Medherb Green Pages 2010 - India and Nepal

Foreword

Editorial

Acknowledgment with Thanks

Major herbal trading centers in India

Revised list of Harmonised System (HS) codes of exports

Country wise exports of MAPs and their allied products (2007-08)

Exports of MAPs, parts and their allied products (2007-08)

Commodity wise split up of exports (2007-08)

India's MAPs exports to top 15 countries (2007-08)

India's exports trend of MAPs, parts and their allied products (2002-08)

Exports trend and information of individual commodity

Info 1, 2 & 3 Government notifications and circulars

Info 4 International standard for sustainable wild collection (ISSC-MAP)

Info 5 Few important herbal drugs testing laboratories

Info 6 Indian flora species in the appendices of CITES

Info 7 Prohibited/negative list of medicinal plants for exports from India

Info 8 Protection of specified plants (The Wild Life Protection Act, 1972)

- Gulab (Rosa damascena Miller.)

- Henna (Lawsonia inermis Linn.)

- Isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.)

- Senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.)

Stakeholders of Gulab, Henna, Isabgol and Senna

Cultivation crops mentioned in cultivators' data

Words and their abbreviations used in stakeholders' directory

Cultivators

Dealers, Exporters, Importers

Exporters, Extractors, Manufacturers

Organisations

Index of photographs

SECTION-1

SECTION-2

Exports of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) & their allied products

Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for medicinal plants

An overview on adulterants and substitutes of commercial herbal drugs

with reference to their quality standards

Dynamics of chain of custody in herbal raw material sector

Medherb Information

Special Features

Stakeholder directory

Photographs of crude plants' part301301

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14

15

16

18

19

20

22

23

24

25

25

26

49

55

65

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69

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87

91

95

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111

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112

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125

197

293

302

326

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Chapter-1

Chapter-2

Chapter-3

Chapter-4

Chapter-5

Chapter-6

Chapter-7

Chapter-1

8383

111

INDIA

CRUDE MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS' PART

Medherb Green Pages - 2010

India and Nepal

SECTION-3

Advertisers' Index

Editor's (Janak Raj Rawal) Nepal visit

Major herbal trading centers in Nepal

Most tradable medicinal and aromatic plants in Nepal

Exports of medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepal to India

Info 1 Regulatory (Export negative list and CITES)

Info 2 Nepal gazette on MAPs royalty

Info 3 Website on MAPs by ethnobotanical society of Nepal

Info 4 Procedure of drug registration

(Ayurvedic, Unani and Homoeopathic products)

Info 5 News on medicinal and aromatic plants

Info 6 Major organizations involved in MAPs sector

- Alaichi, Amomum subulatum Roxb. - An important cash crop

- Yarsagumba, Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. - A wonder drug

from the Himalayas

Dealers, Exporters, Importers, Manufacturers, Organisations

English, Indian and Nepali names

Botanical names

Herbal drugs - The green gold of Nepal

Indo-Nepal treaty of trade (Revised in 2009)

Commercially important medicinal and aromatic plants of Nepal

Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB)

Medherb information on Nepal

Special Features

Stakeholders' directory

INDEX

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332

334

335

339

347

347

350

352

353

353

354

357

358

359

361

363

369

373

384

389

391

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Chapter-1

Chapter-2

Chapter-3

Chapter-4

Chapter-5

Chapter-6

Chapter-7

369369

347347

335335

NEPAL

Medherb Green Pages - 2010

India and Nepal

FOREWORD

The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region is well known as the repository of valuable medicinal, aromatic and dye (MADP) plants, the majority of which are used in their crude forms in various codified and non-codified systems of traditional medicine worldwide. The great majority of medicinal plants used locally or entering into trade and industries come from wild sources. Comparatively very few plant-derived pure constituents, including active principles and secondary metabolites, are used as drugs in modern medicine or allopathic system. However, during the last few decades, demand for drugs of plant origin is increasing, especially in developed countries, which is mainly due to the widespread belief that 'nature-based medicine' is safer, efficacious, and more dependable than the synthetic drugs, many of which have adverse side effects as well as are costly.

Published literature on the trade of medicinal plants in the region is scanty, especially traders' modus operand; for sourcing medicinal plants raw materials, and various other trade and management aspects including policy and legal issues. The present volume of popular series of Medherb, divided into 3 sections and 15 chapters covers in a unique way, all aspects of medicinal plants including trade, processing, policy, rules and regulations, name of stakeholders, and status of the products in the two countries of Nepal and India. The monograph - second revised edition - will hopefully be found useful by the resource managers, traders, industrialists, planners, policy makers, legal authorities, and educational and research organizations and institutions engaged in the field of MADPs and other non-timber forest products (NTFPs). The orientation of the book is practical rather than theoretical, explanatory rather than scholarly. Regarding the practical utility of the book, the publishers have strived to provide more answers than questions. The systematic methods and information presented in this book are certainly indispensable, well-organized, and easy to use by a diverse range of users, especially by producers, processors, marketers and enterprising community in the region.

Given the huge importance of cross-border trade in medicinal plant between Nepal and India, there is always a demand for more up to date information on products and prices of marketable MADP. This is therefore a timely and informative manual for various types of medicinal plants stakeholders who otherwise cannot afford to get all the information under one cover. In other words, this is indeed an interesting book which gives practical and updated information on MADP related prices, players, products and places. It is visualized that the book will provide the readers an in-depth knowledge on the trade and other related topics on the MADPs to promote sustainable management of medicinal plants and other NTFPs in the two countries. The book is likely to create a strong momentum for the sustainable management of the sub-sector not only in Nepal and India but also beyond.

Mr. Janak Raj Rawal, having decades of experience in medicinal plant trade and management studies, with extensive field works in the marketing of an array of MAP stakeholders is, undoubtedly, a well qualified person to compile a book of this standard. Mr. Rawal has brought out an impressive array of topics covering various aspects of medicinal plants that I have had the pleasure of reading in similar publications for many other countries.

Finally, I would like to conclude with these words - The use of this manual will certainly help raise the standard of future works in medicinal plants trade and sustainable management. I do hope that this book will be especially useful to the organizations and individuals who are working for the betterment of the life and livelihoods of mountain people in Nepal and India.

