General

Mechanical Waves PendulumSwinging mass in harmonic motion due to gravity.

Time and number of swings are most useful data you will collect

Day 1 after pendulum labTime required to make one complete swing.seconds Period (T)Frequency (f)The number of swings in a certain time. swings per second = 1/s = Hertz (Hz)Day 1 after pendulum labT and f are related

or

Day 1 after pendulum labFrequencyPeriod

Day 1 after pendulum labExamples of FrequencyWhat is the frequency of the second hand of a clock?Frequency = 1cycle/60 sPeriod = 60 s What is the frequency of US Presidential elections?Frequency = 1 election/4 yrsPeriod = 4 yrs

Day 1 after pendulum labWAVE MOTIONEnergy is transferred by particle interaction or through waves.A mechanical wave is a regular repeating disturbance which allows the transmission of energy through a medium (matter). The medium does not move along with the wave.Day 2 before slinky lab

Medium does not travel

TRANSVERSE WAVESThe direction in which the energy is transferred through a wave is called the propagation of a wave The particles of the medium vibrate perpendicular to the propagation of a transverse wave

Day 2 before slinky lab

Picture of a Transverse WaveA - AmplitudeACrestTrough WavelengthlRest positionDay 2 before slinky lab

WAVE SPEEDThe average speed is defined as

Day 4

For a wave, if the distance traveled is a wavelength (l), then the time to travel this distance is the period (T). Thus

orDay 4

is true for all waves.

Note: v is dictated by the medium. f is dictated by the source. l is dependent on the n and f

Day 4

LONGITUDINAL WAVESParticles vibrate parallel to the propagation of the wave

Rest Position| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Wave |||| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||| | | | | | | | | | |

compressionrarefactionwavelengthDay 4

Natural FrequencyAll materials have a natural frequency of vibrationThe longer an object the lower the natural frequency - pendulumThe thicker the material the lower the natural frequency guitar stringsLess tension makes it thickerMore tension makes it thinnerDay 4

A number of different waves can be in the same place at the same time, the resulting combination is described as interference. Destructive interference results in a loss of amplitudeConstructive interference results in a gain of amplitude

Wave interferenceDay 4

Interference in a Slinky

Interference in water

Car blinker interference

Pendulum interferenceThere is no vibration at a node.There is maximum vibration at an antinode.l is twice the distance between successive nodes or successive antinodes.

l

Day 4

Standing WavesWhen two sets of waves of equal amplitude and wavelength pass through each other in opposite directions, it is possible to create an interference pattern that looks like a wave that is standing still.When a wave is reflected off a fixed boundary it flips over. If the waves are produced at a multiple of the mediums natural frequency, you will not observe the propagation of the wave, only the oscillation.

Day 4

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l

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&FPage &P

SINE

&FPage &P

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