Mechanix Illustrated 1959 article: Heat Your House With Solar Energy

8/3/2019 Mechanix Illustrated 1959 article: Heat Your House With Solar Energy

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H&T YSLJffiE h#EJSffilfi/rT+*SalahE4gBy John I. Yellott*qrIIE SOLAR HOUSE, a topic of con-I versation for many years, is now apractical reality. If you live in a sunnyregion and your house has several hun-dred square feet of south-facing roof orwall area which is free from shade onwinter days, there's a good chance thatyou can make direct use of the sun tosupply most of the heat needed for yourcomfort and domestic hot water suppiy.In the past, solar-heated systems weretoo expensive for use in any butsouthern latitudes. Today, thanks tonew materials and ideas, they are worthconsidering as far north as Boston'

The amount of solar energy whieh isavailable during the winter varieswidely with latitudes, altitude and par-ticularly with the degree of cloudinessprevailing. During the winter, there isplenty of solar energy over most ofNorth America and the amount reach-ing horizontal surfaces is measureddaily at some 90 stations o{ the U. S.and Canadian Weather Bureaus. Ac-tual hours of sunshine per day and per-centage of possible sunny hours are re-corded for 180 locations. For instance,in the month of January, when mostpeople are concerned with heating noMechaaix TlIustrated


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matter where they live, sunshine variedfrom eight per cent of the possible hoursin Roseburg, Oregon, to ?9 per cent inPueblo, Colorado. Your local WeatherBureau can give you the data for yourown area. Monthly and annual sum-maries can be purchased from theSuperintendent of Docurnents, Gov-ernment Printing Office, Washington,D. C., for $4 per year, under the title,"Climatological Data, National Sum-mary.ttThe principles of solar heating aresimple. The trick is to install the equip-ment at a cost so low that the total an-nual eost of owning it and whateverauxiliary equipment is needed to ensuregood year-round performanee is lessthan the cost of doing the entire heatingjob bv conventional methods.

All solar heating systems use someversion of the greenhouse eftect. Theenergy which comes to us from the sunis in the forsr of relatively short waves.These waves pass freely through ordi-nary window glass and many plasticmaterials. If the rays fall on non-re-flective surfaces such as rugs, draperiesand furniture, they are absorbed andthe sun-warmed surfaces in turn emitlong-wave heat rays which are trappedbeneath the glazing.A solar heating system requires threemajor parts. The first is some form ofcollector which catches the sun's heatand transfers it to a fluid (water or air)which carries it away. The second issome means of storing the heat when thesun sets or is shut off by clouds. Thethird is a method by which the stored

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heat can be made available to warm thehouse.Collectors consist of three main ele-ments: the glazing, which traps thesun's rays and helps retain the heit: the\lackened surface, which absorbs' theheat and transfers it to water or air tobe conducted away; and the insulefio;.which prevents the collected heat frombeing wasted.For the glazing, glass has excellentpropefiies- but is expensive to buy andi*411 and is subjecl to breakage. n"-cently, plastic films with thi rishtoptical properties and the abilitv"towithstand the effects of weather ani th"sun's ultra-violet rays have becomeavailable. Promineni among these isMylar, produced by Du Pontind avail-able in #-inch-wide rolls, .005-incht\iq\. Thu tryg principal requirementswhich plastic films must meet are resist-an^ce to _weathering and opaqueness toinfra-red rays: The price o-f srich film is

+ the same range as glass. However.the cost of installation is much less andthe design of the collector i";";h;;;;flexible.-For the collection surface below theglazin_g, Revere Copper "rd B;;;-C";:pany has.developed a means of makingsheets of copper containing straiEhitubes which are integral witlithe shEetitself:. Called Tube-In-Strip, this ma_terial is available in widtG'up to 42inct'es with tubes as large ", or. irr"tin diameter. Revere carisupply T"i;:I-n-Strlp in lengths up to lf ieet *ittrthe tubes already inflated, or in rollsseveral hundred feet long which can bein-flated on the job.For the insulation in the collector.ro_ck wool or Fiberglas will do " noodjob. Other tytrles of reflective insulitionale also relatively inexpensive andeffective. Foil-enclosed Fiberelas. forexample, has excellent insulati6n nron_erties. The new foamed materials aie

