Measuring energy efficiency

7/28/2019 Measuring energy efficiency

1/9

Measuring energy efficiency: Indicators and potentials

in buildings, communities and energysystems

Forsstrm, J.,Lahti, P.,Pursiheimo, E.,Rm, M.,Shemeikka, J.,Sipil, K.,Tuominen,

P.,

Wahlgren, I.View references (44)

Abstract

The European Commission implemented a strategy for Climate Action in 2008. According to

that strategy, the Member States will reduce their collective green-house gas emissions by at

least 20% and boost the share of renewable energy to 20% of total consumption by 2020. In

addition, the European Union has set an indicative objective to reduce its

primary energy consumption by 20% compared with the projected

2020 energy consumption. This stresses the need to increase energy efficiency in the EU.

However, until now there has been no common methodology on how to

measure energyefficiency or evaluate the savings achieved by it. The research project

"Measuring and potentials ofenergy efficiency (EPO)" was launched in January 2008 to

facilitate development in this field. The main objective of the research was to develop a

general approach to measure energy efficiency. Furthermore, the research aimed to develop

an approach which could be used to calculate the potential achieved by

improved energy efficiency. Measuring energy efficiency and potentials are connected

closely to each other in the sectors ofenergy production and distribution, industry, buildings,

communities, transportation, and logistics. This report is a state-of-art description and a

summary of the research findings in buildings, communities andenergy systems made by

VTT. Energy systems consist of many energy chains or routes, which

include alternativeenergy sources and processtechnologies, distribution and storage

systems and end use equipments using electricity and producing, heat, light or movement.

Almost all energysources utilize many alternative routes, which may bifurcate and join

together again on the way to the end user. Energy efficiency in different energychains was

investigated in batch-surveys on the energy sector. Technical possibilities in energy chain

have been evaluated for scenario calculation ofenergy saving potential in the future.

Efficiency impacts to primary energy demand were also evaluated. Emissions of

different energy production ways give the value for environmental impacts and further the

impacts of making more effective energy chains. A calculation model was made called

"EPOLA", which is used with scenario technique to analyse impacts of making more efficient

national energy chains and to find out the most efficient ways to realise

them. Energy production chain has many indicators, which can be presented in

consumption/produced-MWh that is one produced energyunit needs fuel, transportation,

service, and human resources as well as transfer losses, emissions, and wastes. Indicator of

quality of products, availability, reliability and on-peak period has to be present in another

way. Indicators during building like material/produced-MW that is one built power unit

needs materials like concrete, steel, copper, plastic, glass, etc. Energy is also required

when building. The indicators of driving and building can be compared to each other in

different energy production alternatives or to make bench marking with same kind and

age energy production somewhere else. Energy use in communities (city regions, cities,

towns, and other urban areas as well as rural communities) takes place in both buildings and
http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=24293613500&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=24293613500&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=7004798295&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=7004798295&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=7004798295&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=9250542200&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=9250542200&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=9250542200&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=52063741000&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=52063741000&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=52063741000&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=14421723400&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=14421723400&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=14421723400&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=35612270000&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=35612270000&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=35612270000&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=50462613600&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=50462613600&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=50462613600&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=50462613600&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=6508103795&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=6508103795&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29&relpos=0&relpos=0&searchTerm=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29#corrAuthorFooterhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29&relpos=0&relpos=0&searchTerm=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29#referenceshttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29&relpos=0&relpos=0&searchTerm=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29#referenceshttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29&relpos=0&relpos=0&searchTerm=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29#referenceshttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29&relpos=0&relpos=0&searchTerm=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29#corrAuthorFooterhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=6508103795&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=50462613600&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=50462613600&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=35612270000&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=14421723400&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=52063741000&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=9250542200&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=7004798295&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=24293613500&eid=2-s2.0-80052838823


2/9

infrastructure, during construction, use, maintenance, repair, renovation, demolition and

recycling as well as during transportation of people and goods. That is why energy efficiency

of communities must be a composition ofenergy used during the life-cycle of several

physical elements brought together for the community. Energy efficiency of communities can

be defined as a ratio between an input ofenergy consumption or emissions, and an output of

services, such as number of inhabitants and jobs or floor square metres. There are

several energy efficiency indicators which consist of different parts and phases. Indicators

complete each other. System boundaries for measuring energy efficiency of communities can

be defined on the grounds of planning levels and areas or from functional bases.

