Med Term - Chapter 4

7/27/2019 Med Term - Chapter 4

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Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Chapter 4: Cells,Tissues, and Organs

Dr. Rahul Bhowmick, Pharm.D




Learning Objectives

List the simplest to the most complex levels of a living organism.

Describe and locate the main parts of a cell.

Name and give the functions of the four basic types of tissues in thebody.

Define basic terms pertaining to the structure and function of bodytissues.

Recognize and use roots and suffixes pertaining to cells, tissues, andorgans.




Roots for Cells and Tissues

Root Meaning Example Definition of Example

morph/o form polymorphous having many forms

cyt/o, -cyte cell cytologist one who studies cells

nucle/o nucleus nuclear pertaining to a nucleus

kary/o nucleus karyotype picture of a cell's chromosomes

organized according to size

hist/o,

histi/o

tissue histocompatibility tissue similarity that permits

transplantation

fibr/o fiber fibrosis abnormal formation of fibrous tissue

reticul/o network reticulum a network




Roots for Cells and Tissues (cont’d)

Root Meaning Example Definition of Example

aden/o gland adenoma tumor (-oma) of a gland

papill/o nipple papilla projection that resembles a nipple

myx/o mucus myxadenitis inflammation (-itis) of a mucus-

secreting gland

muc/o mucus,

mucous

membrane

mucorrhea increased flow (-rhea) of mucus

somat/o,

-some

body, small

body

chromosome small body that takes up color (dye)

(chrom/o)





Cell

• Basic unit of living organisms

• Carries out metabolism

• Energy generated bychemical ATP(adenosine triphosphate)





Cell

• Nucleolus – found insidethe nucleus and containsgenetic info. (RNA, DNA,

protein) and createsribosomes

• Nucleus – control center of the cell for all activity andcontains genetic info.

(DNA/Chromosomes)

• Nuclear Membrane – membrane of the nucleus


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Cell• Endoplasmic Reticulum – network of

membranes within the cytoplasm

• Rough ER – contains ribosomes, sortsproteins and forms complex compounds

• Smooth ER – involved with lipidsynthesis and doesn’t containribosomes

• Mitochondria – converts nutrients intoenergy for cell function (ATP)

• Ribosomes – manufactures proteinsfor the cell




Cell• Golgi Apparatus – membrane that

contains protein and prepares them fortransport throughout the cell

• Lysosomes – sacs containing digestive

enzymes

• Peroxisomes –sacs containingenzymes that breakdown harmfulsubstances

• Vesicles – small membrane boundsacs in the cell that store and move

materials

• Centrioles – rod shaped bodies whichhelp separate chromosomes during celldivision




Cell

• Surface Projections – move the cell or thecytoplasm around the cell

• Cilia – short, hair likeprojections which movesfluids around the cell

• Flagellum – long, whip like

extensions which move thecell




Cell



Nucleus

• Chromosomes

– Carry genetic information

– 46 chromosomes in every cell (except sex cells)

• Genes

– Separate units of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

– Control formation of enzymes (needed for metabolicreactions)



Organic Compounds

• Proteins

– Enzymes

– Hormones

– Structural materials

• Carbohydrates

– Sugars (main energy source: sugar glucose)

– Starches

• Lipids

– Fats



Tissues

• Four basic types

– Epithelial

• Covers and protects body structures, lines organs,vessels, and cavities

• Simple: Single layer, absorbs substances from onesystem to another

• Stratified: multiple layers, protects deeper tissue

– Connective

• Supports and binds body structures



Tissues (cont’d)

– Muscle (root: my/o)

• Contracts to produce movement

• Three types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth/visceral

– Nervous (root: neur/o)

