Measurment techniques

Prepared by:Dhruvit lakhani(140050119032)

Guided by :Mehul Shah

Work Study is a generic term for management services and system engineering techniques, used to investigate: ◦ Methods of performing work (Method Study).◦ The time taken to do it (Work Measurement).

Compare time required by alternative method To decide staff and equipment requirement Training of new employee To suggest a sound incentive system To determine delivery date Cost reducton and cost control

Direct work measurement Time study work sampling:◦ Indirect work measurement

Synthesis from standard data. Estimating. Analytical estimating. Comparative estimating.

Work Measurement Purposes may be: To reveal the nature and extent of ineffective time, from

whatever cause. So that action can be taken to eliminate it; and then, To set standards of performance that are attainable only if all

avoidable ineffective time is eliminated and work is performed by the best method available

April 11, 2017Lab # 5: Work Measurements 4

Time Study: is the development of a standard time by observing a task and analyzing it with the use of a stopwatch

Time Study includes:◦ Establishment of standard times - management knowledge◦ Rating operator performance - criteria for appraisal◦ Gathering information to calculate production capabilities &

data for capacity planning.◦ Defining work content of finished goods and services e.g.

for charging & estimating.


Before Time Studies After Time Studies


Standard t ime: The amount of time it should take a qualified worker to complete a specific task, working at a sustainable rate, using given methods, tools and equipment, raw materials, and workplace arrangement.

Allowances Personal time allowance - 4% - 7% of total time - use of

restroom, water fountain, etc. Delay allowance - based upon actual delays that occur Fatigue allowance - to compensate for physical or mental

strain, noise level, tediousness, heat and humidity, assumption of an abnormal position, etc.


Standard time is the total time in which a job should be completed at standard performance.


Normal Time Rest Pers. Need

Delay

Standard Time

1. Secure and record information about the operation and operator being studied.

2. Orient the supervisor and the workers.3. Improve the work methods.4. Break the task into elements and record.5. Observe and record the time taken by the operator.6. Determine the number of cycles to be timed.7. Rate the operator’s performance.


• Estimates percent of time a worker spends on various tasks• Requires random observations to record worker activity• Determines how employees allocate their time• Can be used to set staffing levels, reassign duties, estimate

costs, and set delay allowances

• Advantages of work samplingAdvantages of work sampling• Less expensive than time studyLess expensive than time study• Observers need little trainingObservers need little training• Studies can be delayed or interrupted with little impact Studies can be delayed or interrupted with little impact

on resultson results• Worker has little Worker has little

chance to affect chance to affect resultsresults

• Less intrusiveLess intrusive

• Disadvantages of work sampling• Does not divide work elements as completely as time

study• Can yield biased results if observer does not follow

random pattern• Less accurate, especially when

job element times are short

1. Take a preliminary sample to obtain estimates of parameter values

2. Compute the sample size required3. Prepare a schedule for random observations at appropriate

times4. Observe and record worker activities5. Determine how workers spend their time

Determining the sample sizeDetermining the sample size

n =n =zz22 p(1 - p) p(1 - p)

hh22

wherewhere nn == required sample sizerequired sample sizezz == standard normal deviate for standard normal deviate for desired confidence leveldesired confidence levelpp == estimated value of sample estimated value of sample proportionproportionhh == acceptable error level in percentacceptable error level in percent

Predetermined motion time system (PMTS) is a work measurement technique whereby times established for basic human motions are used to build up the time for a job at a defined level of performance.

PMTS also called predetermined time system (PTS), is a database of basic motion elements and their associated normal time values, together with a set of procedures for applying the data to analyze manual tasks and establish standard times for the tasks.

The PMTS database is most readily conceptualized as a set of tables listing time values that correspond to the basic motion elements, the lowest level in our hierarchy of manual work activity

They include motions such as reach, grasp, move, and release.

The concept is similar to constructing a building. A building is composed of elements-Doors, walls, beams, bricks, plumbing. The structure is the sum of the elements.

Likewise, a job is also considered to consist of elements, the total of which is the sum of the elements.

In formal words, the assumption is that each job element is independent and additive; that is, each element does not affect what happens before or after it - independence and additivity.

A collection of basic motion times. Technique for obtaining a standard time by:

analyzing and subdividing a task into elemental motions assigning pre-set standard times for motions and summing

these to obtain a standard time for the whole task.

Methods -Time Measurement Work-Factor Predetermined Time Standards Systems – Meyers MOST

PMT systems offer a number of advantages over stop-watch time study. With PMT systems one time is indicated for a given motion, irrespective of where such a motion is performed.

A PMT system, which avoids both rating and direct observation, can lead to more reliability in setting standard times.

PMT systems are not too difficult to apply and can be less time consuming than other methods.

MTM is a procedure which analyzes any manual operation or method into the basic motions required to perform it, and assigns to each motion a predetermined time standard which is determined by the nature of the motion and the conditions under which it is made.

MTM gives values for the fundamental motions of: reach, move, turn, grasp, position, disengage, and release.

Most predetermined motion time systems use time measurement units (TMU) instead of seconds for measuring time. One TMU is defined to be 0.00001 hours, or 0.036 seconds. These smaller units allow for more accurate calculations without the use of decimals. 1 hr = 100,000 TMU

MTM studies provided the following kinds of information ◦ Developing effective work methods prior to production ◦ Improving existing methods to increase production and decrease labor cost per

unit ◦ Establishing time standards as basis for wages and incentive plans ◦ Developing time formulas or standard data for future use ◦ Guiding product design for most efficient manufacture ◦ Developing effective tool designs for most efficient manufacture ◦ Selecting effective equipment for most efficient manufacture

Measurment techniques

Engineering

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