Sincerely,

thMadhav B. Karki, Ph.D. 20 March, 2010Deputy Director General - Programmes

Direct Lines

Directorate: 5003318. Environmental Change and Ecosystem Services (ECES): 5003013.Mountain Forum: 5003139. Integrated Water and Hazard Management (IWHM): 5003177Knowledge Management Support and Development (KMSD IT+C): 5003246.Mountain Environmental Natural Resources Information Systems (MENRIS): 5003242Sustainable Livelihoods and Poverty Reduction (SLPR): 5003040/5003141.

International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development

14

Starting with its 2003 edition, Medherb Green Pages (MGP) has established itself as the single largest information source related to trade and commerce of herbals. With the current edition MGP moves into the eighth year of its publication. Apart from the useful information on medicinal and aromatic plants species (MAPs) trade, that Medherb Green Pages is recognized for, this issue puts a special focus on Nepal. Like all our country specific sections in previous editions, I personally devoted time and energy in visiting Nepal to collect, collate and compile the information about the production and trade scenario of Nepalese MAPs. It was also an important opportunity for me to discuss issues related to MAPs production and trade with various MAPs stakeholders there. I hope the insights generated during the endeavor are adequately reflected in the volume at hand and will be considered helpful by our patrons.

Nepal consists of one-third (800km) of entire length of the Himalayas (2500km) and is a transitional zone of interpenetration between two differing environments of eastern Himalayas and the western Himalayas. Nepal lies on the subtropical zone of the globe, most of its terrain being mountainous with bioclimatic variation from tropical to the Alpine and Arctic zone. It makes a country with rich flora and biodiversity. Out of approx. 7000 species of higher plants found in that around 700 are medicinal, 250 being endemic to Nepal. There are 1624 species of ethnobotanical importance and about 100 of these plants are commercially important for trade. Nepal is an important country from the perspective of MAPs trade. This had prompted us to devote considerably towards it. Due to recent political changes, more opportunities may have opened up for Indo-Nepal herbal trade.

Earlier surveys have indicated that 90% of the Non Timber Forest Products (NTFP) of Nepal are consumed by India. However, recent studies indicate that it is around 70% and rest is being exported to China. Major items of commerce between India and Nepal are: Atis, Chiraiyta, Tejpat, Jatamansi (with & without oil), Chadilla, Kutki, Ritha, Pippali, Sughandhabala, Sughandh Kokila, Yarsagumba (Cordyceps sinensis) and Timur.

Major plants under cultivation in Nepal are: Mentha, Citronella, Lemon grass, Palmarosa, Basil, Chamomile, Chirayita, Eucalyptus, Stevia, Wintergreen, Juniper berry, Asparagus, Aloe vera, Taxus baccata, Jatamansi, Acorus calamus etc. Rauvolfia serpentina is nearly extinct in Nepal and Kutki is also heading towards it. Development of nurseries for medicinal and aromatic plants is being taken up in Nepal on a commercial basis with Dabur Nepal Ltd. and also Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) playing a major role in this context.

Some of the features of MAPs trade in Nepal are that the market is closed on every Saturday and follow the Bikram Samvat calendar (starts with Baisakh i.e. 14th April) as financial year. There are about 10 retail shops exclusively devoted to Jari buti in Killagarh near Inder Chowk in Kathmandu.

There is a trade misconception that Indian imports of Jatamansi oil from Nepal is of indigenous Nepalese origin (SAARC Treaty), whereas actual trade volume of Nepal constitutes only 10% and the remaining 90% is being imported from China and exported to India. This trend is observed for the last two-three years. Herbs Production and Processing Company Limited (HPPLC), the Nepal Government undertaking, which extracts essential oil onsite in the fields has a small distillation unit with 100% 'buy back' from the producers. Organic is another buzz word in herbal trade and Nepal has also entered into organic cultivation of essential oil crops and soapnut.

JABAN and ANSAB are two organizations engaged actively in the development of herbal trade in Nepal. I very much thankful to both esteemed organizations for their kind help and cooperation during my visit to Nepal. I had the chance to visit the Dabur Nepal; I personally appreciate the wonderful work being carried out by the organization. I also thankful to Dr. Madhav Karki (ICIMOD) to bringing out this issue; incidentally it was also Dr. Karki (then with IDRC) who was instrumental in bringing out earlier issue on Nepal in 2004.

I am pleased to inform you that the next edition will cover yet another SAARC country i.e., Bangladesh, with updates from India. Bangladesh is also one of the most important countries to consume herbs and their allied products from India. The Ayurveda and Unani are recognized systems of medicine in Bangladesh. Lastly, I assure the readers of MGP of our best efforts to serve them with authentic and updated information from the MAPs domain. I hope we continue to enjoy your faith, encouragement and patronage in the years to come.

st31 March, 2010 Janak Raj Rawal

15

19Exports of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Worldwide recognition of natural products and process in supporting human and ecological health, the economic plus environmental significance of the medicinal plant resources have enlarged terrifically in recent years.

Source: Directorate General of Foreign Trade, Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India

COUNTRY WISE EXPORTS OF MAPs AND THEIR ALLIED PRODUCTS (2007-08)

Country Value (INR ’00000)