• Makes up brain, spinal cord, and nerves

• Coordinates body responses by transmission of electrical impulses



Epithelial Tissue



Connective Tissue




Muscle Tissue




Nervous Tissue




Membranes

• Simplest tissue

• Mucous membranes: secrete mucus

• Serous membranes: secrete watery fluid, line bodycavities, and cover organs

• Fibrous membranes: cover and support organs




Organs and Organ Systems

• Organs

– Comprised of tissues

– Grouped into systems

• Systems

– Have specific function

– Work together, not independently

• Goal of systems: homeostasis




Roots for Cell ActivityRoot Meaning Example Definition of Example

blast/o,

-blast

immature cell,

productive cell,

embryonic cell

histioblast a tissue-forming cell

gen origin, formation karyogenesis formation of a nucleus

phag/o eat, ingest autophagy self-destruction of a cell's

organelles

phil attract, absorb basophilic attracting basic stain

plas formation, molding,development

hyperplasia overdevelopment of an organ or tissue

trop act on, affect chronotropic affecting rate or timing (chron/o)

troph/o feeding, growth,

nourishment

atrophy tissue wasting




Suffixes and Roots for Body Chemistry

Word Part Meaning Example Definition Of Example

Suffixes

-ase enzyme lipase enzyme that digests fat (lipid)

-ose sugar lactose milk sugar

Roots

hydr/o water, fluid hydration addition of water; relative

amount of water present

gluc/o glucose glucogenesis production of glucose

glyc/o sugar, glucose normoglycemia normal blood sugar level




Suffixes and Roots for Body Chemistry(cont’d)

Word Part Meaning Example Definition Of Example

Roots

sacchar/o sugar polysaccharide compound containing manysimple sugars

amyl/o starch amyloid resembling starch

lip/o lipid, fat lipophilic attracting or absorbing lipid

adip/o fat adiposuria presence of fat in the urine

(ur/o)

steat/o fatty steatorrhea discharge (-rhea) of fatty

stools

prote/o protein protease enzyme that digests protein




Key Terms

Term Meaning

ATP The energy compound of the cell; stores energy needed for cell activities.

ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate (a-DEN-ō-sēn trī -FOS-fāt ).

carbohydrate The category of organic compounds that includes sugars and starches

cell The basic structural and functional unit of the living organism; a

microscopic unit that combines with other cells to form tissues (root cyt/o)

chromosome A threadlike body in a cell's nucleus that contains genetic information

cytology Study of cells

cytoplasm The fluid that fills a cell and holds the organelles

DNA The genetic compound of the cell; makes up the genes. DNA stands for

deoxyribonucleic (dē-ok-sē-rī -bō-nū-KLĒ -ik ) acid.




Key Terms (cont’d)

Term Meaning

enzyme An organic substance that speeds the rate of metabolic reactions

gene A hereditary unit composed of DNA and combined with other genes toform the chromosomes

glucose A simple sugar that circulates in the blood; the main energy source for

metabolism (roots: gluc/o, glyc/o)

histology Study of tissues

homeostasis A steady state; a condition of internal stability and constancylipid A category of organic compounds that includes fats (root lip/o)

metabolism The sum of all the physical and chemical reactions that occur within an

organism




Key Terms (cont’d) Term Meaning

mitosis Cell division

mucus A thick fluid secreted by cells in membranes and glands that lubricates and

protects tissues (roots: muc/o, myx/o); the adjective is mucous.nucleus The cell's control center; directs all cell activities based on the information

contained in its chromosomes (roots nucle/o, kary/o)

organ A part of the body with a specific function. A component of a body system

organelle A specialized structure in the cytoplasm of a cell

protein A category of organic compounds that includes structural materials, enzymes,and some hormones

RNA An organic compound involved in the manufacture of proteins within cells. RNA

stands for ribonucleic (rĪ -bō-nū-KLĒ -ik ) acid

tissue A group of cells that acts together for a specific purpose (root: hist/o, histi/o)




Supplementary Terms

Term Meaning

amino acids The nitrogen-containing compounds that make up proteins

anabolism The type of metabolism in which body substances are made; the buildingphase of metabolism

catabolism The type of metabolism in which substances are broken down for energy

and simple compounds

collagen A fibrous protein found in connective tissue

cortex

The outer region of an organglycogen A complex sugar compound stored in liver and muscles; broken down into

glucose when needed for energy

interstitial Between parts, such as the spaces between cells in a tissue



Supplementary Terms (cont’d)

Term Meaning

medulla The inner region of an organ; marrow (root: medull/o)

parenchyma The functional tissue of an organ

parietal Pertaining to a wall; describes a membrane that lines a body cavity

soma The body

stem cell An immature cell that has the capacity to develop into any of a variety of

different cell types. A precursor cellvisceral Pertaining to the internal organs; describes a membrane on the surface

of an organ

Med Term - Chapter 4

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