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Mnfdkoctrkosluftico is fnaauakr sigoka trkosluftico io rnspcosntc mnfdkoifka stimuai. Mnfdkoifka strnssns rnguaktn k livnrsn kr-rky ce pdysicacgifka euofticos, rkogiog ercm digday spnfikaiznlscuol snosktico jy tdn fnaas ce tdn ioonr nkr, tc tdn lntnftico ceeauil sdnkr strnss impkrtnl jy jaccl eacw kfrcss tdn nolctdnai-um. Mnfdkoifka funs mcluaktn kamcst kaa kspnfts ce fnaa euof-tico, iofauliog grcwtd, lieenrnotiktico, migrktico, gnon nxprns-sico, prctnio syotdnsis, kol kpcptcsis. Mnfdkoifka ecrfns kasclirnftay keenft tdn ecrm kol euoftico ce tissuns8 tdn neenfts cefcmprnssico co jcon kol fkrtiakgn kol ce tnosico co musfankol shio krn twc ekmiaikr nxkmpans. \dus, uofcvnriog tdn mnfd-koisms jy wdifd aiviog fnaas snosn mnfdkoifka strnss ains kt tdn

fcrn ce uolnrstkoliog dcw tdny rnspcol kol klkpt tc tdnir pdys-ifka novircomnots.\rkliticokaay, iovnstigktcrs listioguisdnl mnfdkoctrkosluf-

tico ercm ctdnr typns ce sigoka trkosluftico jnfkusn tdny ks-sumnl tdkt it cffurs iolnpnolnotay ce aigkol-mnliktnl kftivk-tico ce fnaa surekfn rnfnptcrs, kol iostnkl rnains co fcovnrtiogmnfdkoifka stimuai tc fdnmifka snqunakn tdrcugd gnonrkaiznlmnmjrkon listcrtico. \dis kssumptico anl tc k snkrfd ecr mnm-

jrkon mnfdkoctrkoslufnrs, fcmpconots ce tdn fnaa surekfn tdktfcual mnliktn tdis typn ce mnfdkocfdnmifka fcovnrsico. Io-lnnl, mnfdkocfdnmifka trkoslufiog mcanfuans dkvn jnno ilno-tieinl, sufd ks tdn ujiquitcus strnss-snositivn ico fdkoonas tdktkrn ecuol io fnaa surekfn mnmjrkons. \dnsn fdkoonas nitdnr io-frnksn cr lnfrnksn ico eaux wdno tdn mnmjrkon is mnfdkoifkaaystrnssnl. Dcwnvnr, tdnsn trkoslufnrs ocrmkaay lc oct kft kacon.

Ecr nxkmpan, katdcugd mnmjnrs ce tdn Msf ekmiay ce jkftnrikastrntfd-snositivn fdkoonas fko jn kftivktnl jy mnfdkoifka lis-tcrtico wdno iscaktnl io purn aipcscmns, tdny akfh tdn rnguak-tico tdny ocrmkaay nxdijit io tdn jkftnrika mnmjrkon (;). Io

Tnocpus nggs, strnss-snositivn ico fdkoonas krn digday rnguaktnlio iotkft fnaas, jut jnfcmn dypnrrnkftivn wdno tdn surekfn ji-akynr is pdysifkaay tcro kwky ercm tdn uolnrayiog fcrtifka fy-tcshnantco (:). Io ekft, kmcog tdn mnfdkocsnositivn sigokaiog

pktdwkys ce mcst fnaas, iofauliog spnfikaiznl snoscry fnaas, kfcmmco tdnmn nmnrgns2 tdn euoftico ce tdnir mnfdkoctrkos-lufnr mcanfuans lnpnols co aiohkgn tc tdn fytcshnantco.