U S A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88094.98

China P Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16706.97

Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13583.57

Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7176.79

Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7064.87

U Arab Emts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6358.31

South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4549.73

Pakistan IR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4245.69

U K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3890.52

Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3667.80

Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3665.23

Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3615.07

France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3568.80

Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3430.00

Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2554.27

Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213.95

Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2213.14

Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020.10

Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997.82

Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997.57

Korea Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971.00

Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1681.10

Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1610.25

Saudi Arab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1520.56

Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1441.09

Egypt A Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1206.88

Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174.08

Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130.99

Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057.50

Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039.23

Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027.46

Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954.28

Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880.66

Bangladesh PR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808.55

Vietnam Soc Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718.15

Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709.58

Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609.24

Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521.63

Sri Lanka DSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513.97

Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485.88

Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480.59

Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461.97

Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306.80

Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.98

New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.00

Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.91

Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.44

Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275.90

Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.75

Latvia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.52

Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217.34

Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204.14

Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179.31


Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176.63

Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.99

Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.68

Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155.86

Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.03

Qatar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.50

Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.25

Baharain Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.23

Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.06

Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110.69

Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109.54

Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106.30

Yemen Republc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103.31

Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.99

Azerbaijan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.05

Tanzania Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.55

Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.27

Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90.55

Afghanistan Tis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89.87

Korea Dp Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.96

Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.65

Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.84

Congo P Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.19

Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.47

Moldova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.50

Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.12

Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54.59

Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.55

Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.46

Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53.42

Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.37

Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.32

Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.69

Kyrghyzstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.17

Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.36

Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39.12

Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.45

Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.49

El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.15

Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.51

Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.73

Union Of Serbia & Montenegro . . . . . . . . 31.70

Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.56

Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.27

Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.29

Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.02

Panama Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.44

Dominic Rep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.98

Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.94

Br Virgn Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.05

Trinidad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.99

Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.73

Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.72

Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.71


Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.09

Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.90

Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.35

Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.94

Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.18

Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.18

Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.08

Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.96

Malta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.64

Fiji Is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.34

Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.20

Suriname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.49

Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.42

Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.31

Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.18

Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.70

Cote D' Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.31

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.21

Turkmenistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.92

Macedonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.80

Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.85

Reunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.82

Myanmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.43

Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.89

Bahamas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.59

Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14

Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.80

Macao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.70

Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.45

Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.39

Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.39

Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.23

Papua N Gna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.22

Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.05

Estonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.02

Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.97

Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.88

Lao Pd Rp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.87

Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.67

Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.64

Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.64

Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.58

Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.45

Netherlandantil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.43

Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.39

Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.34

New Caledonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.22

Dominica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17

Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.12

Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07

St Vincent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07

Barbados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02

Unspecified . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.61

Medherb Green Pages 2010

INDIA AND NEPAL

www.medherb.in

22 Exports of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

see fig. 03


INDIA AND NEPAL

www.medherb.in

26 Exports of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Country Quantity (Kg ’000) Value (INR ’00000)

Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.24Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.22Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.67Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.12


Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.48Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.57Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.96Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.09


Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.79

Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587.60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.94

Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.35

Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127.01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.96

France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185.74

Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.36

Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.65

Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.41

Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.26

Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186.02

Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107.64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.98

Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49.62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.60

Country Quantity (Kg ’000) . . . . . . . . . . . Value (INR ’00000)

Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.14Macao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.71Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.37 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.05Netherland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.54Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.18Reunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.19South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.71Sri Lanka DSR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.07U K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.51 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.13U S A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249.15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138.15Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324.53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167.73

Castor Oil SeedsExport Trend (2003-08)

fig. 05

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

Quantity in Kg ‘000 Value in INR ‘00000

1820.380 464.000 0.370 20.660 68.000

449.773 45.148 0.150 7.870 36.120

Export Data (2007-08)

Quantity

Value

Poppy SeedsExport Trend (2003-08)

fig. 06


0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08


104.916 146.736 240.780 351.030 324.530

55.685 80.271 135.980 114.420 167.730

Quantity

Value

Niger SeedsExport Trend (2003-08)

fig. 07


0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08


17894.366 26138.247 28424.670 30017.180 21682.850

4541.390 6474.480 6024.980 6687.310 9002.990

Quantity

Value

EXPORTS TREND AND INFORMATION OF INDIVIDUAL COMMODITY

1 Background- Need for Good Agricultural Practices1.1 India has a rich tradition of plant based health care systems

contained in its classical texts like Charak Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. In recognition of the diversity of health care practices, the Government of India have recognized Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Siddha, Unani and Homoeopathy as the alternative systems of medicine under the National Health Policy.

1.2 Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Siddha, Unani and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has the responsibility for quality assurance and standardization of the production processes of Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani(ASU) medicines and disseminate the guidelines for production of raw material used in ASU medicines.

1.3 To ensure and enhance the quality of ASU medicines, the Government of India have notified Good Manufacturing Practices under Schedule 'T' of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940. The guidelines for Good Agricultural Practices seek to lay down standards for production of raw material that goes in to the making of the ASU medicines and standardize the production processes from farm to factory.

2 Definition of Good Agricultural Practices

3 Scope

4 Soil and climatic conditions

A good agricultural practice in the context of medicinal plants is a cultivation programme designed to ensure optimal yield in terms of both quality and quantity of any crop intended for health purposes.

3.1 This document is designed to play a facilitator role and shall be recommended to all stake holders.

3.2 In the current form, these GAPs are essentially meant for and applicable to commercial scale of farming.

4.1 The grower should identify the best possible environment where the plant can express its full potential in terms of both quality and quantity during its entire growth period (germination, growth and maturity). Meteorological data collated for preceding three years should be taken into account while judging the suitability of the site.

49Good Agricultural Practices

Source: National Medicinal Plant Board. Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of IndiaIn collaboration with; World Health Organization (WHO)

Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare known to mankind. In spite of the great advances observed in modern medicine in recent decades, medicinal plants still play a very significant role in the healthcare of humankind. The medicinal plants constitute an effective source of Unani, Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine and have played a key role in human health. In fact today, approximately 70% of “synthetic” medicines are derived from plants. In India, about 80% of the rural population depends on medicinal herbs and/or indigenous systems of medicine. In recent years, however, the popularity of herbal medicine worldwide and increasing demand of medicinal plants/herbal drugs has led to overexploitation from wild and accordingly adulteration and substitution of medicinal plant/herbal drugs also increased drastically. Consequently, the safety and efficacy of these medicines have degraded significantly and become an important issue for the health professions.

Herbal adulteration is one of the common malpractices in herbal raw material trade. Adulteration is an intentional substitution with another plant species or intentional addition of a

foreign substance to increase the weight or potency of the product or to decrease its cost. In general, adulteration is considered as an intentional practice. However, unintentional adulterations also exist in herbal raw material trade due to various reasons. Owing to collection of herbal drugs by unskilled workers from natural habitats lead to unintentional adulteration. India has a number of vernacular languages in different regions and hence, this causes a lot of confusion in the identity of the drug. For example Eclipta alba Hassk. and Wedelia calendulacea Less. are known by the same vernacular name 'Bhringraj'. Hence, adulteration or substitution of the genuine raw material is the main cause of degradation of the desired therapeutic effect of a particular drug used in Indian System of Medicine. Therefore, the correct taxonomic identification of botanical drugs is necessary for their quality, safety and efficacy. This article provide a comprehensively reviewed information on adulterants and substitutes of herbal drugs with reference to their quality standards with the scope that the data can be useful guide for identifying the correct botanical source of a particular herbal drug.