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also fine insulators and in some appli-cations-they have enough strength to beused as supports for the entire collector'Good insuiation is primarily a matter of

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ard copper return bends are used. T\volayers of Mylar film serve as the heattrap. Dacron fiber, also made bvDu,Pont, does the insulating.The storage of heat collectdd from thesun's radiation can be done in severalIayF: Most common is the "specificheat" method in which some flr]id orsolid substance is heated durinE the davand allowed to give off its excei heat atnight._ Water has a higher specific heat(number of BTU's-BritisL ThermalUnits-needed to raise the temperatureg! - one pound through one- degree

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*llJ Fahr-enhelt) _than an! other {uid;.T.q,.-- which might be used in solar collectors.'* nsulc Water can store 62.4 BTU's per cubicHOT WATER collection system desigmedIor wcna air distibuEon lhrough bouso.exploded view of a collector used in asolar house which was recently built inPhoenix, Arizona. To obtain the de-sired temperature rise, the water makesthree passes through the collector platebefore going on to the next unit. Stand-

foot for each degree change oftempera-ture. Most solid materi"ls have specificheats which are several times -lowerthan water's; a cylinder of rocks orbroken concrete, with 30 per cent emptysp?ce, can store only about 26 BTTf's percubic foot per degree,Water storage tanks for low-pressureserviee are relatively inexpeniive andthey can be buried fai ""o"ift t to* tlusurface of the earth so that freezing isnot a problem. Glass wool or similarblankets make satisfactory insulating

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coverings. Disadvantages of water stor-age systems are rusting, leakage, etc.Water has tlre advantage of cheaonessand availability, as well as quick re-sponse u'hen heat is needed. "Cold"can be stored in the form of chilledwater at temperature down to the freez-ing point. The power required to pumpwater is usually less than that neededto move an equal amount of heat in theform of warrn air.Heat distribution in solar houses isgenerally accomplished with warm airor radiant systems, since these workwell with water or air at temperatureswhich can be reached eonveniently andefficiently with solar heat collection andstorage systems.Any solar house heating system musthave some form of auxiliary heat sup-ply to carry over long periods of cloudywinter days. The storage system shouldbe designed to hold enough heat forone or two nights. It is usuallynot feasible to try to store heat formuch longer fConti.nued on page 154]April,1959