\dkt tdn fytcshnantco, tdn ackl-jnkriog krfditnfturn ce tdnfnaa, pakys k rcan io mnfdkoctrkosluftico is oct surprisiog. Ioaiviog tissuns, mnfdkoifka strnssns krn ocrmkaay listrijutnl tc

fnaas tdrcugd tdn nxtrkfnaauakr mktrix (NFM) sfkeecals tdkt dcaltdn fnaas tcgntdnr kol prcviln mnfdkoifka suppcrt tc tdn tissun.Mnfdkoifka sigokas tdkt prcpkgktn ercm tdn NFM fcovnrgn cofnaa surekfn kldnsico rnfnptcrs hocwo ks iotngrios. \dnsn trkos-

mnmjrkon rnfnptcrs aioh iotrkfnaauakray tc tdn kftio fytcshnan-tco witdio spnfikaiznl ecfka kldnsico strufturns tdkt krn nssno-tikaay lyokmif spct-wnals jntwnno tdn fnaa kol tdn NFM (6).\dus, tdn rcan ce tdnsn strufturka fcoonfticos io mnfdkoctrkos-luftico dks jnfcmn k ecfus ce iovnstigktico, kol it dks yinalnleruiteua rnsuats.

Mufd ce tdn rnsnkrfd co mnfdkoctrkosluftico io nuhkryctnsdks jnno fcoluftnl co spnfikaiznl fnaas wdcsn mkio euoftico istc snosn kol rnspcol tc mnfdkoifka strnssns. \dnsn spnfikaiznlfnaas iofauln dkir fnaas ce tdn ioonr nkr kol futkoncus tcufd-snositivn onurcos. \dn ilnotity ce tdn mcanfuans tdkt mnliktnmnfdkoctrkosluftico io tdnsn fnaas rnmkios nausivn. Jksnl co

tdn spnnl ce tdnsn fnaas lnpcakrizkticos, dcwnvnr, it is kamcstfnrtkio tdkt tdny pcssnss fktico fdkoonas tdkt krn mnfdkoifkaaygktnl iolnpnolnotay ce snfcol mnssnognrs (). JOF-;sstrufturn kol euoftico fcrrnaktn wnaa witd hocwo Fknocrdkjli-tis nangkos tcufd-snositivn fdkoonas fcmpcsnl ce lngnonrios,

jnfkusn tdny kaa jnacog tc tdn skmn supnrekmiay ce fdkoonas,hocwo ks tdn lngnonrios/npitdnaika sclium fdkoonas(LNG/NOkFs). Lngnonrios wnrn crigiokaay ilnotieinl io ksimpan gnontif sfrnno ecr tcufd-iosnositivn wcrms, hocwo ksmnf mutkots, kol impcrtkotay, lngnonrios rnquirn fcoonfticostc fytcshnantco kol NFM prctnios tc jn tcufd snositivn2 MNF-7

kol MNF-;: krn tujuaios8 MNF-: is dcmcacgcus tc stcmktio, kmnmjrkon prctnio tdkt ksscfiktns witd fytcshnantco8 kol MNF-9 is snfrntnl jy tdn snoscry onurco kol ksscfiktns witd nxtrk-fnaauakr MNF->, wdifd rnsnmjans fcaakgno (5).

Io dkir fnaas, katdcugd oc spnfieif mnfdkocsnositivn fdkoonadks jnno ilnotie inl, mufd is hocwo kjcut tdn fdkoonas acfkticokol tdn fytcshnantka prctnios iovcavnl io its gktiog kol klkptk-tico (, VK.

*Fcrrnspcoliog kutdcr. \nanpdcon, 5;7-6>>-406;8 ekx, 5;7-:6:-79;

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mnfdkocsnoscry fnaas, it is oct surprisiog tdkt tdn euoftico kollnvnacpmnot ce tdnsn spnfikaiznl fnaas rnains co tdn prnsnofn cespnfieif fytcshnantka prclufts. Lnkeonss fko jn fkusnl jy mutk-ticos io mLik;(7), k prctnio tdkt jiols tc tdn smkaa gukocsiontripdcspdktksn (G\Pksn) Zdc, ko nstkjaisdnl rnguaktcr ce fy-tcshnantka lyokmifs kol prnstrnss (6), cr jy mutkticos io nspios,kftio-jioliog kol frcss-aiohiog prctnios ce tdn stnrncfiaik (4).Mkturktico ce stnrncfiaik, kacog witd dkir fnaa lieenrnotiktico, is

diolnrnl jy mutkticos io vkricus spnfikaiznl NFM prctnios koljy tdn kjsnofn ce iotngrio 4;, wdifd io dkir fnaas is ecuolspnfieifkaay io stnrncfiaik (9).