55Adulterants and Substitutes

Sunil Dutt and Dr. Rajeev Kr. Sharma,Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian Medicine,Govt. of India, Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

Unusual divergence of topography, climate and eco-system of India has resulted in high floral diversity, in consequence making India reach in varieties of high value Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs), popularly known as herbs. MAPs much more than a source for traditional healthcare, contribute in important ways to the livelihood and welfare of rural population by providing an alternate source of income and employment. Wild harvesting of medicinal and aromatic plants is a chance for the poorest to make at least some cash income. Especially those people who do not have access to farm land at all depend on gathering MAPs to earn at least some money. Wild plant species are wild harvested and used as crops then sold as products, especially for food and medicines.

Demand of MAPs mostly comes from two sectors:1. Pharmaceutical Industry

MedicinesExtracts, isolation of active constituents (alkaloids, glycosides)Plant derived allopathic medicinesEssential oils

2. Consumer MarketHealth food supplement industryCosmetics and perfumery industryNatural Dye industryBlending and flavoringCooking and additives

Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Folk (tribal) medicine are the major systems of indigenous medicine. Amongst these systems, Ayurveda is most developed and extensively practiced in India. The number of plants used in these systems of medicines is about 2200. It is difficult to appraise how many MAPs are commercially traded. There is a need to increase the recognition of marketing as an important means of contributing to sustainable utilization of forest resources. It is evident that price is too often used as the main, if not the only, means in marketing of crude herbal raw materials, distribution channels and service factors play a more important role than price does.

Distribution channel of herbals also termed as chain of custody may be defined as all relevant steps involved in the production-

65Dynamics of Chain of Custody

Pranab Misra, Chief Executive OfficerRawal Medherbs Consultants Pvt. Ltd.

The amount and level of information available with all the

elements of the chain of custody varies considerable, thereby

leading to the exploitation of people having less information.

Collectors: Collectors of herbs may be defined as a person who

earns fully or partly his livelihood through collecting herbs from

the wild (whole herb or its parts) with the purpose of selling it to

someone who either sells it further or processes it. Collectors may

be divided in two groups.

Independent collectors: They are generally poor farmers with

small landholdings for cultivation and h av i n g h a rd l y a ny

alternative occupation to earn cash income. During period of

their urgency they are compelled to take advance money from

local traders or middlemen, who are the only accessible credit

source to them. These traders act as the only source of market

information for the collectors.

Contract Collectors: they are engaged by the forest

contractors for collection of herbs according to the geographic

area allotted to the contractor. Sometimes the species are also

specified for collection.

Being exposed to adverse weather conditions during

collection, collectors are forced to collect as much as and as

quickly as possible during the day.

Collectors suffer from inadequate business and

entrepreneurial skills, lack of awareness on collection process,

quality requirements, and knowledge on properties of herbs,

price, insufficient market information and regulations.

Cultivator: Herbal cultivators may be divided broadly in two

categories small-scale and large-scale according to their

landholding capacity. The small-scale farmers may be categorized

as unorganized and semi-organized.

Unorganized: They undertake cultivation of medicinal and

aromatic plants having short gestation period to generate an

extra income during the unproductive period of their regular

crop and are mostly dependent on the middlemen or local

traders for their sales receiving smaller and smaller amounts

even though the middlemen may be receiving an increasing

profits.

Semi-organized: these farmers are normally members of

certain group or cultivate by getting motivation from some

organization promoting medicinal and aromatic plants'

cultivation or against b u y b a c k a s s u ra n c e f ro m s o m e

individual/firm.

Large-scale cultivators may also be divided in two categories,

such as entrepreneur cultivators and contract cultivators. In both

the cases they are well organized with sound financial and

educational background; capable of risk bearing.

supply chain including collecting, cultivating, harvesting, handling, processing and other appropriate related activities. It is a system of people organizations, technology, activities, information and resources involved in movement of a product or service from its source of origin to the end user.

Channel of distribution and complexities involved, is one of the biggest challenges faced by the individual entrepreneurs and final product manufacturers in determining quality and price of the herbal raw materials. The length of supply chain is responsible for the receipt of low prices by primary collectors and farmers. As collection is still more common than cultivation, huge differences in the quality of raw materials occur. The differences concern the amount of active ingredients based on the geographic location, use of plant parts, harvest techniques and storing.

The discussion on supply chain demands total understanding of each component involved in the process.

Chain of Custody (Supply Chain) of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

Manufacturers

Pharmaceuticals, Herbal Drug, Nutraceuticals, Dyes, Cosmetics, Perfumery etc.

Bulk Suppliersof Ingredients

RegionalMarkets

International Market

SmallProcessors

ExtractorsTraditional

healersTraders fromOther States

Exporter

CultivationPromoters

NaturalAbandon

Wild and Forest

Cultivator ImporterCollector

Small Trader /Middlemen

Cooperatives / Govt. Agencies

Large Traders Market

66


INDIA AND NEPAL

www.medherb.in

Dynamics of Chain of Custody

Information 1Government Notifications and Circulars

PHARMEXCILPharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council

(Set up by Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Govt., of India)H.O.: 101, Aditya Trade Centre, Ameerpet, Hyderbad-500038

Ref: PXL/H.O./CIR-143/2008-09 19th March, 2009

Sub: Food & Drug Administration Globalization Act of 2009This is to inform our members that our council has received

information from, Department of Commerce Government of India that a bill “Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Globalization Act 2009” has been introduced in the US. The bill is designed to impose strict monitoring, manufacturing and reporting requirements on all products overseen by the FDA.

The bill also creates a dedicated foreign inspectorate to increase FDA's ability to monitor foreign facilities producing food, drugs, devices and cosmetics. The highlights of the bill are reproduced below:Ÿ Requires all food, drug medical device and cosmetics facilities

operating within the U.S. or exporting such goods to the U.S. to register with the FDA and pay a registration fee every year.

Ÿ Requires the FDA to establish a risk-based schedule for inspecting foreign and domestic food facilities, with a minimum inspection frequency of once every four years, and provides that refusing, impeding or delaying an inspection would be cause for suspension of registration and for barring entry into the U.S.

