Mechanical properties of ribbon parachute fabrics for cluster submunitions
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Transcript of Mechanical properties of ribbon parachute fabrics for cluster submunitions
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#echanical roerties of ribbon arachute fabrics for cluster
sub$unitions
% &nal'
(eart$ent of Textile )n*ineerin*,
)rci+es ni-ersit+, 303! /a+seri,
Ture+ Recei-ed Jalluar+ 200 re-ised
recei-ed alld acceted 13 4ril 200
4n atte$t has been $ade to stud+ the load"extension beha-iour of the fabric
for cluster sub$unitions. The effect of 5ar densit+ and fibre t+e on the ribbon
fabric erfor$ance usin* stri tensile and tearin* test data has been studied and
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i$ortant oints for the desi*n of sub$unition arachutes hi*hli*hted. Four
different sa$les 5ere $anufactured usin* ectra7 and ol+ester fibres 5ith
three different 5ea-e t+es, t5o of 5hich 5ere deri-ati-es of lain 5ea-e and the
last one 5as re*ular lain 5ea-e. 489V4 5as also erfor$ed for si*nificance
le-el of the test results. It is found that as the 5ar densit+ increases at core":one
of the fabric, the breain* load and ;oun*'s $odulus increase for stri tensile
testin*.
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" Fi*. I " @luster sub$unitions Cat the botto$ed*es of ictureD 5ith attached ribbon
arachute fro$ the to of $unition C #2>I@# D1
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310
2 #aterials and#ethods
2,1 #aterials
I8(I48 J . FIGR) T)HT.R)., J8) 2006
;a
r
;ar
cou
nt,
dte
x
Table I";arn
roerties
ectra7 1000
>ol+ester
23!
>ol+ester C>)D and ectra7 $ultifila$ent +arns5ere used CTable 1 D. a$les
5ere $anufactured in a narro5
5ea-i n* $achine. >)
$ultifi la$ent 5as used as
5eft +ar for all sa$le
*rous. 8u$bers of 5ar and
5eft ends 5ere et constant
C 1 icsAe$ and !
5arsAe$D. The detailed
sa$le infor$ation is *i-en in
Table 2. Three different
5ea-es Cderi-ati-es of lain
5ea-eD 5ere used. The
deri-ations are based on the
5ar densit+ alon* fabric5idth, instead of differenceson interlacin* oints of 5ar
and 5eft +arns Clie rib
5ea-esD. )ach 5ar +arn
consecuti-el+ interlaced 5ith
a 5eft +ar in a re*ion in the
$iddle of the fabric for certain
len*th Ccore":oneD. Therefore,
the aearance of lain 5ea-e
5as conser-ed. For the 5ea-e
t+e I C?T I D, three 5ar
+arns interlaced 5ith a 5eft
+arn Cthree 5ars er dentD i n
a re*ion i n the $iddle of
fabric for the len*th of 6
$$. For the 5ea-e t+e
2 C?T2D, t5o 5ar +arns
interlaced 5ith a 5eft +arn
Ct5o 5ars er dentD i n a
re*ion i n the $iddle of
fabric for the len*th of 6
$$. For the 5ea-e t+e
3 C?T3D, there is not an+
5ar densit+ difference
alon* the fabric 5idth and
therefore ?T3 is a re*ular
lain 5ea-e fabric. Thi s
re*ion i s centered alon*
the 5idth of fabric CFi*.
2D. Fabric 5idth of
sa$les is around 1 $$
and -aries based on the5ar +arn densit+ alon* the
fabric.
4lthou*h +arn counts
are -er+ close for both
fibre t+es, their fabric
thicnesses are different
because of the nu$ber
of fila$ent er to5
and bulier
characteristics of >) fibre
as co$ared to ectra7
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8u$ber of fila$entAto5 60lti$ate tensile stren*th, *Aden 3
#odulus, *Aden 1320 13
)lon*ation, 2.!
Table 2 " a$le secifications
a$le ?ar ?eft Fabric Fabric
?ea-ecode lhicness 5idth
t+e
$$ $$
4 >) >) 0. 1.0
?TI
G >) >) 0. 1.0
?T2
@ >) >) 0. 1.?T3
( ectra7 >) 0.3 1.?TI
R
e
*
i
o
n
s
h
a
-
i
n
*
r
e
*
u
l
a
r
5ar
d
e
n
s
i
t
+
Cre*ular lain 5ea-eD
A
co
n
@ore":one ha-in*( d ifferent 5arC
3 . densit+ for thel len*th of 6 $$ac A
Fabri@ ?idth
fibre.
Fi*. 2
2.2 #ethods
" Fabric sche$e for
secif+in* 5ardistribution and fabricla+out
Fabric testin* 5as
erfor$ed accordin* to the
rele-ant 4T# standards.
Instron 11 uni-ersal tester
5as used for tear and
tensile tests of fabric usin*
stri $ethod. ince the fabric
surface is s$ooth and rone to
sliin*, the secial
attach$ents 5ere roduced tore-ent slia*e.
tri $ethod C4T# (03D 5as used for the
e-aluation of elon*ation and
breain* force of narro5
fabrics. Fi-e sa$les, 5h i ch
5ere 20 c$ i n l en*th and the
sa$e fabric 5idth as *i-en in
Table 2, 5ere tested. 9nl+
5ar"5ise testin* 5as
erfor$ed. Testin*
$achine 5as set for a
loadin* rate of 300 $$A$in.
The sa$e nu$ber of
sa$les, sa$le len*th and
loadin* rate 5as used for
the tear test C4T# (
2261 D. a$les 5ere cutfro$ the $iddle to the
len*th of $$.
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Fabric thicness 5as $easured
based on the 4T# (1 usin*
the Ja$es
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984%= #)@R9>)RTI) 9F RIGG98>4R4@) fibre.