Communities may have a relatively high potential forenergy efficiency improvements.

Potential seems to be highest in the operation phase of structures and in

transportation. Buildings have a relatively high potential forenergy efficiency improvements

compared to other sectors of the economy. Indicators are needed to measure both

current energy efficiency and improvement potential. Various indicators serve different

purposes and interests in the buildings sector depending on the needs of the indicator's

user, who may range from the user of the building to the regulator, just to mention two of the

typical stakeholders of a building. Defining a universal indicator to cover all needs is not

possible. Therefore an array of indicators is suggested - what indicator to use depends on the

situation and the objectives of the analysis. Calculatingenergy efficiency potential is

dependent on the scale and timeframe of the analysis. With small changes it suffices to take

into account all significantenergy flows and embodiedenergy with average

primary energy coefficients. A profitability calculation should also be made. With large

changes that entail systemic effects the primary energy coefficients should take marginal

values. Systemic changes should be analyzed with e.g. scenario analysis and economic

effects should be evaluated with e.g. economic modelling. Externalities and the reboundeffect should also be considered. Copyright VTT 2011.

Author keywords

Building; Chain; Community; Energy efficiency; Indicator; Meter; Potential; Production

Indexed keywords

Alternativeenergy source; Alternative routes; Buildings sector; Calculation models;

Community; During construction; Effective energy; Embodiedenergy; End users; End-

uses; Energy chain; Energy efficiency improvements; Energy efficiency

indicator; Energy flow; Energy production chain;Energy productions; Energy saving

potential; Energy sector; Energy source; Energy systems; Energy units; Energy use;

European Commission; European Union; Functional basis; General approach; High potential;

In-buildings; Meter; Operation phase; Physical elements; Potential; Power units;

Primary energies; Primary energy consumption; Primary energy demand;

Process Technologies; Quality of product; Rebound effect; Renewableenergies; Rural

community; Scenario analysis; Scenario technique; Storage systems; System boundary;

Urban areas

Engineering controlled terms:Buildings; Chains; Economic and social effects;

Economics; Energy conversion; Energy policy; Energy utilization; Environmental impact;

Gas emissions; Indicators (instruments); International law; Plastic buildingmaterials;

Production; Profitability; Rating; Repair; Research; Transportation personnel; Urban planning


3/9

Engineering main heading:Energy efficiency

ISSN: 12350605 ISBN: 978-951387708-8 CODEN: VTIEESource Type: Book series Original

language: English

Document Type:Article

View in table layoutReferences (44)

Page

Export

Print

E-mail

Create bibliography

1

Ahtila, P., Tuomaala, M., Siitonen, S., Kalenoja, H., Rantala, J., Kallionp, E., Sipil,

K., (...), Lahti, P.

Measuring and potentials of energy efficiency (EPO)

(2009) ClimBus - Business Opportunities in the Mitigation of Climate Change 2004-2008, pp.

386-399.

Veijonen, K., Holviala, N. & Seilo, M. (eds.). Final Report. Tekes Programme Report 4/2009.

Helsinki 2009

2

(2000) Energy Efficiency Indicators.Cited 4 times.

APEC. Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre, Tokyo

3

(2000)Are We Moving in the Right Direction?.Cited 5 times.

EEA. European Environment Agency Environmental Issue Report No. 12, Copenhagen

4(2007) District Heat Statistic 2007, p. 69.

Energy Industry

5

(2007) Energy Statistics 2007.Cited 2 times.

Energy Industry

6
http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0008048126&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0008048126&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0008048126&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-2142846487&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-2142846487&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-2142846487&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052853130&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052853130&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052853130&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052853130&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-2142846487&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0008048126&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummy


4/9

(2008) Heating Systems in Buildings - Method for Calculation of System Energy

Requirements and System Efficiencies - Part 4-5: Space Heating Generation Systems, the

Performance and Quality of District Heating and Large Volume Systems

EN standard 15316-4-5

7

(2006)Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential.Cited 69 times.

European Commission. COM(2006)545, Brussels

8

Guine, J.

(2002) Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment.Cited 954 times.

Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands

9

Haas, R.

Energy efficiency indicators in the residential sector: What do we know and

what has to be ensured?

(1997) Energy Policy, 25 (7-9), pp. 789-802.Cited 24 times.