Ÿ Requires the FDA to inspect foreign and domestic drug facilities every two years (with some exceptions allowed) and denies entry to drugs coming from facilities that limit, delay or deny FDA inspections.

Ÿ Requires foreign food manufacturers to be certified by FDA accredited third parties as meeting all U.S. food safety requirements and prohibits uncertified facilities from exporting to the U.S.

Ÿ Creates a fast-track import process for food meeting security standards.

Ÿ Provides the FDA with new authority to issue mandatory recalls of foods and drugs and strengthens fines for failure to comply with safety requirements.

Ÿ Requires drug importers to affirmatively demonstrate that their products come from registered facilities and meet all requirements related to safety and quality.

Ÿ Requires drug manufacturers, when requested by the FDA, to provide documentation of their complete supply chain and to document measures taken to secure their supply chain.

69Medherb Information

History

Names in different languages

Rose has a long and lively history. Fossil evidence tells that rose is 35 million years old. Today, there are over 30,000 varieties of roses and it has the most complicated family tree of any known flower species. Cultivation of rose most likely began in Asia around 5000 years ago. Cultivation of rose was introduced in Europe during late eighteenth century by China.

From this introduction, experts today tend to divide all roses into two groups. There are old roses (those cultivated in Europe before 1800) and modern roses (those which began to be cultivated in England and France around the turn of the 19th century).

Rose has experienced the most horrible extremes of the Roman Empire when the farmers were reduced to growing roses instead of food crops in order to satisfy the demands of their rulers.

More than 10,000 roses are known in cultivation and three types of odours are recognized, viz. those of the Cabbage Rose (R. centifolia), the Damask Rose (R. damascena) and the Tea Rose. indica)

Arabic GulabBengali Golap

Cambodia KolaabEnglish Cabbage Rose, Damask Rose, French Rose De Damas, Rose De Tous Les Mois, Rose Hindi Gulab, Sudburg, BussorahIndonesia Kembang Eros, Bunga RosKannada Gulabihuvu, Panniru, Roja, GulabiLaos KuhlaabMalayalam Panniruppu, Penimirpushpam, RosappuMalaysia Ros, GulManipuri Atar-GulabMarathi Gulad, GulabOdia Golapa, TaraniSanskrit Shatapatri, SoumyagandhaTamil Pannir, Pannirpu, KulapuTelugu Gulabi, Rojapuvu, GulabipuvvuThailand Kulaap Mon, Yee SunUrdu Gul-E-Surkh, Arq Gulab

It is a small perennial erect thorny shrub with unequal, large, hooked spikes and many bristles; grows up to 1.5 meters in height. Leaves are compound imparipinnate, with 5 leaflets, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, serrated. Flowers vary in color, usually pink,

Plant description

83Special Features

History

The earliest civilizations that can be proved to have used henna

include the Babylonians, Assyrians, Sumerians, Semites, Ugaritics

and Canaanites. Crossing the limitation of boundaries of countries

and religions “henna” has been used to celebrate and bless

sexuality & fertility of women in over 60 countries among Hindu,

Muslim, Sepharadic, Jewish, Rom, B'hai, Parsee, Zoasterian, Sikh,

Coptic Christian, and Armenian Christian communities; as a long

standing valuable social custom.

Some scientists believe that the use of henna has originated in

ancient India as a cosmetic and medicine, while others suggest its

use originated in Middle East & North Africa and was brought to

India in the 12th century by Egyptian Moguls. But it is

apprehended from the illustrations of Bodhisattavas and deities of

cave wall murals that, it was probably used in India seven centuries

before the moguls invasion and hundreds of years before Muslim

religion began in the middle of the 7th century AD. The use of

henna as a decoration in India took off with the advent of Muslim

rule and become common. Henna is commercially cultivated in

India, Pakistan, Iran, Yemen, Morocco and Sudan.

Names in different languagesArabic : Alhenna, Henna, Henneh, Hinna, YorannaBengali : Mehedi, Mehndi, ShudiBombay : Henne, MendieBurmise : Dan, DanbinCanaries : Goranta, Gorante, Goranthu, Korate, Chinese : Tche Kia HoaDeutsch : HeenaEnglish : Camphire, Cypress Shrub, Egyptian Privet, Henna French : Alcana D'orient, Alkanna d'AvicenneGreek : KyprosGujarati : Medi, Mendi, PanwarHindi : Hena, Mehndi, MhindiKonkani : MetiMalay : InaiMalayalam: Mayilanji, PontalasiMandarin : Bind, Bindi, MindiMarathi : Mendhi, MendiOdia : Mehendi, Mendi, Monjuati, Olota, RongotaPersian : Hina, PannaPhilippines: Cinamomo, Cinamomo Del PaisPunjabi : Hinna, Mehndi, Nakrize, Panwar

87Special Features

History

Names in different languages

Isabgol the common name in India for Plantago ovata, has

come from the Persian words "isap" and "ghol" that mean horse

ear, which is descriptive of the shape of the seed. It is indigenous to

Mediterranean region and West Asia extending up to Sutlej and

Sindh in West Pakistan, also distributed from Canary Islands across

Southern Spain, North Africa, Middle East and North-Western

Asia. In India the use of isabgol is as old as the Ayurveda System of

Medicine. It is commercially cultivated in North Gujarat, Western

Rajasthan, Punjab, Hariyana, and Uttar Pradesh.