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Solar EnlContinued. frcm page ILL)periods with the methods available today. lenglh of the south-facing roof, advantageWhen better storage_ systems are d;- is titcen of th" r""iitt"i l&rr'i"ul]rrist"ipveloped, it miy e*'ei be possible to store ;d Mth;;;b; obtained in rolls whichsummer heat for winter use or to store are serleral hundrJi;;t;]""4;. "-the winter's cold for use in summer. The proposed Loo* f."u" ,ro?h. TheToday,.with only the pngcific heat storage carport]wii" "tto"gtr fo" two "ars.-is at themethodatourdisposal,itip4rlchcheap6r ry"it etrd of the h;;;;: -;; il;'Jt# o,'to provide an auxiliary fuel-burning- o,r page l0g sho*,itt" t it"l";;d;hJ#"'t."electric heater than to make a water lank 6"iroo* ."a tatfr are also located at thebig enough to store a week's heat require- west end of the ho.rr" \ilhite it;-;o-tirr-ments, tion living-and-dining room looks to theSinee the auiiliar-y he_ater is intended to sguth thr"ough ; ;i;" ."p""""- "f -!h"".opergle for only a few hours per year, it The roof of the house "tta tn" o"tio-o.o-should cost just as little as possible; the vide the shade needed in the suinmer-butcost of the fuel which it will burn is rela- allow the low winter sun to no"a ir*o ttrutive-ly urrimportant. In the southern part living room and provide *o"i-oi-th" h."tof the Urftted States, where cooling irthe leeded to keep tlie house warrn durinj thesummer is just as important as winter daytime from November through Feb-heating, the heat pumb is an excellent ruary.auxiliary winJer heatei. The air-to-air The collectors consist of t'relve panelsheat pumplwhieh-are now on the market oj.gopp9r Tube-In-Strip, 157s i"cheJ-id{can work effectively with solar air heating .040 inches thick and 4dfeet long, each con-or water systems. In northern or high lo- taining three half-inch outside diametercations, where air conditioning is not tubes six inches on centers. The slope ofneeded, a simple oil-burner or wJod-burn- the roof on the south side of the house ising fiieplace may well be the answer to the set at 30o for best average exposure to theauxiliary_heat supply problem. sun and the collecto"s -ate built directlyControls of some kind are necessary to into the roof so that full advantage can bestart tlre circulating pumps or fans when taken of their insulating and waterproofingthe collectors are hot enough to warm the qualities.water or air which circulates through lleat storage is provided by a 2,000-them. When the sun moves toward tile gallon tank, buried on the southlside of the 'west in the late afternoon, or when 4 carport well below the frost level and in-heavy cloud cuts ofi most of the sunshine, sulated with a three-inch wrapping ofthe pump or fan should be stopped. Some Fiberglas. The pipe trench which leadskind of thermostat is needed to tell the from the tank into the equipment room is

heat distribution system when to caruy aiso rvell insulated to eliminate the dangerheat into the house. fn general, the sim- of freezing. An gxpansion tank (100-g;l-plest control system is thJbest since it will lon capacity) is located in the attic spacecost less to buy and maintain. to take care of the change in volume of theFor water-filled systems, freezing is a 'ivater in the storage tank and in the col-p,roblem which must be 'oo"r"ott " by lectors'draining the collectors at night or by using The agx_ilialy heat supply consists of aa closed system with enough anti-freeze to gas or oil-fired water heater with a maxi-assure safe operation. mum eapacity of 50,000 BTU's per hour.An endless variety of solar-heated fhe heater is located in the equiirmenthouses can be envisoned by an ingenious room with its vent line extending welldesigner but the ranch-style residence above the roof of the carport. The wallsshown in this article was planned espe- of the equipment room should be insulatedcially {5r MI reader information. Here, as effectively as the other walls of thewater has been selected to collect and store house and ample provision should be madethe solar heat and a radiant system is use.d for supplying combustion air to the heater.to carry the sun's warmth into the house. A conveniional radiant heating systemBy running the collectors along the full is proposed, with copper or wroright iron