View at Publisher

10

Hall, D.External costs of energy

(2004) Encyclopedia of Energy.Cited 2 times.

Elsevier, San Diego

11

Hammond, G., Jones, G.

(2007) Inventory of Carbon & Energy.Cited 101 times.

University of Bath

http://people.bath.ac.uk/cj219/

12

Harmaajrvi, I., Heinonen, S., Lahti, P.

(2004) Urban form, Transportation and Green-house Gas Emissions. Experiences in the

Nordic Countries

Espoo, Finland, 2004. VTT Building and Transport. Research report RTE 2108/04. The

Nordic Council of Ministers. Copenhagen, Denmark. TemaNord 2004:540

13
http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-34247399439&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-34247399439&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-34247399439&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0004038173&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0004038173&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0004038173&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0000336850&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0000336850&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0000336850&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0000336850&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=corehttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0000336850&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=corehttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0000336850&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=corehttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/redirect/linking.url?targetURL=http%3a%2f%2fdx.doi.org%2f10.1016%2fS0301-4215%2897%2900069-4&locationID=3&categoryID=4&eid=2-s2.0-0000336850&issn=03014215&linkType=ViewAtPublisher&year=1997&origin=reflist&dig=f89ccde80d1cc7b5b1dd2e3635e88dc1http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/redirect/linking.url?targetURL=http%3a%2f%2fdx.doi.org%2f10.1016%2fS0301-4215%2897%2900069-4&locationID=3&categoryID=4&eid=2-s2.0-0000336850&issn=03014215&linkType=ViewAtPublisher&year=1997&origin=reflist&dig=f89ccde80d1cc7b5b1dd2e3635e88dc1http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052857842&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052857842&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052857842&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-44249118024&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-44249118024&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-44249118024&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://people.bath.ac.uk/cj219/http://people.bath.ac.uk/cj219/http://people.bath.ac.uk/cj219/http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-44249118024&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052857842&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/redirect/linking.url?targetURL=http%3a%2f%2fdx.doi.org%2f10.1016%2fS0301-4215%2897%2900069-4&locationID=3&categoryID=4&eid=2-s2.0-0000336850&issn=03014215&linkType=ViewAtPublisher&year=1997&origin=reflist&dig=f89ccde80d1cc7b5b1dd2e3635e88dc1http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0000336850&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=corehttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0000336850&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0000336850&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0004038173&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-34247399439&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummy


5/9

Harmaajrvi, I., Huhdanmki, A., Lahti, P.

Yhdyskuntarakenne ja kasvihuone-kaasupstt

(2001) Urban Form and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Helsinki, Finland. The Finnish Environment 522. Ministry of the Environment. Edita Prima Ltd.

(In Finnish, abstract in English and Swedish)

14

Harmaajrvi, I., Huhdanmki, A., Lahti, P.

(2002) Urban Form and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Summary. Helsinki, Finland. The Finnish Environment 573. Ministry of the Environment. Edita

Prima Ltd

15

Hastings, R.

Primary energy and CO2 conversion factors

(2008) International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme Task, p. 28.

16

Heinonen, S., Kasanen, P., Walls, M.

Ekotehokas yhteiskunta. Ympristkluste-rin kolmannen ohjelmakauden

esiselvitysraportti

(2002) Ympristministeri. Suomen Ymprist, p. 598.

(In Finnish)

17

Heljo, J.

(2005) Rakennusten Energiatehokkuusindikaattoreiden Kehittmisen Perusperi-aatteet

Tampere University of Technology. (In Finnish)

18

Heljo, J., Nippala, E., Nuutila, H.

(2005) Rakennusten Energiankulutus Ja CO2-ekv Pstt Suomessa.Cited 3 times.

Report 2005:4, Institute of Construction Economics, Tampere University of Technology

19

(1997) Indicators of Energy Use and Efficiency: Understanding the Link between Energy and

Human Activity.Cited 52 times.

IEA, International Energy Agency, Paris

20
http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052838784&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052838784&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052838784&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0003436006&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0003436006&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0003436006&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0003436006&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052838784&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummy


6/9

(2008) Worldwide Trends in Energy Use and Efficiency.Cited 47 times.