Fibre t+e deter$ines the
load"extension beha-iour of the
fabric. The strain"stress *rah
CFi*. 3D is steeer for ectraE
fabric Ca$le (D than for
>) fabrics Ca$les 4, G
and @D. The sloe and
breain* beha-iour of
fabrics could also be
obser-ed fro$ Fi*. 3, 5here
a$le ( suddenl+ broen
off at lo5er strain and
therefore ha-in* lo5er
tou*hness. This is attributed
to the hi*her stiffness of
ectraE fibre as
Table 3 "tri testresults
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co$ared to >) fibre.
a$les 4, G and @ ha-e
hi*her tou*hness 5ith lo5er
;oun*'s $odulus CTable 3D.
Relati-el+ lon*er extension:one is obser-ed for a$les 4,
G and @.
tri test results su**est that
the fibre t+e for 5ar +arn
needs to be selected deendin*
on the a-ailable conditions,
5here en-iron$ental factors as
5ell as the releasin* attitude for
$unition should be considered.
Fabrics $ade fro$ ectraE
fibre offer i n co$arable
stiffness and hi*her breain*load, 5hile ha-in* lo5er
tou*hness as co$ared to >)
fibre. @ost issue is also i n
fa-our of >) fibre as 5ell.
Free"ends of the ribbon
fabric are folded and
connected usin* stitchin*
techniKue to ut into
arachute for$. Ribbon
arachute is attached to
sub$unition 5ith a hole in the
$iddle of this stitchin* :one.
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Tear test results
Greain* )ner*+ to
dislace$ent breain* oint
$$J
0. C.6D .1 C0.3D
3.6 C.2D .2 C0.2D
3. C.6!D .21 C0.1 D
6. C.D .2 C0.D
0'1
A II 1
0A
'
L ,I 1
10 MMMM.. M a$e (
!I
a (1
A
2
1 00
0
0
2
10
1
=..
L
iL'N L ' .
'.
,
1 202
)0
60
0
3
20
10
0
)Hensio C$$D 0 2 0 6060 100 120 1016 160 20 220
)
leion C$$D
Fi*O 3 " %oad"extension *rah of each sa$le under
unidirectional tensile loadin* Fi*. " %oad"
extension *rah for tear test
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312 I8(I48 J. FIGR) T)HT. R)., J8) 2006
Table
ourceof
-ari
ation
" 489V 4 chart for ;oun*'s $odulus ofstri test results
dJ # F"-aluc >"-alue F"critical
the ;oun*'s $odulus of
stri test. 4lthou*h the
discreanc+ bet5een the
results of >) and ectra
fibres is hi*h, the anal+sis
concludes that the fibre t+e
is not si*nificant for ener*+
to breain* oint
Get5een 2.! 100 2 1.03.36! 0.0.132!
*rous
?ithin 16.1003 6 2.6322
*rous
Total .01 06
" u$s of sKuares. dJ" (e*rees
of freedo$, # " #ean sKuare, >"
-alue " >robabi lit+ of F -alue, and F"
critical " @ritical -alue of F
Table 6 " 489V4 chart for encr*+ tobreain* o int of tear te st results
ource of #
F"-alue >"-aluc
F"critical -ariation
Gct5een 0.!26 0.!261.662 0.01 606.06
*rous
?ithin 0.1126 0.02!31
*rous
Total 0.633
effect $i*ht beco$e effecti-e
5here ectraE fibre i s less
tou*h than >). 4nother
ossibilit+ can be -er+ $inor
slia*es desite all
cautions taen durin* tearin*
test. The latter $i*ht also
increase bias effect.
Relicated one"5a+
489;4 5as erfor$ed in
order to deter$ine 5hether
differences at the core :one
lead to si*nificance in
breain* load and ;oun*'s
$odulus of lain 5ea-e
fabrics for stri test.
@ontributions of breain* load
and ener*+ to breain* oint
are anal+:ed for tearin*
test. The statistical soft5are
aca*e J#>E 5ase$lo+ed to interret the
exeri$ental data for !
confidence le-el. The results
5ere e-aluated based on
F"ratio and robabilit+ of
F"ratio CrobPFD. The
lo5er the robabilit+ of F"
ratio, the $ore si*nificant
is the -ariable. ?ea-e t+e
is found to be si*nificant
onl+ for ;oun*'s $odulus
taen fro$ stri test.
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5ea-e t+e. Fibre t+e is
found to be si*nificant for
results fro$ tear test. This is
attributed to the hi*her
standard de-iation of the results
*i-en in Table . The 489;4
chart for stri test is *i-en in
Table 6. It should be noted that
5hen the si*nificance le-el of
the results, *i-en in Tables
and 6, are co$ared based on
robabilit+ of F"ratio CrobPF,
it is reali:ed that robPF for
the result in Table is hi*her
than that in Table 6.
@onclusions
The studies sho5 that the
5ar densit+ contributes
hi*her breain* load and
;oun*'s $odulus at stri
testin*. ?ea-e t+e has no
contribution for the
$echanical roerties of fabric
in tear test. 489; 4 sho5s
that the 5ea-e t+e and fibre
t+e are onl+ si*nificant for
the ;oun*'s $odulus results
taen fro$ stri tensile test.
4cno5led*e$ent
The author 5ould lie toareciate the suort fro$
2nd
4ir ul+ and
#aintenance @o$$and,
Ture+.
References
I b"IIlIIAlitiolAs alAd cluster b9lllblets " Rellder afe>rocedures
CR>D Qene-a International@entre for
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Res J, ! C 1 !!D 1 .
)ricsen R < & 9rear % , J 4ircraft, 1 C 1 !0D 26.
>eer ? , J 4 ircraft, 1 C 1 !0D 1 ! .