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Th;;;i;;i"g p"*p att*t on the main collector circuit is then pro-watei r"o* tr'!*"'ili"iJl',,i;h;; ;;d;;;h; float-tvoe air vent which willthermostat calls for heat and pumps it ti""J "i" out untii ihe system is full. ofthe auxiliaryl";;;; irrlo it * tt"tt- ;1"" attd undela slight piessure from thegrid. If the water'i;; *t"t"-""ot'gr' ;;il il;t When -th"-pump stops' thesupply the necessarv amsunt of h.eat, the ;;;J; ;ll drop off and the iir vent willstage of th" ti;;;;Jat wil furn ipen, allowing th1 water in the collectorsthe fuel suoply t.1h;^;;;iiLry h..t", ;; fl;* back into the storage tank' Anti-will add the necessary temperature i".*" f"- 2,000 gallons of water would beto the water. The usual precautio-ns "" ""pu""i"e sol*ution to this prob-lem butbe taken to "g; il" ;ii""l tf tn" it is not impractical to use a closed circuitsystem, to prorrif" araln hnes, etc. i"" tti- ".tiectors, since they contain onlyThe operation o{ the soiar heat collectors u iuw g.llotts of fluid' The collected heatcontrolled by the ""fi""tt- p"*p (Pump could tfien be transferred to the main bodywhich must be t;;;;;; ;h;; dt; ;"i- ti *.t"" in the storage tank bv means of"r" *"r*u" than the water another heat exchanger'"i tir"-l"ttom of ti;; ;t";;;; tank and Returning to the collectors, the designturned off when th" ;;;il;;?;ooiut tf,t" showt in tlie {rawlnq on page 110 makesiilJ'iit"i,.'A;6i"iimeclockisnotsuffi- use of materials which are now commer-;;;"r,1;; t;-;;;1ff-i"."-irr" pumrc on cially available. Starting from the bottom 'and off at pre-set uml. a"J""""ot t"ll-th" t'p, -ih".collector. panels are support-ed onnumo to stop when th; il it obt""t"d bv zii'" *tti"tt are toenailed to the roof decki-rh[*"";1id:" X'ilfi;;,,tial the"*ostat o,, ro-i""it centers running along the southwith one bulb immersed in the tank a_t tlre exposure of the roof. The insulatlon lslevel of the pump "ri""tio" ir[f." ."a tft" tiJ"a"ta foil-enclosed Fiberglas which rsother attached to a ;;i;;;;;i *akes available from Owens-Corning Fiberglasan excellent but exp"e-n;;;;"ffii;tt io ttt" cttp''i" thicknesses of two or three inches"orriioi

p"otf"*. A"o*p"o*ise

is to use ""J'i" *iaths of 15, 19--or 23 i-nclrep' Thea sinsle make-on-ris;-th;t;;;"1-*iiir itr three-inch thickness will cost slightly more;;ii";;;il; ;;;;Uto " "ttt""tor panel thanthethinnermaterialbuttheimprovedmidway between t*o of the water iubes. insulating quality- justifies the .differenceWhen the sunshin" i;"bright;";;;[ to pro- ttt. iS-ii"h wldth will fit between the;iil;h;"h;i"""affi.-*.r* tf,e witer, 2x4's, to which it can be tacked bv meansthe oanel temperature will be well over of the flanges. The insulation should beifi ffil";;;i;il;"i;d" ;; it'ick or installed 'iitt' the vlpot- barier dousn-the sun is low in th.;;y;l;;;";;i *ilt ""ol *";d, and with the dead air spaces be-"fi 6i.ity ;;a th" ,".rtf."6 temperatur" t*""" the - copper and the upper foil;if#; ["fo* fiO a"erees. Som6 experi- surface of the insulation.mentation will be """j"a to find the cor- The copp_er-Tube-In-Strip, after being;;;;il uf*rri"f'îi; th";;;;i"i should ir,fl"ted, i"iti l" l$r,/6 inehes wide' TheL. ""tl rt *iii u" tt"ipt"i-lt i"tttli inex- tttlpt will expand when they are heatedpensive.thermometeis'i"1fr" pumpôutlet ;; ih" ,rrtt- uid so they are no-t fastenedand the collector ;;il;- i;;t'- bi*ittt ton'rt to the 2x4's but' instead'' are heldth;;;;t"t" *hottid-ul"o be installed on J;*" by wooden battens' one-half inchthe lines leading to and {rom the radiant thick and one inch wide' To provide in-svstem- Pressure gauges on the outlets of suhtion which will minimize heat - lossifiil;;;r-*iit iir"-f.""" valuable in tr.* trt" edges of the coppgr, strips of felt*ft*f.irg system operation. **" "."d. Cbout ttr-ilS.h of copper will beproteition of both the main collectors f,iJa". under the nailing strips on each"rrd th" hot water heater panels against side of the panel'freezing. is particularly important. 9t* The three tubes in each panel will be;;;;"";;;li;il;ilr"irî"'".""""t "fi-"I connected in series,bV "]"1,11_:^f^.t11*iillp"""ir"i"i.-ilt" r""i" collector eircuit copper return bends and sleeves' 'r'o al-ft;6;i; irt" ao*"#" ttot *"i"t through lContinued on' page t58]

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Whet Ansuerdng Aduertisements' Please bIe*tion MECHANIX ILLUSTRATED l'5'5

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PtAit$ Fon lbl00il tAt{$

This detoiled, l8-incb STANIEYSTEA,IEk model con be fittedwith c working sleom engine.Conponenls of its oll-bross bodyore ossembled by soldering.

