mnke-

kr is grteful to Brb Voss, Sylvi Yngisko, nd Akhil Gupt. Outside

Stnf, Anjli Anek been wneful intelut n pvie

invluble uggetin we evie u intutin. uni Mnkek

wul l like t expe e ppeitin f te wneful intelletul nplitil unity pvie by te Sut Ai Reing Gup in te Sn

ni By Ae, wi, ve te ye, nite f Anjli Anek,

Pol Bhett, Adity Behl, wrene Cohn, Vsudh Dlmi, Inderpl

Gewl, Akil Gupt, Sb M, Rk Ry, n Ry.

uni Mnkek i ptiully gteful t fien n llegue w

hve mde her trnsition from Stnford University to cLa so semless

n pleuble, epeilly Anui Bneji, Ali Be, uy Bun, Ge

Hng, Keit C, Bet Mnt, Slni Mtu, Ktleen MHug,

Amir Mufti, Dn Neumn, Arundhti Neumn, Chon Norieg, Sherry

Otne, Apn S, Mni Sit, Snjy Subny, Ti Tyl,

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aknWLeDGmenT xi

n uliet Willi. Se wie t tnk te i f e tw eptent,

Ci ittletn, Ciny n, ne Hibyi, Bet Mnt, ini ing,

n enny Spe, f tei unwveing uppt. Stuent t cLa, iey,

An Apg, Cle Cventy, Devk Gunwen, Veen Hppu,

Bin Hu, Nveen Mini, Stepnie Snt, eeti S, n Miii Til-lktne, ve ll been pleue t wk wit n ve pue e t l-

ify e intelletul guent in putive wy. Se knwlege wit

gtitue n etin te eve-wneful Sut Ain/Aein Stuie

Reing Gup niting f e f te tuent entine bve well

Diy Be, Cille zie, n Gin Sing f being e eing -

pnin. An e n neve tnk enug e witing pnin, ei

Cttelino, Lieb Fier, Hnn Lnecker, Abigil Sguy, n Juliet Willim

f tei w uppt n igu feebk tug ll e witing en-ev. t but nt let, te t in e tw eptent, Stey Hie,

Snt Hgn, Ri Men, enn Mille Vn- A, n eie Sing,

ve lwy been ineibly upptive n ve elpe e life t cLa un

tly.

We re deeply grteful to our uthors for their inredible endurne,

positive energy, hrd work, nd intelletul generosity, nd would like to

nte, wit ptiul ppeitin, te le eing n feebk pvie

by Anne Allin, T Bellt, n Mtin Mnlnn n te intu-tin. We wul l like t tnk Celine e Siizu f e intelle-

tul input n ntgiu entui in te ely tge f te peptin

f ti vlue, n expe eget tt e pte ul nt be inlue in

te nl nuipt. Mk iety n Rlp itzinge wee fellw tvele

t te initil tge in te pjet. Ou vlue i pe f u inbility t

inlue tei ntibutin.

Our fmilies hve provided invluble support. Purnim Mnkekr

wishes to express her ppreition to Akhil Gupt nd Kml Mnkekr

f tei lving uppt; wile Deey Sivni peene lwe wn

e ei putin, e l bugt ieuble jy, lugte,

n u-neee blne int e life. ui Sein i feve inebte t

Enie Ren f i enune n iniitble g u, n t Spi

Rend nd Ernesto Rend, who, longside this book, hve grown up nd

tue in tei pliti in ny wy.

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i Prma maar ad Losa sch

Medatons and transMedatons

eotcs, oclty, d as

On nuy 18, 2007, te Inin gvenent bnne te tellite televiin

nnel a, unit f te Sny Entetinent Netwk, liing tt it

telest of the progrm Worlds Sexiest Advertisements ws likely to d-

veely et publi lity. Altug te bn w lifte n M 1, it

w nly ne f eie f ptet lune by te tte, plitil ptie,

nd ivi groups nxious bout how trnsntionl publi ulture ws l-legely ntinting Inin ultue. intne, in Apil 2007, wen te

Hllyw t Ri Gee kie te Bllyw te Silp Setty t

n ads wrene event in Deli, ngry mob repone by burning egie

f Gee n Setty f peing benity. Menwile, in Cin, Beijing

lw enfeent il t p ge in tee-ye e gint

wn w initite nue Intenet t uing e web n te

gun tt nue t wee nt ene in Cin pngpy

lws. But in the sme month, the Ministry of Publi Seurity lunhed

j ix-nt pign t puge pngpy f te Cinee Inte-

net, te vie inite f publi euity lleging tt te inw f pn-

grpic mteril from bro n lx ometic control [were] to blme for

te exiting pble in Cin ybepe.

ese bursts of outrge nd eorts t regultion do more thn signl

w ipute etii n bee ligtning f bttle ve ultul

utentiity. Ging beyn junliti li tt fetiize te pupte

initeent n epein f te exti Et (Wt bee f te ln

f te K Sut? ee te eline f First Posttile but te

Inin gvenent bn n a), tee intntitin f l pni ig-

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2 mankekar anD ein

ligt te entwining f te pleue n nxietie uuning eti, i-

lity, n tnntinl ei.

In ti volume we engge te interection of trnntionl mei, erotic,

nd identity within Asi nd ross Asin dispors. e globl tr in

ige n text Ai n it ip i ly new penenn,nd it is not our intent to exeptionlize the present historil moment.

et it wul be itke t uneetite te nuentl nge in te

le n e f tnntinl ei ve te ue f te pt tee e-

e. e ei text we ve in ti vlue nge f igly teu

n gt f t pfeinl n glblly innt f. ey in-

lue ei u ine, i, tellite televiin, ppul nvel, n

elf elt litetue, well ei tt nt neeily iulte n

le, u vie, te Intenet, n zine. Ou et e ii-lly ultifiu, piing tuie f putin well uiene e-

eptin, ttening bt t litie f ei ue n t te e ineble

pe f ening-king.

We do not sribe singulr or totlizing power to trnsntionl medi

in te ntutin eping f eti. N we li tt eite

eti upplnt eple pi f. Inte, we e nene wit

w eite eti e bt ebee witin n ntitute ility t

te peent itil ent; tu, f intne, eite eti eftftin f e, l, n te t ew xe f il ineulity.

Going beyond pprohes to medi tht re reetionist (medi reet

wt i ging n in iety n ultue) beviit (ei et be-

vi in u-n-u nne), we exple te yi wy ei i-

plite gnitin, et, n te by t pbletize te bunie

between te pyi n te pel. Inee, eite eti et

well tublentive ntutin f te by n f pelity:

pulsting out of iPods, ikering ross television sreens nd omputer

nit, ting ittiu glne t u f billb, eite eti

ete eni n genete ptten f intiy tt nfun up-

tions bout propinquity nd distne, physility nd virtulity. rough

tei (ften intinuu) itineie egin n ntin, eite

eti enble f f et n eigine litie tt viuly tn-

ge n einibe innt ntin f unity n ientity. In plu-

rlity of ite, meite erotic prticipte in renewe form of plce-mking

troug bounry-croing n te reiction of culturl ierence; te e-

ie pwne by ei eti enble new e f pyil n igin-

tive tvel f ignt n f nue f glblize ppul ultue.

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inTrDUTin 3

Previling oneptions of Asi onjure n erotiized spe formed

troug eire n nxietie embee in te Wetern gze. Convention

f etiizing Ai k bk t te iue nile in Siin Oien-

tli (1980) n peit int te uent e, in wi Ain bie e in

for iproportionte porn repreenttion online, pulling in tggering 25 to30 peent f evenue in ultibillin-ll inuty (Tu 2003, 267). We

w ttentin t w Ai n Ain ip ve bee ite f te

putin f ultipliity f ei text tt iulte n tnntinl

le, u exully expliit pnee ng, pngpy, vie, Blly-

w ine, bing pint inuty f zine, uenty n tvel

video, mgzines, novels, nd stellite television. As these medited texts

tvel ieent ultul ntext tey ptiipte, gnilly n

funtinlly, in te ntutin f ptiul kin f pe n tep-litie. Hw ten ntepy eblge f ei n eti en-

ble te engutin f Ai itelf?

Our book resontes with the ontinuing importneperhps the re-

ugenef Ai n ny iuive n plitil egite. ee i little

ubt tt u f te iue n iing eeging Ai i ei-

te by te inteet f glblize pitl ( in te exiteent uuning

eeging ket) n te ipetive n nxietie f U.S. n Eupen

ipeil inteet. (Ai, fte ll, i ite wee te w n te beenwge.) Ou bjetive i t fegun te ntepy engutin f

Ai tug it intenifying entlity t iuit f tnntinl ultul

t. In u neptin, Ai eege n untble ignie well

plipet f iepnt genelgie, teplitie, n itie.