Katdcugd aiohkgn tc tdn fytcshnantco prnlcmioktns ks ktdnmn io mnfdkoisms ce spnfikaiznl mnfdkocsnoscry fnaas, rn-spcosns tc mnfdkoifka stimuai krn kasc wnaa lcfumnotnl kmcogmkoy lieenrnot fnaa typns kol kfrcss mkoy lieenrnot crgko sys-tnms. Mnfdkocsnositivn cstncfytns, cstncjaksts, kol cstncfakstssupnrvisn jcon rnmclnaiog io rnspcosn tc katnrnl fcmprnssivnackls. Vmcctd musfan katnrs its tcon io rnspcosn tc iofrnksnl

prnssurn io jaccl vnssnas, iotnstions, kol kirwkys. Vtrnss stimu-aktns eijrcjaksts tc lnpcsit NFM prctnios. Nolctdnaika fnaas nx-

prnss ktdnrcprctnftivn gnon prclufts io rnspcosn tc akmiokrjaccl eacw. \dnsn krn kaa fnaa typns wdcsn primkry euoftico is

oct con ce mnfdkocsnosktico, ynt tdny krn mnfdkocrnspcosivnocontdnanss. Mcrncvnr, tdnsn mnfdkoifkaay triggnrnl rnspcosnsiovcavn rkpil kftivktico ce strntfd-snositivn ico fdkoonas, ks wnaaks mcrn fcmpanx kol sacwnr iotrkfnaauakr sigokaiog fksfklns tdktrnsuat io trkosfripticoka fdkogns. It is tdnrnecrn rnkscokjan tc nx-

pnft tdkt tdnir mcln ce snosiog mnfdkoifka stimuai mky jn anssspnfikaiznl tdko tdkt ce dkir fnaas, ynt is stiaa fcupanl tc tdn fy-tcshnantco. Dcwnvnr, tdn rcan ce fytcshnantco io gnonrifmnfdkoctrkosluftico jy ocospnfikaiznl pkrnofdymka fnaas dks

jnno k mkttnr ce fcotnotico. Vcmn iovnstigktcrs pcsit tdkt fcrti-fka mnmjrkon lnecrmktico is tdn mkio mnliktcr ce fnaauakrmnfdkoctrkosluftico (;0), wdnrnks ctdnrs dcal tdkt tdn fnaa fko

jn trnktnl ks k mnfdkoifka fcotiouum, aihn k mnmjrkon eiaanlwitd k visfcus eauil fytcsca (;;), io wdifd fksn fytcshnantkafcmpconots sdcual jnkr oc mcrn ackl tdko koy scaujan prctnio.

Cur grcup rnfnotay lnmcostrktnl tdkt tdn mnfdkoifka jndkv-icr ce fnaas is oct con ce k mnfdkoifka fcotiouum cr ce k tnosnlfcrtifka mnmjrkon, jut rktdnr, con io wdifd lisfrntn nanmnotsce tdn fytcshnantco jnkr fcmprnssico io fccpnrktico witd tdnNFM io crlnr tc prnstrnss kol tdnrnjy stkjiaizn k ontwcrh cetnosico nanmnots (;:). \dn iotrkfnaauakr fcmprnssico nanmnotskrn primkriay mifrctujuans, wdnrnks tdn tnosico nanmnots krn

primkriay kftio mifrceiakmnots kol iotnrmnliktn eiakmnots. Iornspcosn tc k mnfdkoifka ackl, nitdnr ecfusnl kt k pciot cr cvnrtdn wdcan fnaa, sujfnaauakr lispakfnmnots wnrn cjsnrvnl prnenr-notikaay io fytcshnantka nanmnots kol pdysifkaay ksscfiktnlstrufturns (ecr nxkmpan, crgkonaans), kol tdn pkttnro ce lnecrmk-tico wks fcosistnot witd mktdnmktifka prnlifticos jksnl co tdntnosngrity mclna ce fnaa krfditnfturn io wdifd tnosian prnstrnss

pakys k euolkmnotka stkjiaiziog rcan (;6). \dnsn eioliogs nstkj-aisd tdkt ackls kppainl tc tdn fnaa surekfn krn prnenrnotikaayjcron jy tdn fytcshnantco, kol mcst impcrtkotay, tdkt tdn trkos-missico ce tdn ackl lnpnols co iotngrio-mnliktnl fcoonftivity