Commonly called the Stinson"Gull," lhe RELIANT knifesthrough lhe oir like o true bird.It hos o 3l-inch wingspon andcon toke o .19 fo o .49 engine.

Send !0d {or each plan ordered to Mehanix llluskatedPIm Seryice, FawcAtt Buildins. Crenwich- Conneticut_Pleue se.nd,.me the plans I huTe checked.. I am enclosingthe required, amount.tr, STA,NLEY STEAMER -.......No. M-247n silNsoN REilANT ........No.384fl GYRO SKIPPER ..............No. 244I am also enclosing lO4 lor your latest MI Plans Catalopcontaining pictures and. d.escriptiore ol j32 ptans. f)

Solar EnergrylContinued. from page LSS}low proper drainage and air venting, theiniet in each case will be at the loweiiubewhich will be on the east side of the roof.An inlet header will run upv/ard in theinsulated box which forms the east end ofthe collector and an outlet header will rundownward in the box along the west end.The water flow through the main collectorshould be about 10 gallons per minute, orone gpm per panel, and this flow rateshould resllt in a pressure drop of abouttwo pounds per square inch across eachcircuit.The total area of the collector will be

about 640 square feet, of which approxi-ryate_tp'615 square feet will be copp6i. Thisshould be painted with a dull black paintwhich will absorb as much solar erierEvas possible and will not flake ofi. A satls-fact-ory paint is Solar Black, rilade by theFarboil Paint Co. of Baltimore. The 2x4'swhich support the copper strips will notsee the sun and so they do not need paint-ing. The edges of the Yzxl-inch nailingstrips will see the sun and they are alsopainted black.The glazing recommended is Mylar film,.005 inches.thick, which is available in aspecial weatherable grade from Du Pont.The Mylar not only traps the solar heatbut also makes the colleCtor watertisht. Itmust be instalied with care. fhi' fitmshould be dratvn as tight as possible so thatit will not flap in the wind, sinee this willshorten its life. A caulking material suchas Vulcatex, made by A. C. Horn Co. ofLong Island City, New York, should beused betr,r'een the Myiar and the wooden0r aluminum retaining strips.Solar energy is now at work in a two-story, three-bedroom house at Lexington,Mass. Designed and built under the direc-tion of Masiachusetts Institute of Tech-nology engineers and architects, the housereceives ?5 to 80 per cent of its necessaryheat by utilizing 640 square feet of collec-tor area. Water ireated in the collectors i.sstored in a 1,500-gallon basement tank.From there, it is pumped through a heatexchanger which supplies warm air to therooms. When there is a succession ofcloudy days, a small auxiliary oil furnacetakes over. This house, shown on page

Free-turning rolor blodes over oconvenlionol engine ond pro-peller enoble lhe GYRO SKIPPERlo be flown os o free-flighl modelor lo climb in o lighr spirol.