Ou nlye eet te ptil engutin pue by igtin,

te peegintin f tnntinl ei, n te glbl t in pitl

n itie. ee nlye inlue tuie f zine ng ipee

gay n lesbi unitie Innei, tveling tle f eti liinbetween Weten en n pnee wen n en, te fging f vitul

unitie f intiy n lnging between Eupen Aein en

n ilipin n Cinee wen, n intentinlly elebte uen-

ty tt iulte te ty f Inin ilen ptgping tei live,

nd video evotions of the nostlgi fntsies of Hmong Amerin men

but eln wen. Ou pp i nt t pile e tuie

of dierent instntitions of erotis in distint eld sites. Insted, while

upululy peeving te ultul, plitil, n itil peiitie f

eh of these onjuntures, these hpters, tken s whole, onstrut

tnntinl nlyti (Gewl, Gupt, n Ong 1999) by epeenting te

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4 mankekar anD ein

intinuu, nntelelgil, yet unitkble, nge uing

ivee ei-tute ultul lnpe tugut Ai n it i-

p.

Trnsntionl medi onstitute omplex reltionships between eroti

yening n te eie n fntie. Ou fu i n uil ien-sion of wht hs been lled the soil prtie (Ginsburg, Abu- ughod,

n kin 2002) f tnntinl ei: it ntitutive le in te el

f eti. e il ltin f pue n nue, te pliti f

enunition refrting the diverse modes of ddress deployed by spei

gene f ei, te ntive epetie n wi ei text w, n

the semioti skills of udienes nd onsumers ruilly inet medited

erotis. At the sme time, however, shrp disontinuities might exist be-

tween util intentin n te intepetive negtitin f uiene,reders, nd onsumers. We explore the intertextulities tht refrt the

myrid menings tht medi texts quire s they beome sites of inti-

te bittin f ubjet living in pei itil n ultul ilieu

(Mnkek 2005).

We lte eti in te f it ibitin wit te eie n p-

ee f ubjet ftin. Eti eie, f tt tte, eti evul-

inunubtely pe bevi n il ptie, even in te in-

tne wee it i nt vetly nifet. A Anne Allin pint ut, Deiei bt f n beyn te eveyy . . . eie i eting tt egue bt

int n ut f te elitie f eveyy life (1996, xiii). If, in teetil

frmework inuence by Freu n Lcn, eire i by enition untible

(n te ipibility f tifying eie, ee eu 1961 n n 1977; ee

l iek 1989), ten t wt en i eie tively inite n utine by

ei in njuntin wit te il intitutin u te tte, tu-

tue f fily n kinip, n te en f lb n pitl (uult

1985; Stle 1995; ee l Allin 1996, xv)? Hw, f exple, e eti e-ie pue by ei tiulte wit te eie f itie (Hug

1986; ee l Cuti 2004, n Mnkek, ti vlue), fue wit ntlgi

f te eln, inepble f lnging f enity?

Mi ti s

Sholrs hve long pointed to how the expnsion of trnsntionl medi

eulte in te etin f new unitin gegpy (Mley

n Rbin 1995, 1) n in elignent f ll/glbl eltin (Ang 1996;

Appui 1996; Gupt n egun 1997; Hnnez 1996; Mnkek 2005;

Mley 1992). A Dvi Mley n Kevin Rbin pint ut, At te et

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inTrDUTin 5

f tee itil evelpent i pe f ptil etutuing n e-

ngutin. . . . It invlve t ne tnftin f te ptil tix

f iety n f te ubjetive expeiene f, n ienttin t, pe n

ptility (1995, 26). Nt upiingly, lly n ppul iue n

trnsntionl medi re replete with tropes of sptility: onsider, for in-tne, te ubiuity f te like iuit, w, veent, tjetie,

trnsmission, hnnels, lol/globl, trnslol, regionl, trnsntionl,

trnsborder, borders, boundries, mobility, nd xity (see lso Mnkekr

2008). eizing te wk f tnntinl ei, ten, euie nep-

tul fewk infe by gegpi igintin (Mley n Rbin

1995, 26).

Jmes Cliords (1997) entrl metphor of routes is useful here for

ting te ptiulitie f ei bilitie. et te epi n fllw-ing ute ul nt be peitte t elie te funtining f pleitie,

regions, homelnds, nd so forths dynmi proesses, s ongeries of

il eltin (Mey 1993, 6667) tt e t ne ntitute n tn-

ete by ei. A T Bellt inigtfully pint ut in i nlyi

f tnntinl ei in Innei, A et f fgente ultul eleent

f ei i tnfe in unexpete wy in te Innein n-

text, tnfing tt ntext itelf in te pe (2003b, 41). Siilly,

it i ipible t neive f te eipe ete by tenlgie likete Intenet epte f te vitul unitie tey engene (ee

Cntble, ti vlue).

Trnsntionl medi refshion rtogrphies of desire keyed to geo-

gpil n vitul ple. intne, ei putin f te Wet

s ple of sexul freedom powerfully shpe the onstrution of sexul

normtivities in mny prts of the non-Western world (in this volume,

Bellt, Mnkek, n Eveett ueng Zng e nlye f tee

pee in Innei, Ini, n Cin, epetively). In u intne,rther thn homogenizing ulturl dierene, medi my entute

nd, on osion, re-rete ulturl dierene through the onsolidtion

f bunie between te Wet n te nn-Wet. e le f te n-

sumption of Western pornogrphy in redrwing South Asin prmeters

f ntive ex, uente by Hete Dell (2005) n Mk iety

(2001), i ptiully pt e in pint.

Wen peple ve, te enibilitie y e int ply. Eti y

be njue nt nly by te buny- king kete bve, but l by

te ing f bunie. One exple i ei-tute ntlgi tu-

ing ng ebe f ipi unitie, inpie by iginie f

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6 mankekar anD ein

homelnds generted out of the interply of medi nd memory (Mrks

2000; Ny 1993; Sein 2002). In te e f te Hng ip, wee

eln ple-king i entngle wit te putin f eite exu-

lities, trnsntionl erotis remix sex nd spe, refshioning the most

intite f inteiitie. yil itne n pxiity e t be -plexly tiulte in te ntu f eln eie (Sein, ti vlue).

e eti i pue t te feun ite f be ingtee bee

pe f bt initeent n ubjetitin.

Wile ttening t u ptil piuitie, te tuy f tnntinl

ei likewie tiulte wit e tutue el f glbl pe n

ei pwe. nk tuie ve uente u tutue, inlu-

ing Rymond Willimss (1974, 2936) lssi study of television, whih

detiled the penetrtion of U.S. brodsting interest into non-Westernuntie n it funtinl le in te ptin f ket pitli;

Hebet Sille (1989) n Ben Bgikin (2004) tennt itiue f

te npliztin f ei wneip; n Tby Mille (1998) nept

f te new intentinl iviin f ultul lb in wi U.S. ei -

ptin utue putin t e inexpenive ite. ee e yi

instnes in whih the powered struture of trnsntionl medi hs re-

ulte in te ipt nt jut f text n itie but f ptent n

egemonic repreenttion of moernity, progre, te mrket, pleure, teelf, n intiy.

Tnntinl ei, weve, nt t ve egin f te wl t

ln like lien peip in ultue. ey nfun el f ultul

or medi imperilism (see Boyd-Brrett 1977; Mttelrt 1979; Tomlinson

1991) tt epue uptin f te ptil n tepl itintne,

even puity, f ll ultueeen tti n teplveu ei,

wi e een bile n lnizing. A evel l ve e,

te expnin f tnntinl ei nnt be neptulize in te ftelelgil unilineity (Ang 1996; Appui 1996; Mnkek 1999; Mley

1992; Mley n Rbin 1995). Tke, f intne, te euning ue f

sar in teing t eginl ket Sut Ai n Et Ai;

te ineing ppel f Bllyw ine ng uiene in ite i-

pte Nigei, Iel, Get Bitin, te fe Sviet Unin, n Cin;

te eegene f eginl ei tt iulte bt tneginlly n

tnntinlly; n te eve-gwing ignine n inuene f ei

forms suh s zines nd video, whih rissross geogrphilly dispersed

ommunities insted of being produed nd irulted on mss sle.

ee nge ve been f f unif Ai ( te et f te

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inTrDUTin 7

wl), ing Inepl Gewl, Akil Gupt, n Aiw Ong guent

tht wht ounts s trnsntionl ppers very dierent in distint geo-

gpil n ptil etting (1999, 653).

e drmti expnsion in the reh nd sle of trnsntionl medi

over the pst severl dedes hs been enbled by spei developmentsin tenlgy, u te pe f tellite tenlgie n te Intenet;

eni ift in te gniztin f glbl pitl tt in tun ve le t

te egniztin f ei inutie tugut te wl; plitil n

legl nge eulting in te egultin n eegultin f ei inu-

tie; n tenin between te epetive gen f ultintinl pitl

n pei ntin-tte. Attept t teize tee ift un int p-

prent contriction. Witout oubt, te neoliberl er een rmtic

nlitin n pivtiztin f ei wneip. A Rbet MCeneyrgue, wt i mot pronounce i te inteniction of corporte inuence

in ei pliyking, peilly te eing f te egultin f ei t

te ket (2004, 4856). Eully iptnt, n pep e funen-

tl t u neptin f eite eti, ei inutie eve te -

ket by pting te ielgil ntut f fee (Hvey 2005) n

f te iniviutelt ilnue, intxite by ie n

ene f eve-newe itie. An Sein (2008) gue f

Hng Aein, f intne, te puuit f ei entepeneuip ientiely nnnt wit te etenent f il welfe inexil f ne-

libel ift in bt te U.S. n Cinee enie.