jntwnno tdn NFM, tdn fnaa surekfn, kol tdn fytcshnantka akttifn.Kaa kldnrnot fnaas dkvn iotngrios tdkt aioh tdn iotnroka kftio

fytcshnantco tc tdn NFM tdrcugd k grcup ce kftio-ksscfiktnlprctnios (ecr nxkmpan, tkaio, viofuaio, pkxiaaio, kol -kftioio)witdio tdn ecfka kldnsico. Ecfka kldnsicos kasc dkrjcr mkoy

prctnios iovcavnl io vkricus jicfdnmifka sigokaiog fksfklns Xecr

nxkmpan, tyrcsion hioksns, iocsitca aipil hioksns, ico fdkoonas,dntnrctrimnrif gukoion oufanctiln-jioliog prctnios (G prc-tnios), grcwtd ekftcr rnfnptcrs] (;). \dus, it ecaacws tdktmnfdkoifka ecrfns, nitdnr kppainl kt tdn iotngrio cr trkosmittnlcutwkrl ercm tdn fytcshnantco, fcovnrgn witd jicfdnmifka sig-okas kt tdn ecfka kldnsico. Ecr tdis rnksco, rnsnkrfdnrs dkvn ec-fusnl co iotngrios ks fkolilktns ecr trkoslufiog mnfdkoifkastimuai iotc jicfdnmifka rnspcosns iosiln tdn fnaa (;5, ;7). Io

ekft, mkoy stulins fankray lnmcostrktn k fnotrka rcan ecr fnaasurekfn iotngrios io fnaauakr mnfdkoctrkosluftico. Ecr nxkmpan,tdn klnocsion 6,>-mcocpdcspdktn (fKMP) sigokaiog pktdwkyfko jn uprnguaktnl jy kppayiog mnfdkoifka strnss tc iotngriosusiog k mkgontif twistiog fytcmntnr (;4). Io tdis mntdcl, mi-frcmntnr-siznl enrrcmkgontif jnkls fcktnl witd aigkols cr koti-

jclins ecr spnfieif fnaa surekfn rnfnptcrs krn kaacwnl tc jiol tcfnaas kol krn tdno twistnl jy k mkgontif einal tc prclufn k acfkasdnkr strnss kt tdn iotnrekfn jntwnno tdn jnkl kol tdn fnaa, jutcoay tdrcugd tdn aigktnl rnfnptcrs. Io tdis mkoonr, lieenrnot fnaasurekfn prctnios fko jn tkrgntnl kol kssnssnl ecr tdnir kjiaity tctrkoslufn mnfdkoifka sigokas. Impcrtkotay, fKMP sigokaiog wksup-rnguaktnl wdno mnfdkoifka strnss wks kppainl tc ; iotn-grios, wdnrnks tdis rnspcosn lil oct cffur wdno tdn skmn strnss

wks kppainl tc trkosmnmjrkon mntkjcaif rnfnptcrs tdkt lc octpdys ifk aay iotnrfcoonf t witd tdn iotnroka (ocofcrt ifka) fy-tcshnantco. Katdcugd tdis sigoka trkosluftico mnfdkoism rn-quirnl tdn kftico ce G prctnios, trkosluftico lil oct cffur iemnfdkoifka strnss wks simiakray kppainl tc trkliticoka G prctnio-fcupanl rnfnptcrs. \dn iotngrios kasc dkl tc jn io ko kftivktnlecrm witd tdnir jioliog sitns ecr ZGL (tdn krgioion-gayfion-kspkrtif kfil mctie ecuol io mkoy NFM prctnios) cffupinl iocrlnr tc trkoslufn tdn mnfdkoifka sigoka iotc k fdnmifka rn-spcosn. \dis eioliog is fcosistnot witd nkrainr stulins lnmco-strktiog tdkt wdno aigkol-kftivktnl, iotngrios iofrnksn rnfruit-mnot ce mkoy mcrn sigokaiog mcanfuans tc tdnir ecfka kldnsicositns (;

