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MEDIA ANDTECHNOLOGY:

RESEARCHMETHODOLOGYNURDIYANA ABD HALIMNURDIYANA ABD HALIM

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GENERAL OVERVIEW

Media research literatre!s"eth#d#l#$% a&&ears r#'st (Oa)es*+,,-./

I01esti$at#rs are e"&l#%i0$ a 1ariet%#2 "easres* desi$0s a0d "#dels t#s&eci3c &r#'le"s/

Stre0$ths a0d li"itati#0 #2 stdies i0"edia a0d tech0#l#$% e4ect has 'ee00#ted '% the researchers/

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SAM5LING

M#st std% #0 "edia e4ects ha1e a0ade6ate 0"'er #2 sa"&le* e7ce&t 2#r a2e8 stdies/

S#"e #2 the stdies sed &e#&le 2r#"certai0 re$i#0* 8ith certai0 0ati1e la0$a$e/9#r e7a"&le* a std% #0 c%'er'll%i0$ sed

E0$lishs&ea)i0$ %#th i0 the US as sa"&le/

N#t all la0$a$es ha1e the 8#rd ;'ll%i0$

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DESIGN

Cr#ss secti#0al desi$0 is #0e #2 the "#st&lar research desi$0 sed i0 this area/

M#st researches clai"ed that the cr#ss

secti#0al desi$0 is #0e #2 the li"itati#0 #2their std%:Li"ited the &redicti1e er #2 30di0$ #r the

directi#0 #2 the relati#0shi& 'et8ee0

1aria'les/N# direct "easre #2 a$e cha0$es/

C#02#0di0$ #2 a$e a0d ti"e #2 'irth (c#h#rt.

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DESIGN

E"&hasis #0 l#0$itdi0alstd%* as a0alter0ati1e t# cr#sssecti#0al desi$0:A'ilit% t# std% the l#0$ ter" e4ect #2 "edia

a0d tech0#l#$% #0 de1el#&"e0t/Li"itati#0: attriti#0 #r selecti1e dr#t/

c#st a0d ti"e c#0s"i0$/

C#rrelati#0alstd%:9#r e7a"&le* '#th TV 1ie8i0$ a0d

a$$ressi#0 8ere "easred as the% 0atrall%#ccrred* t# see 8hether sc#res #0 #0e i0de7c#1aried 8ith sc#res #0 the #ther/c#rrelati#0 d#es 0#t i"&l% casati#0/

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MEASUREMENT

Otc#"e "easres are di1erse* a0d i0clde(a. &s%ch#"etric scales ta&&i0$ late0t"easres ('. e7isti0$ 'eha1i#rs a0d (c.health "ediat#rs a0d #tc#"es/

Li"itati#0s i0 the crre0t a'ilit% t# "easree7sre ha"&er #r 0dersta0di0$ #2 "ediae4ects/ 9#r e7a"&le* the se #2 $l#'alesti"ates 8hich "a% 'e i0accrate a0d lead

t# 'ias/

The 3eld lac)s #2 #&erati#0al de30iti#0(Ra&rter* +,,>./ 9#r e7a"&le* de30iti#0s #2c%'er 'll%i0$ 1ar% 8idel%* c#0tri'ti0$ t# a0i0c#0siste0c% i0 30di0$s acr#ss std%/

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MEASUREMENT

The "#st r#'st stdies i0 the e4ect#2 "edia c#"e 2r#" e7&eri"e0taltrials (Christa)is ? @i""er"a0* +,,-.:

Ma7i"i=es accrac% #2 "easre"e0ta0d c#"&ara'ilit% acr#ss &artici&a0ts/

E7&eri"e0ter e7&ectati#0'ias

The la' e01ir#0"e0ts di4er 2r#" thereal li2e setti0$s 'eha1i#rs "easredi0 the la' "a% 0#t 'e $e0erali=a'le/

Redce the e7ter0al 1alidit%/

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MEASUREMENT

Ver'al rert a&&r#ach i0 std%i0$"edia e4ect:Reslts i0 "#st std% are 'ased #0 si0$le

s#rce #2 i02#r"ati#0 sel2 rert #2 either#0l% &are0ts #r childre0/

Mltii02#r"a0t a&&r#ach 8ere seld#"sed/

Ver'al rerts are 0#t direct "easres #2'eha1i#r* a0d the% "a% 'e s#"eti"ei0accrate/