Te moel of conolitionin term of mei ownerip, inuence, n

ielgil ntenti untee, t etin extent, by te pee.

Witness, for instne, thikening of medi tr between sites of pro-

utin witin Ai, exeplie by te ppulity f Ken p pe

in Cin n pn. Meve, Annbelle Sebeny (2006) pint ut,

nn-Euein ntinl ei inutie ve gine tengt in eentee, wit Bllyw te t tiking exple. Any nlyi f tee

evelopment mut lo tke ccount of te rie in ivere new mei tec-

nlgie, e f wi igt be e eible l n ptil

ivie, n wi nnt but filitte plifetin f f f pu-

tin n nuptin. ye Ginbug, il Abu-ug, n Bin kin

ve gue tt eentlize ll ei ugget te eegene f

new ei e tt i e fgente n ivee in it eni n

il gniztin . . . , e teiti f te expnin f infl

mrket uner neoliberlim n te uiity of lte cpitlim tn te oler

f f ei (2002, 3).

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8 mankekar anD ein

One f te nly ttibute fetue f new ei i tei ptentil

to crete or enble new form of ubjectiction well linkge n com-

unitie get itne. intne, in tei lletin n uee

ei in Ai, Ci Bey, n Mtin, n Auey ue eg intetive

ei u Intenet bulletin b, litev, n t vingpke Revlutin, tnfing live n lifetyle, n te n-

itin f te eegene f new kin f nnetivity n unitie

(2003, 12). A we gue lte in ti intutin, we buil n n ept

f ti pp by fuing n newe well le f f ei

(inluing pint, televiin, l, n vie) tt intenify f f nne-

tivity tt ve lng been bugening witin n beyn Ai. We teeby

eit te iplitin tt eent unitive f epeent n bupt

wtee f exul expein.We i, ten, t pu beyn te bini uintly uize by

n Sinli n Stut Cunning fllw: Wee w f peple

often hve tended to be from wht the world-systems theorists ll the

peipey, evelping wl, n tw te ente, etplitn

ntin (e.g. Wlletein, 1991) ei w itilly ve tvele in te

te ietin (2000, 2). Tw f f eue e ike in ti type f f-

ultin. it, epi n te tnntinl bility f pen n b-

ue te ptie f nuptin n igining unetken by te wneve ve. A Wnning Sun put it, Tnntinl igintin evelp

nt nly witin te w e bile, exible n eteitilize but, pe-

p e pignntly, witin te w nnt, will nt, n ve nt tv-

eled (2006, 20). Seond, nd relted, n emphsis on hegemoni medi

w ipute ultul ti t eeiving ei ppultin ptye

witing impotently to be culturlly colonize. Even in intnce wen mei

text e pue in te Wet tey e pte, pppite, engue,

n inee ejete tey iulte t te pt f te wl.Wt we unee, weve, i te itil ignine f Ai t tn-

ntionl trc in mei by poitioning it not merely ite of te reception

of Wetern mei but noter et of noe for prouction n circultion.

Mnkek w, f intne, tt televiin pg pue in Ini,

tenibly ie t Inin uiene, tvel vi tellite t ieent pt

f te wl. Dell exple n intne in wi n Aein-e u-

enty bee te veile by wi Inin-e ptgp iulte

in u lle New k City. Anlyzing te gene f uenty n

te plypny f epne (inluing e wn), e inet te eeptin

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inTrDUTin 9

f te l wit ntext nging f te itil (f intne, lnil

n neipeil ntive f eue) t te iuive (u l pn-

i bt witin n utie Ini).

inlly, t eply te lnguge f le, it i iptnt t igligt tt

ny f te ei exine in ti vlue e ite t both te tnn-tinl n te ubntinl le, wit te ntin etie being

eltively weke fe f putin n eeptin (ee l Appui

1996 n Appui n Bekenige 1988). e tniive piuity

f ei llwe u le juping (Sit 1992) t bee -

nple, u tt ubgup, initize gup, n ipi gup

witin ntin-pe igt byp te ntinl le t ptiipte in tn-

ntinl ei iuit, n etie, Sein uggete, eplying

ei text t igine plitni gint te gin f ntinl exlu-in (Sein 1999; ee l Sun 2006 n M. M. ng 1997).

e question of irumventing the ntion provokes relted debtes

un te -lle publi pee (Hbe 1979). e vent f tn-

ntionl medi in postsoilist sttes, for instne, is often luded s

bencmrk of freeom from tte control. Ti rie quetion of weter

it is pproprite to oneptulize medi s vehile for ommunitions

utnu f te tte, wete ineing ei ngletin

eely ete new f f ntl ve te unfettee pee f te pub-li. Witut ttepting t juite enitively between tee tw pi-

tin, we nte ultipliity f ebte, teing tt te biniti ntin

f n ppitinl publi lwy ley ipt ntlwete tte

pte n inexble ntext f eite pee. We wnt t bing

int gete viibility pny f pee f nt neeily euible

t te uetin f eltive utny (ee Gitlin 1998).

si ei, ei siiy

Our theoriztion of erotis ritilly engges soil onstrutionist nd

pttutulit teie f ubjetivity, exulity, n eie. Eti e

tugly n ietievbly entngle wit te socius, t tug wit

te peti n pliti f ieene, pe by te igintin, n fuele

by fntie (Btille 1986; Vne 1991; Wetn 1998). Extening beyn ex

t eie f ex t, tey e ften pint f ultiplex il

tenin (Rubin 1984). Eti ut e int fu tug, nt epite,

tei linkge t te il, te eni, te geplitil, n n. Situ-

te t te inteetin f te pyi n te tutul (Mnkek, ti

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10 mankekar anD ein

volume), the eroti is frequently enmeshed in, for instne, yernings for

upw bility, lnging f te eln, fultin f ntin

n itizenip, n uptue f etni n il ientity.

Tking the eroti s n objet of nlysis neessittes being reexively

vigilnt bout the reltionship between epistemology, methodology, ndeti. Dwing n i genelgy f feinit n uee lip, we

rejet notions of the eroti s onstnt biologil substrte tht is sub-

euently pe by ei , f tt tte, by ultue (ee, f intne,

Vne 1991 nd Weston 1998, 9). Coneptulizing the eroti in biologil

terms hs hd implitions for how some sholrs hve theorized sexu-

lity nd rnked soieties nd ultures. It hs enbled the evolutionry

litin f ietie u tt te wy tt gup nle etii

beomes mrker of soil (dis)orgniztion nd evolutionry dvne(Weston 1998, 17, 18). e politil onsequenes of suh prdigm re

fr rehing, prtiulrly when they onverge with rist representtions

f il n ultul Ote. i n be lely een in te iue u-

uning te Httentt Venu, wi ibe evlutiny ieene t

pupte iepnie in nty tt, in tun, wee tnlte int ep-

eenttin f ypeexulity (Giln 1985).

eoretil frmeworks tht explore sexulity nd erotis in terms of

ene ieene ve tene t eite pe exulity ntu-l univel veepize lteity n extii (Mnen n lly

1997, 1). ee ppe e etnenti in tt tey ie te uetin

f we vntge pint ul be ue t juge ene n ieene.

eizing eti entil knwleging te etegeneity f eti vlu-

tin witin n ptiul ultul n itil ntext. i i

exeplie by Zng tuy (ti vlue), wi w w te eeking

ut f linil e f exul elt n yfuntin i etiize tug

i vie pg, e ppul by te ee ft tt te expliit i-uin f exul funtining ie pleuble tngeive vlue be-

ue it ge gint te gin f elie ee f Mit ilene. Mtin

Mnlnn (ti vlue) likewie exple n intne f itutene in

whih wywrd erotis emerges in the t of return of Filipino queers

t te ilippine: wyw eti invlve inubinte elitnt

f f ptie . . . f f eti tt efue eet being ne

t line, nti ietinlity n ipliti lil link t eln.