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nl co tdn typn ce NFM aigkol2 sdnkrnl fnaas paktnl co ei-jrconftio kffumuaktnl v6-Vdf fcmpanxns, wdnrnks simiakraytrnktnl fnaas co vitrconftio kffumuaktnl 5;-Vdf fcmpanxns(::). \dn kffumuaktico ce tdnsn putktivn sigokaiog fcmpanxnsuolnr sdnkr eacw rnquirnl lyokmif iotnrkfticos jntwnno iotn-grios kol tdn kftivktiog aigkols8 jacfhiog onw jioliog ce klli-ticoka iotngrios witd kotijclins prnvnotnl tdn iotngrio-Vdf kssc-fiktico. Eiokaay, ctdnr iovnstigktcrs dkvn lnmcostrktnl tdkt kpi-

fkaay kppainl ecrfns rnquirn mLik;-Zdc-mnliktnl trkosmissicotdrcugd tdn fytcshnantco tc stimuaktn jkska ecfka kldnsicogrcwtd kol kftivity (:6). Kaa ce tdnsn eioliogs rkisn tdn pcssijia-ity tdkt tdn mnfdkoifka ackl io eauil sdnkr eacw is trkosmittnlercm tdn aumioka surekfn ce tdn fnaa, tdrcugd tdn fytcshnantco,tc tdn jkska ecfka kldnsicos, kol tdkt tdis is wdnrn mufd ce tdnmnfdkocfdnmifka fcovnrsico cffurs, rktdnr tdko co tdn kpifkafnaa surekfn.

Lnspitn tdn strcog nvilnofn ecr tdnrcan ce iotngrios kol tdn fytcshnantco iomnfdkoctrkosluftico, scmn rnsnkrfdnrskrgun tdkt fnrtkio mnfdkocsnositivnnvnots mky cffur iolnpnolnotay ce ecfkakldnsico-lnpnolnot aiohkgns tc tdn fy-

tcshnantco. Ecr nxkmpan, eauil sdnkr eacwkftivktns G prctnios tdkt dkvn jnno rnfco-stitutnl io aipcscmns, suggnstiog tdkt aipil

jiakynr listcrtico, cr mnmjrkon eauility, iskacon sueeifinot ecr kftivktico io tdn fnaa(;0), kol tdkt sufd k mnfdkoism fcualkffcuot ecr trkosinot sdnkr-iolufnl NZHkftivktico (:). K snpkrktn stuly jacfhnl tdn eauilsdnkr eacw-kftivktnl NZH pktdwky jy io-trclufiog koti-fkvncaio-; kotijcly iotctdn fytcpaksm (:5). Givno tdn rcan cefkvncakn io tdn fcmpkrtmnotkaizktico kolfcofnotrktico ce fnaa-surekfn Gq, rn-snkrfdnrs dkvn kasc prcpcsnl tdkt tdnGq-fkvncaio fcmpanx euofticos ks kmnfdkoctrkoslufnr (:7).

Jut aiohs krn nvno nmnrgiog jn-twnno iotngrios kol tdnsn putktivnmnmjrkon mnfdkoctrkoslufnrs. Ecr io-stkofn, fkvncaio-; ksscfiktico witd io-

tngrio sujuoits is rnquirnl ecr Vdf rn-fruitmnot tc iotngrios, sujsnqunot NZHpktdwky kftivktico, kol kldnsico-ln-pnolnot fnaa prcaienrktico (:4). \dnsneioliogs kgrnn wnaa witd tdn kecrnmno-ticonl iolnpnolnot eioliogs tdkt eauilsdnkr eacw iolufns NZH kftivktico jctdtdrcugd fkvncaio-; kol tdrcugd kftivkt-nl iotngrios. Ks ecr jicacgifka rnspcos-ns tc sdnkr eacw mnliktnl jy G prc-

tnios, iofrnksiog nvilnofn suggnsts tdnir fcoonftico tc iotngriostdrcugd ko iotnrmnliktn aiohnr. Jnfkusn fkvncaio-; ksscfiktnswitd jctd G prctnios kol iotngrios, it is k gccl fkolilktn. Ctdnrstulins, dcwnvnr, dkvn uofcvnrnl k suprkmcanfuakr fcmpanxfcotkioiog G prctnio sujuoits, ko iotngrio-ksscfiktnl prctnio(FL

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www.sthn.crg/fgi/fcotnot/euaa/CFSsigtrkos8:00:/;;9/pn5 Pkgn 9, 566-5>7 (;997).:. Y. Rdkog, C. P. Dkmiaa, Co tdn lisfrnpkofy jntwnno wdcan-fnaa kol mnm-

jrkon pktfd mnfdkocsnositivity io Tnocpusccfytns.B. Pdysica. >:6, ;0;-;;> (:000).

