mechanisms & consequences of attributing socialness to ...

Social Brain in Action Lab

mechanisms & consequences of attributing socialness to artificial agents

Emily S. Cross –University of Glasgow, Scotland


Artificial Intelligence & Society: Where are we headed?

ERCEA, Brussels 26 October 2018

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiPysyG1KPeAhXECuwKHVNhBRkQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/symbols/flag_en&psig=AOvVaw0kUVRvtIiWoux7vMwlvmnT&ust=1540627829166783

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How do we make sense of others in a social world?

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Challenge: Harness social robotics to advance our understanding of human social cognition

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SOCIAL ROBOTS in a nutshell

Stream 3 Watch this space!

Objective: explore influence of cultural context on perception & plasticity of “like me”-ness

Population: Japanese young adults Stream 1

Ongoing

Tools: mimicry measures (RT & EMG),

fMRI, TMS, training interventions

Tools: mimicry measures (RT/Kinect &

EMG), fMRI, training interventions

Tools: mimicry measures (RT & EMG), fMRI, TMS, training interventions

mimicry neurostimulation functional neuroimaging

Objective: establish behavioural & neural consequences of social robot interaction

Population: European young adults

training

Stream 2 Just now starting

Objective: probe malleability of socio-cognitive functioning in young and advanced age

Population: European toddlers and older adults


People Behind the Science

https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/1033445884187631617/krQvX3lB_400x400.jpg

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi8h_m64IreAhWSpIsKHbiQDSgQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http://www.so-bots.com/humanoids/&psig=AOvVaw0MprQCgjO5CyPr7BBcRITP&ust=1539772139947166

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwj-iMPs4IreAhULw4sKHW2OBWUQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laura_Jastrzab&psig=AOvVaw3dcLMqip3uGKdDSDswT1BP&ust=1539772269625439

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwijrYuM4YreAhUQlosKHU2rBPIQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_India&psig=AOvVaw0XsxuxLH7gTLK_ATLjHvyR&ust=1539772338058159

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwj5ibiV4YreAhXuo4sKHRdXCGMQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Jack&psig=AOvVaw0-WK2Vw5EQDxgei5YrQY2A&ust=1539772357801597

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiyyLOg4YreAhXSpIsKHXbgB-4QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States&psig=AOvVaw12gfsJlsQmh-7PxBsaF7wE&ust=1539772380688545

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwj_odm34YreAhVntosKHWSeAVwQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Germany&psig=AOvVaw3UhShgsbxjkC4A5wZGJ_z9&ust=1539772429938397

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi2oO_B4YreAhVtpYsKHWdhCrIQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www.iamexpat.nl/expat-info/the-netherlands/dutch-flags&psig=AOvVaw0ZHM3-Y2apsb6P2buaaT79&ust=1539772451133833

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjb1efS4YreAhWjtYsKHQkHDisQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China&psig=AOvVaw3Z0FZHOWw85cqi_D0dKTXD&ust=1539772482894885

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwir7p3p4YreAhXxkosKHZQiBdkQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Bulgaria&psig=AOvVaw1mpC2z9FylWIsSwxhQBxEL&ust=1539772533292602

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjizrCO4oreAhXHqIsKHZJfDRcQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland&psig=AOvVaw3dR1I7NKNa4RzHvhOCVsW5&ust=1539772611548133


… and Robots!

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi_yaH6i43eAhVPxxoKHQjqDxQQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www.mathworks.com/products/connections/product_detail/nao-robot-api.html&psig=AOvVaw0fKbN1Y7stjceOAFl_ex5X&ust=1539852562083485


Snapshot of Ongoing Empirical Work


Exploring Shared Representations with Robots

Hortensius & Cross (2018) Annals NYAS: The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience


Empathy for Robots

Human Pain Human Pleasure Robot Pleasure Robot Pain


Empathy for Robots

Cross et al. (under revision)

Each day of the robot socialising

intervention comprised:

Free human-robot interaction

Games with the robot

Free play of the robot

Day 1 2 3 4 5

fMRI fMRISocialising Intervention

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Empathy for Robots

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A BRepetition suppression

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Group-constrained subject-specif c fROI analyses