Dell pte engge tpi tt ntinue t be tb even in libel i-

uin f exulity n exul ntivity: te eti f il n

ilen in n Ote ple, nely, Sngi, e ligt itit in Klkt

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inTrDUTin 11

(fely Clutt). A Dell gue,Born into Brothels illutte te -

plex n ntity iue uuning ilen f ex wke:

it itute te ilen in lnpe f eti exe, te l i l ple

f etun t ntive innene, even wile it elive eti e

(ti vlue).We buil n itiue witin uee tey f uniline tjety f te

globliztion of queer exulitie from te Wet to te ret of te worl (ee

l Cen 1995; kn 1997; Mtin et l. 2008; Mi 1994; Rfel 2007;

n Tn 1995). In i gunbeking nlyi f glblizing iue f

gy libertion, Mnlnn ecribe ow, in te ow of Stonewll,

enipty ntive f gy libetin tene t pivilege Weten e-

nitin f e-ex ptie n ginlize t peen un-

libete nn-Weten litie f e-ex eie (1997, 486). Siilly,Gyti Gpint itiue uptin witin e tin f uee

tey tt peent lnil ntutin f Ain exulitie ntei,

peen, n in nee f Weten plitil evelpentntutin

tt e eiulte by ntepy gy n lebin tnntinl pli-

ti (1997, 47374). Wit ieent pp, but nt unlike S ie-

mns srupulous ethnogrphy of disprte lm udienes (this volume),

Gopint project cler pce for embrcing exulitie n erotic eire

t wit nventinl Euein ntive: e nlyi f DeepMet lFire n Sy Selvui nvelFunny Boy fegun w

tee text efue t ubibe t te ntin tt te ppe nifettin

f e-ex etii i witin pliti f viibility in te publi pee

(1997, 482). Se gue tt, in Sut Ain ntext, wt ntitute le-

bin eie y bt lk n funtin ieently tn it e witin Eu-

ein il n itil ftin, n w f ltentive e

f ulinity n feininity (Gpint 1997, 482).

ei c: aii f r, ni, g, sx

One tee tt eu ee i tt f ntettin un ntinl, il,

nd ethni lition, nd round normtivities nd trnsgressions tht

ite pei exulitie wit etin etni, il, ntinl f-

tin n exlue te f ubi f belnging. Se f tee ptie

resonte with older legies of representing Asi s the site of the sexul

exoti. Erly explorer, missionry, olonil, nd nthropologil desrip-

tin kete Ain ite buning in ultue f exul exe, i-

lity, pevein, n epein (Bley 1995; lly 1997; Ree 1997). en,

Ann Stle iniively eunte, pt- Oientlit itiue gene-

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12 mankekar anD ein

te euin el f Eupe eltin t te Oient: A pfuin f

litey n itil tuie ve tlgue te wie nge f exul n

gendered metphors in whih the feminized olonies, nd the women in

te, wee t be penette, pe, ilene, n (i)pee (1997, 32).

te ige, peuing int te peent, fu n te Ain ex te, efu tug te Vietn W n U.S. ility be in Ke, pn,

n te ilippine (Mnen 1997; ee l Dell, ti vlue), n n

Ai ening ite f tke wen in lb, ex wk, n ige

(Tlentin 1996), unting t tping f Ai wt ynn ieeye

lle te Wet ft wen (1999). ee il egie f ep-

eenttin ve pille ve t ipi Weten n gy Ain ntext,

ling ntnt te ige f te Ain ypefeinine (wete le

fele) n viuly ypeexul ypexul (D. Eng 1996; ung 1991;Siizu 2007). eguning te etegeneu pitinlitie f Ain

ultul pue, iti, n eiing ubjet evie te igey f

the olonies s site for the revenge of the repressed, n open terrin

f Eupen le ejultin utile in te Wet (Stle 1997, 33), n

of Asins s ompulsorily heterosexul or erotilly restrined, or both.

i pepetive vetil wit te exulity tuie lip nw being

produed in Asi, s found in the groundbreking work of Tiwn-bsed

Joepine Ho on trnexul, pornogrpy, ex worker, n oter exulityrigt iue; publie in journl uc Inter-Asia Cultural Studies n

Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacic; n in te p-

eeing f te it Intentinl Cnfeene f Ain Quee Stuie el

in Bngkk in uly 2005.

Minful f te nge f puing gene-blin nlye f te exul,

our ey tke up te frugt reltionip between icoure of gener n

of erotic. On te one n, te erotic i centrlly implicte in te contruc-

tin f egeni ntin f ulinity n feininity. Ou ntibutnlyze w, f intne, Wetene iginie but Eten feinini-

tie nge f te tngeively eti (Dell) t te titillting (Allin) t

te ubege even ivwe ininutin f eti (Cntble). Men-

wile, ultul ntinli n be iplite wit iue f pp-

pitely genee exulity. In Ini, tnntinl televiin entlly p-

tiipte in te engutin f ntin f Inin wn inexe

in pt by exul ppiety (Mnkek). Cnveely, ilen in Klkt w

e, llegely, bn int btel pte vyeuiti eti teing f

tei te exe (Dell).

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inTrDUTin 13

At te me time tt linkge between te politic of eire n te poli-

ti f gene nee t be fegune, exulity tuggle nnt be ub-

ue entiely une gene pliti (ee we fllw Rubin 1993; Segwik

1993; Vne 1984; n te). Reltely, pivileging eti ve te pliti

f exulity ik uneetiting te vey eiu nen ite witexul nge (Vne 1984). Ai, tee l lge, if we tink but

te ptie f ee ility ptitutin ft wen iti-

lly, well te extent f ntepy exul explittin bt witin

Ai n tnntinlly, if we tink f te epiei pptin f h n

ads in e Ain ite n it teible ilening in te, if we tink f e-

triction on reprouctive control for women, weter in prontlit or nti-

ntlit ietie, if we tink f te ie in plygynu n nubinge-

type prtnerip ocite wit te trnntionliztion of Ain cpitl.An certin Ain men re not immune from relte nger uc eriou

te f sd in e ex-wk ltin n ee epil f e-ex

eie.

et we wi t ein let t te ik f lluing wit lngtning

trope of feminize Ai ever exul qurry n victim (ee Hrrion 2001).

We uee ti pitue by expling inte e f te e uiky n in-

eteinte ntu f Ain eti, knwleging tt tey e fe

in te uible f ll f te bve. T epize u itute eti, fue, i nt t epint Ain iniiinte pleue-eeke. Inee,

ny f te nlye inlue in ti vlue, epeilly te by Cntble

n Sein, epit wen ege un wit exul ege tt ll

ut eie tt tey, in tun, efue.

rii ai

Our insistene on the ulturl nd historil speiity of eroti desire

unegi u nen wit w Ai i puebt in ppul ul-tul epeenttin f tnntinl ei n in u lly nlye.

Onging iuin witin n utie te U.S. ey but te ng-

ing ntitutin f e tuie n, in ptiul, Ain tuie f te

intelletul ntext f u inteventin. Sevel l ve te te

intitutinliztin f e tuie in te Unite Stte t lge Cl W

liberl project for te conceptuliztion of globl well locl ierence

(Rfel 1997, 92). e intitutinliztin f e tuie w ebee in

te new ipeil viin te Unite Stte f itelf peekeepe n

rbiter of interntionl conict: re knowlege were to equip Americ for

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14 mankekar anD ein

ti tk. Ae tuie in te Unite Stte ve l been linke wit et

t fulte libel, plulit neptin f itizenip in te ptSen

Wl W e, in epne t te uetin f w (elite) U.S. itizen ul

pepe teelve f tei ennt leeip le in te wl.

Certinly, neither Asi nor Asin studies hve been singulr or stti.Extening n iptnt ebte n te putin f Ai egin n

n epitelgil tegy ve te lt tw entuie, enjit Du

exine Ai egin f u tie by wing n pepetive in i-

til ilgy n te wk f Heni efebve (1991). He pint ut tt

Ai, egin n put f eginliztin, fllwe egeni

e f ptil putin, in ptiul, te f ipeil eginli,

nti-imperilist projets of regionliztion, postSeond World Wr on-

juntures (inluding the Cold Wr), nd the irultion of popultions(2010, 963). e form nd ontent of Asin studies hve vried in dier-

ent pt f te wl. Nte, f intne, te etegeneity f genelgie,

plitil nn, intelletul gen, n peuptin f Ain tuie

in te Unite Stte, Eupe, Autli, n ei ite Ai. In-

ee, evel Ai- be l gue, nlye f te iuive p-

dution nd deonstrution of Asi hve rih genelogy within spei

n ivee intelletul titin witin Ai, n ve plye fun-

tinl le in te ftin f te vibnt el f itil Ain tuie. intne, Sun Ge itute te iuive unpking f Ai witin lnge

genelgy f pnee intelletul ity n elte it t ifting tjet-

ie f pnee ntinli t ieent itil ent (2000). Wng

Hui pint t biguity n ntitin in te ie f Ai, eting:

e ie [f Ai] i t te e tie lnilit n nti-lnilit, n-

evtive n evlutiny, ntinlit n intentinlit, iginting in

Europe nd shping Europes imge of itself, losely relted to visions of

bt ntin-tte n epie, ntin f nn-Eupen iviliztin, n gegpi tegy etblie tug geplitil eltin (2007, 27).

More reently, Wng Hui hs insisted tht we bring omprtivist per-

petive t te pjet f itiizing Ai. Hui init tt pbletizing

uptin but Ai ut eexine te ntin f Eupe (2010, 986).