6. H. Jurrilgn, M.Fdrzkocwshk-Wcloifhk, Ecfka kldnsicos, fcotrkftiaity, kolsigokaiog. Koou. Znv. Fnaa Lnv. Jica. ;:, ;9 (;995).

57->9< (;997).

>. M. P. Prifn, G. Z. Anwio, V. A. MfIawrktd, F. Fdnog, B. Tin, P. K. Dnppno-stkaa, F. A. Vtufhy, K. G. Mkoosenalt, \. B. Jrnooko, D. K. Lrummcol, B.[ikc, F. B. Jnosco, L. N. \krr, Z. E. Drsthk, J.Ykog, Z. K. Wiaaikmsco, M. B.Wnasd, \dn mkmmkaiko sclium fdkoona JOF; is rnquirnl ecr ocrmka tcufdsnosktico. Okturn5, ;>;-;50(;949).

;:. O. Wkog, H. Okrusn, L. Vtkmnocvif, B. B. Ernljnrg, V. M. Mibkiacvifd, I. M.\caif-Ocrrnayhhn, \. Pcatn, Z. Mkooix, L. N. Iogjnr, Mnfdkoifka jndkvicr ioaiviog fnaas fcosistnot witd tdn tnosngrity mclna. Prcf. Okta. Kfkl. Vfi.^.V.K. 94, 775>-7770 (:00;).

;6. L. Vtnmnocvif, M. E. Fcugdaio, \dn rcan ce prnstrnss kol krfditnfturn ce tdnfytcshnantco kol lnecrmkjiaity ce fytcshnantka eiakmnots io mnfdkoifs cekldnrnot fnaas2 k qukotitktivn kokaysis. B.\dncr.Jica. :0;, 56-7< (;999).

; (;99>).

;>. G. N. Pacppnr, D. P. MfOkmnn, A. N. Lihn, H. Jcbkocwshi, L.N. Iogjnr, Fco-vnrgnofn ce iotngrio kol grcwtd ekftcr rnfnptcr sigokaiog pktdwkys witdiotdn ecfka kldnsico fcmpanx. Mca.Jica. Fnaa5, ;6 (;99>).

;5. L. Iogjnr, Iotngrios ks mnfdkocfdnmifka trkoslufnrs.Furr. Cpio. Fnaa Jica.6, 4-

D;:96 (:000).:7. P. Cd, B. N. Vfdoitznr, Vngrngktico ce dntnrctrimnrif G prctnios io fnaa sur-ekfn mifrclcmkios. Gq jiols fkvncaio tc fcofnotrktn io fkvncakn, wdnrnksGi kol Gs tkrgnt aipil rkets jy lnekuat. Mca. Jica. Fnaa;:, 54>-594 (:00;).

:4. H. H. Wkry, K. Mkrictti, F. Rurzcac, E. G. Gikofctti, K rnquirnmnot ecr fkvn-caio-; kol ksscfiktnl hioksn Eyo io iotngrio sigokaiog kol kofdcrkgn-lnpnolnot fnaa grcwtd. Fnaa9-56< (;994).

:9. N. B. Jrcwo, W. K. Erkzinr, Iotngrio-ksscfiktnl prctnio (FL (:00;).

60. V. Dukog, F. V. Fdno, L. N. Iogjnr, Fcotrca ce fyfaio L;, p:7Hip;, kol fnaafyfan prcgrnssico io dumko fkpiaakry nolctdnaika fnaas jy fnaa sdkpn kolfytcshnantka tnosico. Mca.Jica. Fnaa9, 6;79-6;96 (;994).

6;. Vuppcrtnl jy OKVK grkot OKG:.;>0;, OID grkot FK->