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ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMA55ROACH

E"&hasi=ed #0 thec#0te7ts 8ithi08hich de1el#&"e0t

ta)es &lace* a0d #0i0terrelati#0sa"#0$ di4ere0tc#0te7ts that are

i"rta0t t# achild!sde1el#&"e0t/

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ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMA55ROACH

A0 ec#l#$ical &ers&ecti1e is 0#t a the#r%*'t a &ers&ecti1e 2r#" 8hich &r#cesses8#r) (Ra&rter* +,,>./

Researcher 8#ld di$ "ch dee&er i0t# the&atter0s #2 s#cial i0teracti#0s a0drelati#0shi&s that i0e0ce de1el#&"e0t/

M#st #2 the 30di0$ #2 stdies i0 "ediae4ect are c#0te7t s&eci3c* there2#reec#l#$ical a&&r#ach is 0ecessar% t#i0ter&ret the"/

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OTHER METHODOLOGICALISSUES

U0der1ale#2casal i02ere0ce i0#'ser1ati#0al desi$0 (Oa)es* +,,-./

Crre0t disti0cti#0s a"#0$ "edia are

&lat2#r"'ased 'ased #0 the )i0d #2tech0#l#$% that deter"i0es the 8a% the%#&erate* are a4ectd '% the ra&id arri1al#2 0e8 tech0#l#$ies (Ra&rter* +,,>. /

Ge0eral ass"&ti#0s that i0di1idals 8illresd i0 si"ilar 8a%s 8he0 the% seethe sa"e "edia (Ga0tlett* +,,./

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OTHER METHODOLOGICALISSUE

The 0#ti#0s #2 childre0 $led t# the'#7! has c#"e 0der attac) i0 rece0t%ears/ It 8as 2#0d that hal2 #2 the

ti"e the tele1isi#0 is #0* theadie0ce is d#i0$ s#"ethi0$ else(Ga0tlett*+,,./

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CONCLUSION

Research i0 "edia a0d tech0#l#$% has &t ah$e e"&hasis #0 l#0$itdi0al std% t# l##) atthe l#0$ ter" e4ect #2 "edia e7sre* 8hilee7&eri"e0tal trial re"ai0 as the "#st r#'ststdies i0 the 3eld/

E7sre "easre"e0t a&&ears 2airl%s#&histicated* as i01esti$at#rs clearl%a&&reciate the li"itati#0s #2 the "easre"e0tthat has 'ee0 sed/

Ne8 a0d di4ere0t "eth#d#l#$ies are 0ecessar%t# as) a0d a0s8er 0e8 6esti#0s a0d t#&r#1ide 0e8 &ers&ecti1es #0 #ld 6esti#0s(A0ders#0 ? Ha0s#0*+,,-./

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RE9ERENCES

Ga0tlett* D/ (+,,./ Moving experiences: media efects andbeyond (2nded.)/ Eastlei$h*UF/ #h0 Li''e% 5'licati#0/

Ra&rter* A/B/ (+,,>./ Studying media efects on childrenand youth: Improving methods and measures, or!shopsummary.The Nati#0al Acade"ies 5ress/ Washi0$ti#0 D/C.

Oa)es* /M/ (+,,-./ The e4ect #2 "edia #0 childre0: A"eth#d#l#$ical assess"e0t 2r#" a s#cial e&ide"i#l#$ist/

"merican #ehavioral Scientist, $+:>.

Christa)is* D/A/ ? @i""er"a0* 9// (+,,-./ Y#0$ childre0 a0d"edia: Li"itati#0s #2 crre0t )0#8led$e a0d 2tre directi#0s2#r research/"merican #ehavioral Scientist, +:JJK/

A0ders#0* D/R/ ? Ha0s#0* F/G/ (+,,-./ Childre0* "edia a0d"eth#d#l#$%/"merican #ehavioral Scientist, +:+,+-/