We procee, ten, from te premie tt Ai i n untble ignier tt,

in te w f n Hing n Dniel Vukvi, i bilize by ul-

tiple il iginie n enlite in te ipeilit pjet f te Unite

Stte n pn, well by viu ntilnil veent, lline,

n evlutin (2007, 211). Ai ee ntiiztin eitnt t pi-

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inTrDUTin 15

tl epie: te evivl f te Bnung piit n te eiliene f pge-

ive ei n tivit netwk be n Sut-Sut llbtin

exit alongside te eeene f Ain ntin-tte tt e j ub

for the movement of globl pitl. As Yn nd Vukovih rgue, While

we nnt epe etinking te uetin f Ai, we l n neite e-due Asi to ertin Western historil imginries nor invoke n essen-

til, ntlgilly pue Ai elf-evient, elf-uient, n elf-e

(2007, 212). A neptuliztin f Ai bile, nging lletin

f pe tt neve ettle blutely inie ny xe bunie (uen

2003, 1069; ee l Sun Ge 2000, 5) ente wit u wn inteet in te

(e)putin f Ai tug te tnntinl eitin f eti.

ene Mnen n Mget lly init tt, te tn lk f

exti eti ptie uniue t Ai n te i, we ul inte-gte eti in te f -ultul exnge in exulitieexnge

f ening well te eti liin f bie (1997, 1). Dwing n te

pineeing wk f Ew Si (1979), Rni Kbbni (1986), Mlek Allul

(1986), nd others, on the ple of the eroti in representtions of ril

n ultul Ote, we k w u e f knwlege putin but

erotic, te epitemologicl n teoreticl frmework we eploy, converge

wit, reinforce, or contet te wy Ai i icurively contitute. A Roger

nster nd Miel di eonrdo hve utioned, we need to void nientity plitil fing, nt iply beue it et te tniti-

l n -ultul exitene f nlycertain glbl ientitie but, e

iptntly, beue ti enie te ity n itiity . . . f te wiely

vying wy exulitie ve been unet n ptie (1997, 5). Ou

inteet ee lie in expling w tnntinl ei le in ntituting

eti iplite te putin f Ai el f ppul epeent-

tin, ee, n knwlege putin.

Hene we invke n Ai in ei e, lwy in putin. We n-eive f Ai n eblge f ie, itie, n ige, te vey n-

tutin f wi i unte by etegeneu legie n eie f

empire, nd vstly dierent histories of riliztion (ompre Sid 1979;

Lowe 1991; n Morley n Robin 1995 for imilr unpcking of Europe).

How o tee vrie, icrepnt entnglement wit te pt pe trnn-

tinl ultul putin in te uent itil ent? Hw tee

intinuu itie inet ultul putin by Ain teelve?

A we ve uggete, epite te enuing pwe f lnil, ptlnil,

n nelnil iue f iliztin, ultul ieene, n e-

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16 mankekar anD ein

nity tt iulte but n witin Ai, neite Ai n Ain n be

eue t bjet f innt Weten gze. u, f intne, in e

bk e Hypersexuality of Race, Celine e Siizu nlyze te l

101 Asian Debutantes n Good Woman of Bangkokt exple w Sut-

et Ain ptitute ue tei bie t pek bk in ene f epe-enttin. By pliting te geny f tee wen, Siizu peent

te nt iply veeteine by e n eni, but [] ub-

jet w engge tenlgie f te viul n te exul in e t wite

teelve int te itil e (2007, 225).

Meve, even wen te Wet ue petl peene in ebte

urrouning trnntionl mei (n, more broly, globliztion), we cn-

not ssume the totlizing power or the singulrity of the so-lled West-

en gze. In ti vlue, we juxtpe ei text but Ai ntutein te Wet wit te ntute witin Ai n it ip in e

t w ut te iuive ntinuitie n intinuitie tt ut

te. In evel intnef exple, in te e f Hng pue f

vie, Innein publie fgay n lesbi zine, n ilen in Klkt

wieling lne eAin en n wen eize te en f ep-

eenttin. Wile ti e nt uttilly iel te f eplying

ilize Oientlizing f f epeenttin, it plite ny e-

uctive unertning of Ain lwy-lrey victim of n objectifyingWeten gze. An, in te e eibe by Cntble, ilipin n Cinee

wen invlve in epnene utip eit wt A Wiln (1988,

119) clle te retoricl vulnerbility of ctlogue brie, countering teir

objetifying representtions s eroti objets by presenting themselves s

plex pen, n in tun ejeting teile ket nlgie n view

f teelve itie (Cntble, ti vlue).

n Mi

e rise of new medi tehnologies pushes us further in rethinking the

dynmis by whih Asins re onstruted nd negotited. Asins hve

oupied highly spetulrized positions in reltion to the tehnologies

of new medi. ree key gures of representtion hve been slientthe

ile nible-ngee lbe in pute-ebly wetp, te gen-

ee bjet f ientlit eie ee eite tug vitul ut-

ip tug pngpi epeenttin in ybepe, n te be-

croing cyborgin geek, wit cce to pecil, h-1 vi ttu in te Unite

Stte tnk to i extrorinry ig-tec prociencie.7 A telling contr-

itin, ublene t Ai, peit in tee egie f epeenttin: n

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inTrDUTin 17

te ne n, Ai ppe ie in te pvety tt pue ufeit f

lbe, bie, n ex wke, wile n te te n, Ainwete

tnntinl teie Ai-be ptine een gne-

ing ipptinte pt f putin f ei eletni.

A ebte ge in enty n te ptentilitie f igitl ige-king (Gnzlez 2003) n te Intenet (Dniel 2009b; Gnzlez 2009;

Tukle 1995). I it vitul pe wee bie ientitie u e n

gene e entute n eve, ui t be inignint? O i

it ite wee, tug intene viul n textul putivity, u ienti-

tie e e ypeviible n, inee, bee uil eiu f il

proess in suh rens s gming nd vtrs, dvertising, musi videos,

n Intenet ting (Nku 2002, 2007)? Wt ke viul ientitie

en? Inee, w viuliztin f un e t ignify ientitie(Hnen 2004)?

eiztin ve nt tken up gegpi ientitie t nely te e-

gee tt tey ve entetine e n gene, but te uetin lely

tnfe. e gepe f Ai e ineingly unbee by te izi

veent f igitl unitin, but t te e tie we ee n l-

t vil intenitin f te iging f Ain ple tt tn t fu-

te tbilize te egin te lngtning Ote it teitilly

been. Ryn Bip n illin S. Rbinn (2002) nlyze w ti peply ut tug te pting f Intenet enty but Weten ex

tourit erotic exploit overe. Li Nkmur (2003) ow ow ielize

ientlit ige e el ntnt in m , in e t epize te

wy univerl computer lnguge penetrte tee oterwie oie pce.

But new ei unitin ve nt nly exebte tee ige

tug ultiplying te in ybepe. ey ve l plifete venue

f llenging peviling tpe. intne, te tivit l Kitin

Wng ete k il-e bie webite eigne t ubvet teexpettin f nty guy in e f petite nke Ain bie (Hu-

n 2007, 45) by nfnting te wit gteue ige n tetening

untentive ee by Ain wen. uy in Nguyen Tu eibe

severl digitl porn produtions by Asins tht brek open the semless

w f inftin tt peent wen itil nitin iti-

l neeitie (2003, 277). On te te ie, Weten en eeking e-

pnene ige, uente by Cntble (ti vlue), tively

eek t efy tei wn iging etilly explittive tug tei wn

nline textul putine piily wit e te. All tee ex-

ple ugget le tt new ei ve plye in ntuting n -

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18 mankekar anD ein

pliting Ai, uneing tt l f Ain tuie nee t gue

ei pinently in itil ee eign.

gii di

Even ei ve wugt pfun tnftin in n beyn Ai,it would be foolhrdy to overprivilege medi s the exlusive engines of

eti enunte n nge. Sexul intetin, Stle (1991) t

peuively gue, w tnfing Ai f te eliet ent f

lnili, n etinly n be gue t ve been ignintly peent

in even elie e f expltin n te (Bley 1995). T be nvine

f w eep n wie exul enggeent ve been bt itilly n

ptilly, ne nee nly ell te uing f wen f igln New

Guine but gl ppet tey lept wit in te li uentyFirst Contact(Cnnlly n Anen 1982) te unt f Tbin-

e n te uneibility f te iiny pitin, eibe in Bnilw

Mlinwki Sexual Life of Savages (1929). But el f ntt, f eti

billird blls knoking up ginst one nother, misses the point. Ehoing

Vinnne A n Stey igg, we init n ving beyn ti ten-

eny t let ultul ieene fulte tey; te, we fu n w

exulitie e ntitute in n tug pjet tt blu te bunie

between ultue, n n litie (2005, 7).Beyn te u-tute Eupen lnil pjet, te int-Ain

enggeent, u pnee ipeili n te intitutin f ft

women (Tnk 2002), hve likewise shifted sex from being bounded by

lolity to being onstituted out of ross- ntionl interhnges. Trnsn-

tinl ei n be een in e wy extening tee intenge,

produing n intensition of mobile messges, imges, notions round

ex, rter tn boie in contct per e. Mei fcilitte te pce of mobility

f eti un te glbe. An ei e etie gent f bingingboie into contct. Te Internet ting or mrrige veicle i, of coure,

te bet exple f ti, but tee e te exple, u Sein tuy

of Hmong medi prodution prties tht preipitte sexul enounters

(ti vlue). Dwing n n extening gwing litetue n te glb-

liztin n iliztin f exulity, evelpe tly in uee tuie

(Altn 2001; Cuz- Mlve n Mnlnn 2002; D. . Eng 2001; Hpe

et l. 1997; Mnlnn 2003; Ngel 2003; ttn n Snez-Epple 2000;

vinelli n Cuney 1999), we ytetilly entte te etege-

neu wy tt tnntinl ei enble n, t tie, elete tee

pee.