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fContinued. from page L6Afwoodworker's -clam_p) -y_oq will be set for a claryp you will find that ordinary rubbermost gluing jobs. You'll then want to in- bands mlke excellent miniatur."i*p".qstig3te the special clamps for speeial -It will pay you to make a few gluing jigs.io!s. fomg are simple, some quite tricky. rh;";;d;;;'riv-"*l]"J;il;i;;;ir'"t"_Ip th9 first catego:5r are surface clamns rial and .r""rtiv "*pi;t b;G;.;;dc"-and sprin-g clarnps.-The-sur-face clamp-fits to put on the "q""."".n your bench and is held there with a ir^+,,-^rr., ,-',r-^-uodtrrat nt" i, " i-Ji + tt "sie*;. wh;; *S'!iXk Jt"TrST:#f"T,T::*f1lt.*"n"^":T."::9'the bolt head drops won't need clamps. similarlv, in making1.f^_ll"_:_""^"y]f:-bfud hole, leaving fi"trrre fr;;;-;; otr,E-*ii.i".a "fi*t"he bench surface clear. Spring clamps are vo" *igi,i *i"rr-t" use smd.l metal fas-like big, extra-powerful metal clothespins. ierr.rs "instead ,1 ;"d;. Cr*"gri-aBar clamps are somewhat like C-clamps i""t""..;-;*G*f; "*ii"jr -o"t -*"ii-i"e-xqept _that eittrer -the head or the foot many situations. Or y"" i,,igt l "".'tt. ,o-slides along the bar-for adjustment and the called Chevron fasteners which can be:grew is used only_for putting^ on pressarre. co,ntersunk o"t .f "fh].ou can get an edge-clamp fixture which one last word about glue-it makes aattaches at right angles to a bar clamp andp"[i#;d;;;;;:A;*ei"i"; t;t;.' -. - good wood qller ]v comb-ining it wiltr fineThe band elarnp, as you might suspect, sawdust' A liquid resin glue is suitable foris a devife that diaws up a loop of canvas making frller' Mix it with the sawdust", "t"Li.lt'" ;;"d l;; ,,i""a, .'".f ",J i": Htl "# l:ffir'.*rf"H; Hrt"#u*;egular shapes.lrre miter, or universal clamp, is a l*Y:ifl**J:*" come slightlv aboveguagut tL.i-iftr"t-has to be seen to be the surtace' When it is dry, sandp-aper theE;i;;d- yt" *' pr.*" it on a fitted miter i::',:T:11 g:9-i::.:1,{ pafh like thisjoint, open the joint by twisting the center can De ma(re almost lnvl$ble' Ihandle and then bring the miter tightly to-gether again.Homemade clamps. Often when youlack a special clamp for a particular job,you can improvise one yourself. One of theoldest homemade clamping devices is theSpanish Windlass. This is made by wrap-ping a rope or cord around the parts a

couple of times, tying it, then using a stickor nail as a turnbuckle to twist the ropeand apply pressure. Remember to blockthe turnbuckle so it won't snap loose whenyou let go.Got a drill press? Maybe you can placeyour glued work under it and let the headdown gently on it. The tool's own weightwill make a pretty good elamp.Or, if you have a vexing veneer job, trythis: lay it on the ground suitably pro-tected with scrap rnaterial. Back your carover it and raise the car with the jack ontop of the veneer work.Anything that adds weight can help youin gluing. You can stack bricks up neatlyso that they will put a 90-pound load onone square foot,

Solat EnergrylContznued from page 1581108, is the first designed to meet the needsof an average family in a northern area.Besides the M.I.?. scientists, The Asso-ciation for Applied Solar Energy, 3424 N.

Central Ave., Phoenix, Ariz., is active inpointing up the potentialities of the sunas a power source. Their quarterly publi-eation, The Sun at Work, provides thelatest information on this science which isdestined to become a part of our everydayIife. An annual subscription is $2.50. r

UsiBt a batlory-posored outboa.d nolor, thls haldsmc modclrlally t$fornr baotifrlly, CorstruGtior i$ mostly ot bals, riihglwmd addd rh!ru Grln stmDgt[ is r6qrird. Fo. your 6tyof th6c cooplota, ftll rizo planr. mdit 50 G6tts to ITECHANIXILLUSTfiATED Pla$ S6niB, FasoGtt Bldr., Gmdyish, Coir.


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Mechanix Illustrated 1959 article: Heat Your House With Solar Energy

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Transcript of Mechanix Illustrated 1959 article: Heat Your House With Solar Energy