Discrete eventsRegion of interests

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Human pain

Human pleasure

Robot pleasure

Robot pain

p = .012, η2 = 0.23 p = .02, η2 = 0.19

Novel agent, novel emotion

Novel agent, repeated emotion

Repeated agent, repeated emotion

Repeated agent, novel emotion

pre

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more RS

post-socialising

less RS

post-socialising

less activation

post-socialising

more activation

post-socialising

Pain > Mental

p < .001, k = 5

Insula

S2

AMCC

MFG S2

S2S2 InsulaInsula

Cross et al. (under revision)

No evidence of neural mechanisms of empathy showing more overlap after socializing with robot


Empathy for Robots: Pursuing New Methods


Shared Representations


Shared Representations

Theory-of-Mind Network Person Perception Network

Happy Angry Sad lSVM

Train

cv

Happy Angry Sad lSVM

Test

Hortensius & Cross (in prep)


SOCIAL ROBOTS & AI: Into the Future

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi-n9iN0rLaAhVMnRQKHXwACzYQjRx6BAgAEAU&url=http://www.popw.nl/popwet/voelen-wij-empathie-voor-een-robot/&psig=AOvVaw0Ic4C0cDP1X20RuFMeP4xw&ust=1523550510242677

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiOm8Tet4veAhUGqIsKHS7RADgQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2610246/The-robots-making-school-scary-place-autistic-children-Friendly-mini-droids-chat-play-games-teach-pupils.html&psig=AOvVaw109uBfLIG6vP0vvMPHQxIg&ust=1539795584842439

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi-74CWuIveAhVptosKHR3ODB4QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http://africabusiness.com/2017/02/14/artificial-intelligence/&psig=AOvVaw2OvrA-fVcwOz1q69uyOwAV&ust=1539795650934787

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiv6ou9uIveAhUpqYsKHUL7DZIQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://tech.thaivisa.com/japanese-hotel-will-staffed-sexy-female-robots/4244/&psig=AOvVaw0xfHIMWhUYA-NkT7ElTTJQ&ust=1539795771008459


Upcoming Phil Trans Theme Issue (2019)

From Social Brains to Social Robots: Applying Neurocognitive Insights to Human-Robot Interaction

Editors: E. Cross // A. Wykowska // R. Hortensius

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi8xdL0r6PeAhUNhRoKHUE-D3cQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/373/1751/20170208&psig=AOvVaw17O4ivr8WSKOpI5zp3HUbi&ust=1540618114335930

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi8xdL0r6PeAhUNhRoKHUE-D3cQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/373/1751/20170208&psig=AOvVaw17O4ivr8WSKOpI5zp3HUbi&ust=1540618114335930

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwi_l_PDsaPeAhXKx4UKHdKfDWcQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://twitter.com/RuudHortensius/status/939812056802394112&psig=AOvVaw3HByL7pvo8UY_G3c3qIuuq&ust=1540618561878260


SOCIAL ROBOTS & AI

One of 3 primary subsections of AI, robotics is already reshaping manufacturing, military, and construction industries Social robotics, per se, is poised to dramatically change the industries and domains traditionally thought of as strictly human, including education, healthcare, services, communication, and sex

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjEorq-h4veAhVimYsKHTWeCLcQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://redmondmag.com/articles/2017/12/01/can-ai-protect-it.aspx&psig=AOvVaw3wSzaDkZEAFYodjXW1hIbJ&ust=1539782608092749


SOCIAL ROBOTS & AI

Interdisciplinarity to ensure crosstalk between experts across domains Openness to updating our understanding of human-AI relationship Clear delineation of boundaries between humans and machines (i.e., are the jobs/tasks for which we would never want to robots to enter?)

How best to capitalize upon this potential, while avoiding pitfalls?

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiowq32tYveAhVuqYsKHSuoBMgQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://migreseunegocio.com.br/googlebot-algoritmo-do-google/&psig=AOvVaw2-AHpQhXYKRzTDmpzkcxWh&ust=1539795077889594


“We’re only barely scratching the surface of the brain’s social

algorithms, which become even more complicated and unpredictable when

we interface with technology.”

– Erik Sofge

Final Thought


Many Thanks!


www.so-bots.com www.soba-lab.com @brain_on_dance

Social Robots Team Members: Bishakha Chaudhury Lina Davitt Anna Henschel Ruud Hortensius Te-Yi Hsieh Laura Jastrzab Henry Powell Katie Riddoch Rebecca Smith

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiuvZWUuoveAhXPposKHRd5DxUQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://ubisafe.org/25/transparent-twitter.html&psig=AOvVaw0iTccRBLtorjkBP0l_qWOl&ust=1539796243249955

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