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inTrDUTin 19

Bi f li

FaasY

Ting te wk f ei in te putin n egultin f eti e-

uie tt we l tke eiuly te el f fnty: Slvj iek pintut, ug fnty, we len w t eie. ntie pvie te -

inte f u eie, n l ntitutete tn fulll tify

eie (1989, 118). At te e tie, it i iptnt t tt fntie,

inluding eroti fntsies, re hrdly unmoored from soil nd histori

ntext. eguning te il n plitil neuentility f fnty,

Allin ein u tt fnty i nt ee n epit fnty,

te term i often ue colloquilly, but rter i contitute in reltionip to

te pei ilieu in wi peple live n t wi tey efe even wenonstruting imginry worlds (1996, 12425). Indeed, beyond existing

ilieu, e ve gue tt eite eti fnty even tn t be

etbilizing il fe (Hunt 1993; Avin 2007).

But wht re the kinds of fntsies generted by trnsntionl medi?

en plne n en- Betn ntli et tt fnty . . . i nt te

bjet f eie, but it etting (1986, 26). i pplie u t ei

produed on smller sle, suh s videos nd zines, s it does to ele-

tni ei like te Intenet n Weten-pue ei, u Hllyw ine. Hw e tee ptentilitie f fnty fine n

refione tey trvel cro ivere meicpe n geogrpie of te

igintin? An w n we tee pt te intentinlitie f ei p-

ue, w y be peting wit intuentl tive f te putin

f fnty (keting, lity, plitil-ielgil iipline, elt eu-

tin, et.), f te unuly n piiu penen f eeptin wee

ll nne f untx n unipte epne y genete fnty

teil? nty, ten, igt be t ne infe by but l ijuntivewit tp-wn ei ege. It i pe wee innt e y be

eignie, eite plyfully ppitinlly.

e extent t wi u fntie e bt uue wit n genete

by ei pbletize u unetning f te puttive bunie be-

tween self nd soiety, inside nd outside. Boellstor wrns ginst im-

pliit teie f geny tt unelie ny eiptin f -eite

eti, eie, n pleue in Ai (n elewee). Agin n gin, pe-

il eti, eiing, pleuing elf i gnte n ue ntlgil pi-

ity: ipping pen te newppe, ung te Web, n ten enily

entering into trnsformtive reltionship with the mss medi in ques-

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20 mankekar anD ein

tin (2003b, 23). In ntt, u neptuliztin f ei, eti, n

ubjetivity e utully iplite. intne, we e inteete in w

erotis spwn ulturllynd historillyspei modlities of person-

n ubjet n teeby pbletize uptin f n ini-

viute ubjet f exulity (Mnen n lly 1997, 24). At te etie, ttening t ieent litie f ubjetivity inf w we n-

eive f eite eti.

If, s noted erlier, our fntsies re spei to the milieus in whih

we imgine our worlds, so too re the forms tken by eroti desire. e

ei we invetigte in ti vlue enjin u t upen ny bune

eteinte ntin f wt pie eti text. De eti invlveent

in ei egnize be between exul n nnexul epeenttin?

Etngpi enggeent tell u gin n gin tt nly by ppeen-ing epii n ineteinte ening t iete ent f eeptin

n we even begin t egnize ptten, weve ntingent, in te p-

utin f eti. S ien pte in ti vlue eftly ugget

il well lebin fntie f il eltin itibute

Twin Bracelets lm viewerip. Contble exmine ow te Americn men

n ilipin n Cinee wen w ente int eltinip tug tei

ebeip in nline netwk efue t ubue te plite eie

uuning epnene ige witin eti n fegun in-sted the relm of heterosexul domestiity through mrrige, s well s

other longings, for delity, upwrd mobility, nd nnil nd emotionl

euity, ping te pitin n ptie f e infnt.

aFFc, odY, dsr

e dynmis of the interply between medi nd erotis ompels re-

tinking f nept u tutue f feeling (R. Willi 1974) n

emotion tlk (Abu-Lugo n Lutz 1990) tt imply ominnt icoure

tiggeing ubjetive tte tug tutue ening. Mei nup-

tin, in it le lgenti teiti, it eny ultiieninlity,

whih often privileges the visul, the url, nd even the hpti (Deleuze

1989; Mrks 2000), nnot be redued to proess of the struturing of

etin. A Bin Mui ugget, ti ltte pe betw piity

nt te ley ene ielgil te tutue tt inibe, in-

deed odes, the body in preditble, nd legible, fshion. In muh medi

nuptin, weve, nt nly e te by bee invlve, but tee

ent f wt we igt ll et ee itintin between te py-

i, te gnitive, n te pel. ngpy i, f ue, te t

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inTrDUTin 21

pprent exmple of this, but, s ind Willims (1991) hs pointed out,

te gene, u te tejeke n te ty, likewie neeily

iplite te viel in plex entngleent wit ening n ielgy.

At n even more fundmentl level, medited erotis hllenge us to

rethink the bodily in delineting wht is the eroti. Wht would it mento think inorporel erotis? Andy Mih hs suggested this for ybersex

wi peent f f enggeent tt llenge nventinl une-

tning f ex funentlly bily enggeent wit te (2002,

363). ne ex n ybe ex, f ue, peent pble llenge,

e te lity nuptin f pint pngpy. By tining u len

n ei eti, we ben ti inuiy, king wt f f intepe-

sonl reltions, inluding sexul nd orporel or not, might be brought

int being, pep even get pyil itne, tug ptiip-tin in eite wl? iel f pelity n teility e nee-

ily fugt n unlely ete; eie f exul enunte inte-

twine wit te f itie lifetyle (ee Wiggin 2000), likewie

puing te liit f wt i tugt f pel. Deie f eil

normly, or for freedom from pin, intermingle with eroti knowledges

glene, in Zng intne (ti vlue), f Cinee i tlk w

vie. e ulity f ti vie pue it wn eny eet, eet tt

e inete by ey, f te ftne f te vie i pleuble peielybeue f w it ntt wit , bt vie f te Mit e.

llwing Mui epi n veent, n pe befe igni-

tin ing (2003, 7), it bee ugent, ten, t be ttentive t te

il life f bie ei nuptin. It i nt nly but ley ini-

viute ubjet in yi eltin wit ei text, n i it nly but

w enle ubjet e intenlly nge tug elting t ei. If,

S Ae (2004, 120) l, ign ue etive vlue n eet

f tei veent, it bee ineingly iptnt t t te tn-ntinl iultin nt nly f ei f teelve but l f te f-

fective economie in wic tey prticipte. How, ten, oe te intenic-

tin f et tug te iultin, te ubbing up gint e te, f

etin ign iplite il pe? Mei n be i t ve ubjet,

n in turn to pwn movement of peron cro pce n into new ocil

eltin. e uble ening f ve bt etive n ptili

uil ee, Ajun Appui pinte ut ely n in king te n-

netin between te il ptie f igintin n eiin but i-

gtin (1996; ee l Mnkek 2008, 15354). i pe i eftly illu-

tte in Ken Kelky tuy f te wy te ingpy f Weten en

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22 mankekar anD ein

tt iulte in pn elpe t inpie pnee wen ultivtin f

wt e ll intentinlit eie (2001, 133).

In te pe f te iultin f ign n te etin f ne f in-

tensied et, other soil eets re inherent. Both reltionlity (Ms-

sumi) nd borders (Ahmed) re produed in these mobilities. By rel-tinlity, Mui nnte kin f il penne, ptentility f

eting new t eege tug intetin: Reltinlity i te pten-

til f ingul eet f ulittive nge t u in exe ve

uppleent t bjetive intetin (2003, 225). Wit te iultin f

ign in ei bilitie, tee peit te pibility f unpeitble in-

tne f ing-tgete: it i nt tt ign ipe tei unif ipt

everywhere they trvel, but rther tht eh moment of reeption, in its

eny n etive enity, ntin te pibility f new ening nveent. One f te ptentil ute, in Ae fultin, i te

lignent f ubjet wit lletivitie n te nitnt putin f

il bunie (2004, 117). Mei n tei nuptin e uil nt

nly in einfing unitie but l in puing unntiipte f

f belnging. Extening tee line f tugt, it bee le w e-

ite eti, ptiully wit it intene invlveent f te by, igt

genete eiing ubjet in eltin t new bjet f eie.

ei k: eimi, M, ei

Ou ntibut pee f ivee epitelgil fewk in tei

theoriztion of medi erotis. Indeed, we posit tht studying erotis nd

trnsntionl medi lls for retive formultion of trnsdisiplinry

frmeworks in synergisti rtiultion with nthropologil ethnogrphy.

ut tee i n univel enitin f eti, tee i n et ingul

et f tuy. Ou etlgil ie e pe by te bjet

n ubjet f u enuiy n nt by iipliny tining litin.Hene, we eexively tet n ben li etngpi et f

prtiipnt observtion nd interviewing in onjuntion with textul nd

iuive eing.

Our ontributors sometimes tlk to informnts bout medi nd sex,

n t te tie viuly wt n liten lngie n ve ule

(Geetz 1973, 452), ptiipte in eite unitin, engge text

teelve tug intepeting te n tug ting tei nve-

tin wit te text, uent te putin pe, fllw text t

ieent ite f nuptin, n fllw ei pue n nue

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inTrDUTin 23

in tei wn peegintin. Mny f tee fllwing igt be eibe

wt Sein (2002, 231) lle itinent etngpy, et tt

i in piit itele, fuing n tnient, epii ggegtin f peple

n n ntnt bilitie f pen n ei put.