Arabic : Bazre-quatuna, Bazre-katima

Bengali : Esphopgol, Isabgul, Ishopgul, Ispaghul

Chinese : Ch'-Ch'ientzu

Deutsch : Indische Psylli-samen

English : Ispaghula, Psyllium, Blond psyllium, Spogel

seeds, Ripple grass

Gujarati : Isapghol, Isafghol, Ghoda Jeeru, Umtojeeru

Hindi : Isabgol, Isabgul, Issufgul, Ispaghul, Isubgol

Japanese : Obeko

Kanada : Isofgolu, Visamagolu, Issabagolu, Isabakolu

Kashmiri : Is-mogul

Malayalam : Karkatasringi, Snigddhajirakam, Ispaghal

Marathi : Isabgola, Isapghol

Nepalese : Isabgol

Nederlands : Bladvlo

Oriya : Isabgul

Persian : Ispaghol, Isparzah, Thikam-daridah, Isabghul

Punjabi : Lisapghol, Bartang, Abghol

Sanskrit : Ashwagol, Ishadgola, Ashwakarnabeeja,

Sheetabeeja, Ishrawarabola, Snigdhajeeraka

Sinhalese : Isphgol Vithai

Tamil : Iskolvirai, Iskol, Isphagol, Ishappukolvirai

Telugu : Isphagula, Isapgaluvittulu, Isapagala

Urdu : Ispaghul

Plantago ovata is an annual herb that grows to a height of 12 to

18 inches (3046 cm). Leaves are opposite, linear or linear

The plant

91Special Features

History

Senna is an Arabic name. All ancient cultures, including the

Aztecs, Asians, and Africans have used infusions of the Cassia

species as a laxative. The first records show the herb being used

medicinally by Arabian physicians in the 9th century BC. The herb

was originally brought to medicinal use in Egypt long ago, and from

there it entered Greek medicine at the time of Hippocrates. It was

first brought into use by the Egyptian physicians Serapion and

Mesue. Achiarius was the first Greek to notice it. He

recommended senna pods over the leaf thinking them more

powerful. People in northern Africa and southwestern Asia have

used senna as a laxative for centuries. It was considered a

“cleansing” herb because of its cathartic effect. In addition, the

leaves were sometimes made into a paste and applied to various

skin diseases. Its name of Ringworm Cassia was given because a

leaf extract is used to combat that fungal infection, especially in

Malaysia. Senna was given the name of Purging Cassia in Europe

during the Middle Ages because it was used at that time in an

Italian medical school as a purgative.

Names in different languagesArabic : Sanaehindi, SonnaAssemese : SonamukhiBengali : Sannamakki, Shonpat, SonpatCanaries : Nelavare, Nelavarike, SonamukhiChinese : Fan Hsieh Yeh, Ta Hwai YehDeutsch : Alexandrinische Senna.English : Alexandrian senna, Indian senna, Senna,

Tinnevelly senna, True sennaFrench : Casse, Canéficier, Séné d'Alexandrie, Gujarati : Middiawal, SonamakhiHindi : Hindisana, Sanay, Sonai, SonamukhiKashmiri : SnaKannada : Nelavarika, Sonamukhi, Malayalam : NilavakaMarathi : Bhuitarvada, Mulkacha, ShonamukhiMyanmar : PuvekainyoeNorwegian : Sennesplante. Oriya : SunamukhiPersian : SanaehindiPunjabi : Sanapati, Sarnapatta, Sannamakhi

95Special Features

Andhra Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh

Bihar

Chhattisgarh

Delhi

Gujarat

Haryana

Himachal Pradesh

Jharkhand

Karnataka

Kerala

113

113

113

114

114

114

114

115

115

115

116

Maharashtra

Meghalaya

Mizoram

Orissa

Punjab

Rajasthan

Tamil Nadu

Uttar Pradesh

Uttarakhand

West Bengal

Madhya Pradesh 116

118

119

119

120

121

121

122

123

124

124

111

Site: Dabur Nepal Nursery, Banepa (Nepal)

125

Andhra Pradesh

Assam

Bihar

Chhattisgarh

Delhi

Gujarat

Haryana

Himachal Pradesh

Jammu & Kashmir

Jharkhand

Karnataka

135

136

136

137

138

150

152

152

153

153

154

Kerala

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

Meghalaya

Orissa

Punjab

Rajasthan

Tamil Nadu

Uttar Pradesh

Uttarakhand

West Bengal

155

156

160

173

173

174

177

179

188

192

195

197

Chapter 7.3

Exporters, Extractors, Manufacturers

Andhra Pradesh

Assam

Bihar

Chhattisgarh

Delhi

Goa

Gujarat

Haryana

Himachal Pradesh

Jharkhand

Karnataka

Kerala

201

205

205

205

205

215

215

222

224

226

226

233

Maharashtra

Manipur

Nagaland

Orissa

Pondicherry

Punjab

Rajasthan

Tamil Nadu

Uttar Pradesh

Uttarakhand

West Bengal

Madhya Pradesh 242

246

266

266

266

266

266

270

273

279

288

290

293

Andhra Pradesh

Assam

Bihar

Chhattisgarh

Delhi

Gujarat

Haryana

Himachal Pradesh

Jammu and Kashmir

Karnataka

Kerala

295

295

295

295

295

296

296

296

297

297

297

Maharashtra

Meghalaya

Mizoram

Orissa

Punjab

Rajasthan

Tamil Nadu

Uttar Pradesh

Uttarakhand

West Bengal

Madhya Pradesh 297

298

299

299

299

299

299

299

300

300

300

302 Crude Medicinal Plants


INDIA AND NEPAL

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English: AvaramIndian: TarwarNepali: ***

Cassia auriculata Linn.

4

English: QuinineIndian: CinkonaNepali: ***

Cinchona officinalis Linn.

5

English: CatechuIndian: KhairNepali: Khayer

Acacia catechu Willd.

2

English: BaelIndian: BaelNepali: Bael

Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.

3

English: CinnamomIndian: DalchiniNepali: Daalchini

Cinnamomum cassia Blume

6

English: Neem Tree

Indian: Neem

Nepali: Neem

1

Azadirachta indica A. Juss.

Neem bark has cool, bitter and astringent properties. It is traditionally used to treat tiredness, worms, fever and loss of appetite. Because of its antiseptic and astringent properties, it is especially helpful in healing wounds. The bark extracts have been used to manufacture different products, ranging from oral care to skin care, from traditional medicines to allopathic drugs.



INDIA AND NEPAL

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English: Milk WeedIndian: AakNepali: Aank

Calotropis procera (Willd.) R. Br.

4

English: SafflowerIndian: KusumNepali: Kusum

Carthamus tinctorius Linn.

5

English: ArnicaIndian: ArnicaNepali: ***

Arnica montana Linn.