Ou intentin in ti vlue i bt t invetigte tnntinl ein, we nte elie, t ntut tnntinl nlyti; ene, in-

te f fulting ptive pp be n te piltin f

ivee intntitin f eti, we exple te tnntinl nnetin

unegiing te eitin f eti in Ai n beyn. Wt e e

f te wy ti tnntinl nlyti n be ntute? One ttegy

wul be t bw f Gege Mu (1998) uggetin t nut

ultiite elwk n t fllw te ting, in u e, t fllw

ptiul ei tey ke tei wy te wl. But tee e pit-fll t neiving f ei n ultue ntlgilly epte ultue

yteilly itint f e te. Su uetin f ieene un

e n int nxietie but te llegely genizing eet f glbl-

iztin.

e etlgil n epitelgil pliti ineent in te pu-

tin f eti knwlege but ultul Ote e fugt, i evient

in Dell juxtpitin f te tut li f uenty l pue

by Weten junlit wit te f Dub, n tivit gniztin tt lng tuggle f te igt n epweent f ex wke in Kl-

kt, well e wn vie tivit-l. Hw n e bilize te

lterntive vntge point of lol sex-worker orgniztion to ounter

Wetern emoniztion of Ain protitute witout in turn reifying ctivit

knowledge prodution s the uthenti truth of those still-Other Asins?

Mnlnn nlyi f te intepettin f te lMiguel/Michelle n

te pt f viewe in New k n Mnil ugget ne ltentive t te

reition of ulturl dierene risked in following text ross dier-

ent ultue. Rejeting te ntin tt tee intepetive unitie e

ne t ple, Mnlnn nlyze te ineing intennetin

n t between te tw ite in e t ilge te ie f itint

ommunities by foregrounding how people re inresingly in trnsit

bt in igintin n fnty n tul pyil tvel (ti vlue).

Similrly, Friedmns nlysis of the lm Twin Bracelets nd its reeption

ng intepetive unitie in te Unite Stte, Tiwn, n Cin

tee iuive ijuntue in te intelligibility f e-ex eti tt

ut tee ieent ite. Mei bility eege key t tee n-

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24 mankekar anD ein

lytil ttegie n Dell ve f putting Dub knwlege in tn-

ntinl iultin lngie te f te w-winning uenty n

be een ne tti f u tnntinl bility.

qsos oF aLYCulturl studies perspetives developed t the University of Birminghm

ve been ptiully inpiing t te f u nene wit evelping

teetil ppe tt ebe te yi iultul iplitin

f ppul text. Wile we nt by ny en eek t elinete ene

ingle ingul el f ultul tuie, evel f u ntibut

deploy wht we might brodly desribe s ulturl studies pprohes to

the reltionship between textulity nd soility. In this pproh, popu-

l ultue i neptulize te ite n tke f ultul tuggle, te en f nent n eitne. It i ptly wee egeny ie,

nd where it is seured (S. Hll 1981, 239). Texts, brodly onstrued, re

intitely ibite wit ultul tuggle, te pliti f te ppul n

te publi, n te eveyy live f iny en n wen. Wit tee

coniertion in min, we eek to expn te fruitful, lbeit tene, interfce

between ntplgy n ultul tuie.

At the sme time tht we deenter n exlusive fous on medi texts,

we tke eiuly tei teilitytei f, te epeenttinl tte-gies they deploy, their modes of ddress, nd the semioti nd disursive

repertoires tht they drw upon. Allison, for exmple, sensitively tres

te ntive n etil ttegiete itetni f itnt inti-

yeplye inMemoirs of a Geisha tt len it u pweful u

f utentiity. Siilly, Dell integte te eet f viul text, ex-

ining u inetgpi n eiting teniue te ue f kne

n ligt in te f w tey igt ply n uiene iginie.

Attening t te tnntinl eitin f eti l euie tt wetke eriouly quetion of enuncition (Mercer 1991, 181). Our conception of

enuncition, gin, i not circumcribe by utoril intention. For intnce,

Allin lMemoirs of a Geisha in tenin wit tee te text tt l

explore te erotic ttrction of Jpn n te Jpnee for Weterner: Pierre

tiMadame Chrysanthme (1910), Alen Bi nvel Silk(1997),

n n Tet Great Mirrors Shattered(1999). By ting te ntinuitie

n intinuitie tee tee text, Allin itute te epite-

lgil eti fMemoirs in n intetextul el in wi gene n te-

plitie ingle witut eling. In ti nne, even e nlyze te

utoril intention implicit in te text eployment of retoricl trtegie,

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inTrDUTin 25

Allin ntextulize te pinte epne f it ee by ituting

te witin lge ntive titin tt ve been pue in te Wet

(n, tenibly, tgete t Weten ee) f eteexul eti liin

between Weten en n pnee wen. N, we nte elie, e te

text n iue pue by Ain iune t elf-Oientlizing t te nge f elf-bjetitin. Exining te pliti f enunitin,

teefe, nit f nlyzing text e f e ibite wit

te ultiple iuive ntext f wi it eege n f wi it

i ntitutive pt. Cntext, in tun, f f being li, unnging

bkdrop to medi texts, re historilly ontingent nd in prt medi-

genete.

Integting te plex n etie unpeitble wy viewe/

nue/ee pp ptiul text i nitent wit wt V. N.Vlinv (1986) eibe te ultientulity f ign. We n-

not redue reeption to empiriist or positivist simplitions of wht

text relly mens to udienes. Our ontributors present rnge of

methodologil strtegies for nlyzing the multiple wys trnsntionl

text uie ening f tei uiene/viewe/nue. Agint n

btte ntin f pettip, Mnlnn exine te ebie

hrter of the reeption ofMiguel/Michelle, while Judith Frquhr nd

Zng init n fling uetin f itil niune n tep-lity int tei expltin f te pleue nue igt eive f

elt iue.

hoaL rad

Se f u etlgil ttegie igt fll une te ubi f wt

Sein lle n etntextul et (ti vlue). An etntextul

pproc emerge from te frugt interection, contentiou tey ve

been prouctive, of ntropology n literry n culturl tuie. Inverting

te originry Geertzin iciplinry poition tt culture oul be tougt

f text tt ul be e n intepete litetue wul be, etn-

textulity et tt textin te e f ti vlue, ei textul

be enuntee ultue t wi pnply f intepetive n nlytil

ppe n be pplie. Su ppe e ley nely ne in te

genelgy f etngpi putin tt nene itelf wit wt

e e nly egnize ultul ptie but, in lge pt be-

ue f te ubility f iipliny tuf nen, ve nt been ut-

ize pplible by ntplgit t textul teil, wete viul

vebl. Dwing n uil inigt f te eexive n ilgi ent

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26 mankekar anD ein

in nthropology, ethnotextulity entils deided sense of the ethnogr-

pe invlveent in ening-king n f te neeity f tt invlve-

ent being ne f nging enggeent, intelutin, even tuggle ve

ignitin. E. Vlentine Dniel eibe ti ve te tnltin

f ultul text int ntextue text n te epleent f te uetf epitelgil etintie wit eifying nvetin between elf

n Ote (1996, 11). In te t litel petinliztin f ti, Sein,

ien, n te ette iete ilgue but ptiul lip

e f ei ee.

It i f t pitivit neit t peue tt we n extt ietly

f u infnt ntive ll we nee in e t unetn te ig-

nitin f ei. Deibing e enunte wit tw en ping ve n

illutrte exul iee textbook in booktore, Frqur mue: Antro-plgit e uppe t be ble t k peple wy tey ting. Wen

we , n wen peple will tlk t u, we ten t pivilege te nwe we

get if tey wee te utenti vie f te peple. But in ti itutin,

I ke, even I knwn tee tw en n etblie e f f

(ntplgilly fble) ppt wit te, wt ul tey ve tl e

but tei eing pe? (ti vlue). Regnizing ti uny, we

eek gete nune in unpking te ubtlety by wi ei text nt nly

ke ening, but inite eie, pe ientitie, fin etin, i-plnt fntie, n n. ey ti, f ue, in pt tug tigt-

fw ignitin, n l tug et, te ene, n te unn-

iu.

Just s it is not suient to simply sk udienes wht texts men to

them, neither is it s simple s reding subjetivity o of dominnt dis-

ue, even f u le pwee text, u e f te ei

form we exmine ere. Suc reing repreent excee of textulity. Wt

etngpe n bing t tee ppe, inte, i nely textueeneent tt pef eing nly in te ue f ieive inte-

tion with those other reders bout whom we seek to write. It mens

tking these texts seriously in terms of their multiple nd ontrditory

eets nd ppeling to our own subjetivities for dditionl interpretive

inigt beyn wt infnt n pek. Etntextulity i in pt but

nuing tgete; n it i l but tking eing n eeptin ei-

uly inte ptie tt nnt neeily be nte, tt eew

niu tking, tt invlve intene et, n tt iplite viulity

n te by. Beue tee e f eeptin nnt lwy be eibe

elf-eexively by infnt, it i inubent upn te etngpe t en-

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inTrDUTin 27

unte text ietly, t let te text ply upn te ubjetivity f te et-

ngpe well, n t pef itil intepettin n te bi f n

etngpi enibility in wi ne ubjetivity i intitely entngle

wit te f infnt n i inete by tei nen.

h rsarchaL roc

A elte et f etlgil iue ie in fining ee n eti

(n, inee, n unteeti). In e iniive itiue f te uen-

try impertive unergiring te reuctively empiricit focu on exul ct

in nnil etngpie f exulity, Kt Wetn gue tt tee p-

pe e peupie wit gteing t n te exul bevi f ul-

tul n il Ote witut eutely teizing exulity (1998, 67).

Suc n pproc rik repreenting culturl n rcil Oter eviencing ntulize n univel ex ive , ltentively, nifeting exti

exul bevior tt inexe n reinforce teir ricl lterity. Abtrcting

exul ptie f il life (n tu eplying wt Wetn, wing

n te wk f Henik Kuklik [1997], eibe te -n-fun p-

proc) ten to foter mitken impreion of ocil cience reerc on

exulity n vewelingly epiil pjet. Epiil it been n

ut be, but nt witut n ege tt i iultneuly l, teetil,

plitil, n nlytil (1998, 11).Inee, te form of erotic tt we eek to unertn re rrely trigt-

fwly ee tug inteview n e, f te t pt, iniil t

iet bevtin. A etngpe, we neeily py le ttentin

t wt u ee ubjet y n . et we uppleent wit nn-

lgenti pp tt elie n e extenive ptie f intepet-

tin. intne, Mnkek eibe w e etngpi ptie w

inete by e fu n te eltinip between ei, te eti, n

te el f fnty. Stly fte beginning etngpi elwk n titpi e fun tt e t len t liten t e infnt ilene,

eittin, n iuive etu n g beyn te vebl, te iu-

ive, n te viible. Wen e w ble t , e fun ueptitiu

ommentries being mde on issues of sexulity nd morlity in wide

viety f ntext (ti vlue).

Questions bout methods neessrily rise questions bout ethis.

Wetn nen but te ik f te uenty ipetive in e

tuie f exul bevi n bit fegun te nge f vyeu-

i entile nt nly in w we wite but eti, but l in te en

by wi we btin n pue knwlege but eti. Cnventinl

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28 mankekar anD ein

soil siene methods of survey reserh, interviewing, nd prtiipnt-

bevtin ee inpppite n intuive, if nt egegiuly enive,

in mny of the ulturl nd soil ontexts in whih we work. Severl of

u ntibut eet n te fugt etil n etlgil pe

tey negtite in tei ee. Cntble nte w e wn pitin observer observed ws brought to risis: worries expressed by some

ebe tt e igt negtively epeent tei -be lline

fe e t witw f ne Intenet unity. Dell ke le te

tke wen tivit wk but pweful ei text, ening tt te

eee ent n inteventin in te f f lying ut te neuene

f epeenttin n iepeenttin. e iue ee i nt te el e-

e teniue we n ul ue t get t u infnt expe-

in f eti eie, fntie, yening. Inte, u nen i witte epitelgil n etil iplitin f w we fulte u b-

jet f inuiy n intepettin.

Ou ntibut eply nge f epitelgil n etlgil

ttegie t elve int te iniet, eluive, n elliptil ntue f eti

(Allison 1989). Allison formultes the notion of epistemologil erotis

in e nlyi f fntie inite by itne n infue wit n intite

filiity. In itin t beving te etin f e intevieweetei

viible exiteent n, in e e, bviu ul tey pek t ebutMemoirs, e e eti tug te len f te llue f fntie

generte by being trnporte to noter plce n time. Oter contribu-

t itute eti in te f it inteetin wit pnply f yening:

Dell, by expling te njuntue f puient fintin n l upei-

ity eging Klkt ex wke; Zng, by elting eti t lnging

f elt n eilly ene nlity; Bellt, by exining w

eroti desire rtiultes with desires for ntionl belonging; nd Mnke-

k, by iting eti in lge web f eie engenee by, ng teting, yening f itie n f l bility.

u ek but te iulty f intepeting te pleue u

informnts derive from populr ulture seem prtiulrly pt for erotis.

Wt e te kin f eeneuti t wk in u et t epeent (

even intuit) te eti feeling, pitin, nxietie, n fntie f u

infnt? e lge uetin we wi t ie ee i w u wn e-

ie e ibite in u will t knwlege. Allin itiue f te -

iplitin f eti eie wit eie f knwlege in Tet Great Mir-

rors Shatteredi ptiully tugt-pvking. Se tee te ebie

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inTrDUTin 29

nturethe eroti epistemology nd epistemologil erotisof the ps-

sionte pursuit of knowledge bout (ulturl, ril, nd soil) Others.

Extplting f ti itiue, we eek t eet n w u eie igt

be iplite in te itnt intiy pue by etngpi el-

work n oter form of culturl nlyi, n ow tee eire migt pete entngleent f elve wit n gint n te (Allin, ti vl-

ue). We nnt lwy tiulte te pleue we btin f u wn

intertions with populr texts; even less n we rtiulte the plesures

uuning u eti lnging n fntie. Hene, in itin t ting

te iuive plifetin f eti tug te fntie n yening

inite by tnntinl ei, we tive l t e tee intne f e-

itin gint te gin, t te tei gp n ellipen t tin f,

liten t, n, ultitely, epet te tutteing, eitnie, inietin,n ilene uuning eti.

n

1. a Bnne f Ineent ge, Times of India, nuy 18, 2007, ttp://

rtiles.timesondi.inditimes.om/20070118/indi/27879518_1_xn-tv-hnnels-

tin-nnel.

2. See Ri Gee Kie Silp SettyRit Enue,Jawa Report, Apil 17, 2007,

ttp://ypetjw,u.nu/ive/. e lt tw ee ve witnee evel te

ntveie teing f te eti eging f te Inin publi pee. One

f te t ntiu f tee ntveie w te ptet n vilene uun-

ing te elee f te Deep Met lFire in Ini in 1998. nge f lly

nlye f ti ntvey, ee te wk f Gpint (2006), Kpu (2000), n tel

(2004).

3. See Beijing eut Dp Cge gint Online Nue Ct, Monitor-

ing International Reports, Apil 18, 2007; Cin Cen un W n Cybee,

Agence France-Presse, Apil 13, 2007.

4. See l Bellt nlyi f te ii f ntext in ei tuie (ti vlue).5. See, f intne, kin (2000) n Sein (2002); ee l Ginbug, Abu-ug,

n kin (2002, 3).

6. See, f intne, te wk f Appui (1996), Mnkek (1999), D. Mille (1995),

nd Wilk (2002) for some nlyses of the unforeseen implitions of trnsntionl

ei.

7. Niitu Onii, Cin ut k t Seul f Inpitin, New York Times,

nuy 2, 2006, a1, a7.

8. We i neite t nte il ntutinit n pttutulit ppe

ee, n t te tei iilitie e tn tei ieene. N we inten tuize ynteize wt e vluinu bie f lip. Nevetele, te

l we wk been funtinl t u neptuliztin f ubjetivity,

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inTrDUTin 31

muc-reference volume tt emontrte etnogrpic reerc meto for tuy-

ing new ei ptitine.

22.Cpe Hnnez (1996) n Mu (1996).

23. ee exit ultipliity f ultul tuie ppe, n ing jutie t ti

etegeneity i beyn te pe f ti intutin. In pinting t ti ptiul

pp, u bjetive i iply t inite it liene ne f te ny genelgie

f lip tt ve inpie u.

24. Cpe Mee (1991, 171) ey n te itil ntingeny f ntext.

25. See l Sein (1997) nlyi f te plyey f te ige f te wite wn

by it iulte Cin.

26. See te wk f Mleki (1991) f n eluent itiue f te pitivit ipetive

in il iene ppe.

27. See l te wk f Otne (1995), w l fegun te ebie ntue f

te etngpi entepie.

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purniMa Mankekar i ocite profeor of gender tudie

nd Ain Americn tudie t the Univerity of Cliforni,Lo Angele. She i the uthor ofScreening Culture, Viewing

Politics: An Ethnography of Television, Womanhood, and Nation

in Postcolonial India (Duke Univerity re, 1999) nd the

coeditor with Gordon H. Chng nd Akhil Gupt ofCaste and

Outcast, by Dhn Gopl Mukerji (2002).

louisa schein i ocite profeor of nthropology nd

women nd gender tudie t Rutger Univerity. She i the

uthor ofMinority Rules: e Miao and the Feminine in ChinasCultural Politics (Duke Univerity re, 2000) nd the coeditor

with Tim Oke ofTranslocal China: Linkages, Identities, and

the Reimagining of Space (2005).

Librry of Congre Ctloging-in-ubliction Dt

Medi, erotic, nd trnntionl Ai / urnim Mnkekr

nd Loui Schein, ed.

p. cm.

Include bibliogrphicl reference nd index.sB 978-0-8223-4559-6 (cloth : lk. pper)

sB 978-0-8223-4577-0 (pbk. : lk. pper)

1. M mediSocil pectAi. 2. M medi nd the

rtAi. 3. Sex in m medi. 4. Sex in populr culture.

I. Mnkekr, urnim, 1961 II. Schein, Loui, 1957

P96.s452a78 2012

302.23095dc23 2012011624