2

English: Bastard TeakIndian: TesuNepali: Madaane

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze

3

English: ChamomileIndian: ChamomileNepali: Chamomile

Chamomilla recutita (L.)

6

English: Shoe-flower

Indian: Gudhal

Nepali: Japaa Puspi

1

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.

Gudhal petals have been used in Ayurvedic medicine to stimulate thicker hair growth and to prevent premature graying, hair loss and scalp disorders. The petals act as a natural, emollient hair conditioner. Hibiscus petal powder is used in Ayurvedic hair washes, oil infusion treatments and vinegar rinses for the hair.



INDIA AND NEPAL

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English: Indian LaburnumIndian: AmaltasNepali: Amaltaash

Cassia fistula Linn.

4

English: Emblic MyrobalanIndian: AmlaNepali: Amlaa

Emblica officinalis Gaertn.

5

English: Bael FruitIndian: BaelNepali: Bael

Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.

2

English: Greater CardamomIndian: Badi ElaychiNepali: Alaichi

Amomum subulatum Roxb.

3

English: Bitter GourdIndian: KarelaNepali: Karela

Momordica charantia Linn.

6

English: Chebulic Myrobalan

Indian: Harad

Nepali: Harro

1

Terminalia chebula (Gaertner) Retz.

Harad fruit is used for hyperlipidemia and digestive disorders, including diarrhea, indigestion, constipation and respiratory conditions, including respiratory tract infections, cough, and sore throat. It is also used orally for dysentery. It is useful in asthma, vomiting, eye diseases, heart diseases, hiccup, etc. The Harad fruit is one of the three constituents of the famous Indian preparation Triphala.

Country Profile

Situated in the lap of the Himalayas, Nepal, now officially the

Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in

South Asia and the world's youngest republic. It is bordered to the

north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east,

and west by India. With an area of 147,181 square kilometers

(56,827 sq mi) and a population of approximately 30 million, Nepal

is the world's 93rd largest country by land mass. Kathmandu is the

nation's capital and the country's largest metropolitan city. Nepal

is a country of highly diverse and rich geography, culture, and

religions. The mountainous north contains eight of the world's ten

highest mountains, including the highest, The Mount Everest.

Nepal is linked historically with the birthplace of Gautam Buddha.

Government

In Nov. 1990, King Birendra promulgated a new constitution

and introduced a multiparty parliamentary democracy in Nepal.

Under pressure amid massive pro-democracy protests in April

2006, King Gyanendra gave up direct rule and reinstated

Parliament, which then quickly moved to diminish the King's

power. In Dec. 2007, Parliament voted to abolish the monarchy

and become a federal democratic republic. The transition to a

republic was completed in May 2008, when the Constituent

Assembly voted to dissolve the monarchy.

Nepal is divided into 14 zones under 5 development regions for

maintaining law and order and coordinating the work of field

agencies of the various government ministries. The 5 regions and

14 zones are:

Purwanchal Madhyamanchal

(Eastern Region) (Central Region)

Kosi Bagmati

Mechi Janakpur

Sagarmatha Narayani

Pashchimanchal Madhya Pashchimanchal

(Western Region) (Mid-Western Region)

Dhawalagiri Bheri

Gandaki Karnali

Lumbini Rapti

Sudur Pashchimanchal

(Far-Western Region)

Mahakali

Seti

335Herbal Drugs - The Green Gold of Nepal

Taxus baccata Linn.

Revised Treaty of Trade between The Government of India and The Government of Nepal

The Government of India and the Government of Nepal (hereinafter referred to as the Contracting Parties), Being conscious of the need to fortify the traditional connection between the markets of the two countries, Being animated by the desire to strengthen economic cooperation between them, Impelled by the urge to develop their economies for their several and mutual benefit, and Convinced of the benefits of mutual sharing of scientific and technical knowledge and experience to promote mutual trade, Have resolved to conclude a Treaty of Trade in order to expand trade between their respective territories and encourage collaboration in economic development, and Have for this purpose appointed as their Plenipotentiaries the following persons, namely,

For the Government of India For the Government of Nepal (Anand Sharma) (Rajendra Mahto)Commerce & Industry Minister Minister of Commerce & Supplies

Who, having exchanged their full powers and found them good and in due form, have agreed as follows:

Article I

The Contracting Parties shall explore and undertake all

measures, including technical cooperation, to promote, facilitate,

expand and diversify trade between their two countries.

Article II

The Contracting Parties shall endeavour to grant maximum

facilities and to undertake all necessary measures for the free and

unhampered flow of goods, needed by one country from the

other, to and from their respective territories.

Article III

Both the Contracting Parties shall accord unconditionally to

each other treatment no less favourable than that accorded to any

third country with respect to (a) customs duties and charges of any

kind imposed on or in connection with importation & exportation,

(b) import regulations including quantitative restrictions.

Article IV

The Contracting Parties agree, on a reciprocal basis, to exempt

from basic customs duty as well as from quantitative restrictions

the import of such primary products as may be mutually agreed

upon, from each other.

339Indo-Nepal Treaty of Trade - 2009

347Commercially Important Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Nepal

1. Most Tradable Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Nepal

Botanical Name English Name Indian Name Nepali Name

Abrus precatorius Linn. Jequirity Ratti Laal Gedi

Acacia catechu Willd. Catechu Khair Khayer

Acacia concinna DC. Soap Pod Shikakai Sikakai

Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Delile Gum Arabic Babul Babool

Achyranthes aspera Linn. Prickly Chaff Flower Latjira Ultekurro

Aconitum ferox Wall. Aconite Atis Bikhmaa

Aconitum heterophyllum Wall ex Royle Indian Aconite Atis Kadvi Atees

Aconitum spicatum (Bruhl.) Stapf. Nepali Aconite Nepali Atis Bikjara

Acorus calamus Linn. Sweet Flag Bach Bojho

Adhatoda vasica Nees Vasaka Adusa Asuro

Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn. Maiden Hair Fern Hansraj Unyu

Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr. Bael Fruit Bael Bael

Aesculus hippocastanum Linn. Horse Chestnut Pangar Paangro

Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth. Lebeck Tree Siris kaalo Sirees

Aloe barbadensis Mill. Aloe Gawar Patha Ghiu Kumari

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. Dita-bark Tree Saptaparna Chal Chhatiwan

Amomum subulatum Roxb. Greater Cardamom Badi Elaychi Alaichi

Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. Pyrethrum Akarkara Akarkala

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Nees Andrographis Kalmegh Titkaa

Areca catechu Linn. Betel Nut Supari Supaari

Argemone mexicana Linn. Prickly Poppy Satyanasi Beej Thaakalcontd... on page 348

353Medherb Information on Nepal

Information 1 III. Banned for felling, transportation and export

1. Acacia catechu Khayar2. Bombax ceiba Simal3. Dalbergia latifolia Satisaal4. Juglans regia Okhar5. Michelia champaca Chaamp6. Pterocarpus marsupium Bijayasaal7. Shorea robusta Saal

Nepal’s Flora under CITES Appendices (Appendix)

1. Ceropegia pubescens Mirke Lahara II2. Cyathea spinulosa (Tree fern) Rukh Unyu II3. Cycas pectinata (Cycas) Jokar, Jaggar, Kalbal II4. Dioscorea deltoidea Bhyaakur II5. Gnetum montanum Bhote Lahara III6. Meconopsis regia Kyashar III7. Orchidaceae (Orchids) Sunaakhari II8. Podocarpus neriifolius Gunsi III9. Podophyllum hexandrum Laghupatra II10. Rauvolfia serpentine Sarpagandhaa II11. Talauma hodgsonii Bhalu Kaath III12. Taxus baccata Lauth sallaa II13. Tetracentron sinense Jharikote III

S.N. Scientific Name Nepali NameRegulatory (Export Negative List and CITES)

Protected Plants of Nepal

I. Banned for collection, transportation and trade1. Dactylorhiza hatagirea Paanchaunle2. Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia Kutki*3. Root bark of Juglans regia Okhar Ko Bokraa

II. Banned for export outside the country without processing(Not applicable for cultivated products)1. Abies spectabilis Taalispatra2. Cinnamomum glaucescens Sugandhakokila3. Lichens Jhyaau4. Nardostachys grandiflora Jataamansi5. Rauvolfia serpentina Sarpgandhha6. Taxus baccata Lauth salla7. Valeriana jatamansii Sugandhawaal

* Recently the ban has been lifted for products legally harvested from sustainably managed forests.

S.N. Scientific Name Nepali Name

Vernacular Names

Bengali : Boro alach, Buro elachi, Morung elachi

Chinese : Xiang dou kou

Danish : Sort kardemomme

Dutch : Zwarte kardemom

English : Black cardamom, Greater cardamon, Nepal cardamon, Indian cardamom

Finnish : Mustakardemumma

French : Cardamome noir, Cardamome du Népal

German : Nepal-Cardamom, Schwarzer Cardamom

Hindi : Bari elaichi

Italian : Cardamomo nero

Nepali : Alaichi (A-lai-chee)

Sanskrit : Harenuka, Upakunchika

Spanish : Cardamomo negro

Plant

This is a clustering ginger with stems growing up to 5ft tall.

Leaves are found on the upper portion of the stem. This is an

evergreen plant with the old stems dying down after a few years.

The rhizomes are a dull red in color. Flower buds appear in spring

from the base of the rhizome. The peduncle is short and the buds

encased in tight red bracts. Flowers appear from spring through

mid summer. Individual flowers stay open for three days and more

and new ones open successively. An inflorescence stays in flower

for over a month.

Habitat

This species is native to the Eastern Himalayas and inhabits

cool forest areas near mountain streams and damp forest floors. It

grows fast and vigorously during the summer monsoon months.

Distribution

The largest producer of the black cardamom is Nepal followed

by India and Bhutan.

Main constituents

The seeds contain 3% of an essential oil, which is dominated by

1- 8-cineol (more that 70%). Smaller and variable amounts of

limonene, terpinene, terpineol, terpinyl acetate and sabinene

have also been reported.

363Alaichi - An important cash crop

Vernacular Name

Bhutanese Name : Bub

Chinese Name : Dong Chon Xia Cao

Indian name : Keera jhar, Keeda ghas

Japanese Name : Tochukaso

Korean Name : Tong ch'ug ha ch'o

Tibetan Name : Yarsha Gomba, Yarsagumba,

Yarchagumba

Yarshagumba is a rare and unique herb that grows in meadows in China, in the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayan regions of Nepal and India at an altitude between 3000m and 5000m. Yarsagumba literally means summer plant and winter insect in Tibetan.

It is an exceptional combination of a yellow caterpillar and a mushroom (fungus). Just earlier to the rainy season, spores of Cordyceps fungus infect these Himalayan caterpillars that live on moist grass and hollow soil. After the fungus buries itself in the caterpillar's body, it works its way out through the insect's head. As temperature increases and the snow melts -yarsa gumba emerges and is collected at this time. During monsoon, the yarsa gumba is swept away.

Thitarodes caterpillar larva feeds underground on the roots of trees and shrubs, mainly Rhododendron, Anemone sp, Anaphalis sp, Carese sp, etc. Before the rainy season begins, spores of the Cordyceps mushroom settle on the heads of caterpillars' that lives underground. The immature larva, which forms the host upon which the Cordyceps grows, usually lives about 6 inches below ground. Within days, a finger-like mushroom grows out from the larva above the ground during the spring and summer. The fungus gets so much into the body of the caterpillars' that it grows out through its head and drains all the energy from the insect and ultimately it dies. Normally, it is found as 2500 plants per hectare within the balanced pH soil level of 7-7.5. Moreover, on average it is found in 0.3 to 0.5gm per plant. The caterpillars die near the tops of their burrows. The dark brown to black fruiting body (or mushroom) emerges from the ground in spring or early summer, always growing out of the forehead of the caterpillar. The long, usually columnar fruiting body reaches 5–15 cm above the surface and releases spores.

Caterpillar Fungus's Introduction to the WorldThe first mention of Cordyceps sinensis in traditional Chinese

Medicine was in Wang Ang's 1694. Outside of the East the fungus

369Yarsagumba - A wonder drug from Himalayas

Medherb Green Pages 2010 - India and Nepal

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