IEA. International Energy Agency, Paris

21

(2007) Summary for Policymakers - Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth

Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IPCC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

22

(2010) Vuokran Muodostuminen. KTI Institute for Real Estate Economics

KTI. Helsinki (In Finnish)

http://www.kti.fi/kti/doc/palvelut/kasitteet/vuokran_muodostuminen.pdf

23

Lahti, P., Moilanen, P.

Kaupunkiseutujen yhdyskuntarakenne ja kasvihuonekaa- supstt.

Kehitysvertailuja 2005-2050

(2010) Urban Land Use Patterns and Green-house Gas Emissions in Finland 2005-2050

The Finnish Environment 12/2010. Ministry of the Environment. Helsinki 2010. (In Finnish,

abstract in English and Swedish)

24

Martinkauppi, K.

(2010) ERA17 - Energiaviisaan Rakennetun Ympristn Aika 2017.Cited 2 times.

For an energy-smart built environment 2017. Ministry of the Environment, Sitra, Tekes.

Helsinki 2010

25

(2009) The Report of the Energy Efficiency Committee: Proposal for Energy Saving and

Energy Efficiency Measures

Ministry of Employment and the Economy. Helsinki

26

(2007) Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Finland

Motiva, Helsinki

27

(2009) Kulutuksen Normeeraus

Motivahttp://www.motiva.fi/kulutuksennormitus
http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-62849093724&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-62849093724&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-62849093724&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.kti.fi/kti/doc/palvelut/kasitteet/vuokran_muodostuminen.pdfhttp://www.kti.fi/kti/doc/palvelut/kasitteet/vuokran_muodostuminen.pdfhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052863995&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052863995&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052863995&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.motiva.fi/kulutuksennormitushttp://www.motiva.fi/kulutuksennormitushttp://www.motiva.fi/kulutuksennormitushttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052863995&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.kti.fi/kti/doc/palvelut/kasitteet/vuokran_muodostuminen.pdfhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-62849093724&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummy


7/9

28

Mkinen, T., Soimakallio, S., Paappanen, T., Pahkala, K., Mikkola, H.

(2006) Green House Gas Balances and New Business Opportunities for Biomass-based

Transportation Fuels and Agrobiomass in Finland.Cited 3 times.

VTT Research Notes 2357

http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2006/T2357.pdf

29

Nuutila, H.

(2008) Data Obtained from the EkoREM Model.Cited 2 times.

VTT, Tampere

30

Patterson, M.G.

What is energy efficiency? Concepts, indicators and methodological issues

(1996) Energy Policy, 24 (5), pp. 377-390.Cited 116 times.

doi: 10.1016/0301-4215(96)00017-1

View at Publisher

31

(2001) Rakenteiden Elinkaaritekniikka RIL 216-2001

RIL. Suomen Rakennusinsinrien Liitto RIL, Helsinki. (In Finnish)

32

Rogers, E.

(1962) Diffusion of Innovations.Cited 16146 times.

Free Press, London, NY, USA

33

(2009) Buildings and Free-time ResidencesStatistics Finland

http://www.stat.fi/til/rakke/index_en.html

34

Tuomaala, M.

(2007) Conceptual Approach to Process Integration Efficiency.Cited 8 times.

Doctoral dissertation. Otamedia, Espoo

35
http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-57349104273&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-57349104273&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-57349104273&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2006/T2357.pdfhttp://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2006/T2357.pdfhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052854163&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052854163&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052854163&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030135572&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030135572&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0030135572&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=corehttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0030135572&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=corehttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0030135572&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=corehttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/redirect/linking.url?targetURL=http%3a%2f%2fdx.doi.org%2f10.1016%2f0301-4215%2896%2900017-1&locationID=3&categoryID=4&eid=2-s2.0-0030135572&issn=03014215&linkType=ViewAtPublisher&year=1996&origin=reflist&dig=0d000dabc61bd4185772162865027f5bhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/redirect/linking.url?targetURL=http%3a%2f%2fdx.doi.org%2f10.1016%2f0301-4215%2896%2900017-1&locationID=3&categoryID=4&eid=2-s2.0-0030135572&issn=03014215&linkType=ViewAtPublisher&year=1996&origin=reflist&dig=0d000dabc61bd4185772162865027f5bhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0003584083&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0003584083&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0003584083&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.stat.fi/til/rakke/index_en.htmlhttp://www.stat.fi/til/rakke/index_en.htmlhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-74149089633&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-74149089633&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-74149089633&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-74149089633&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.stat.fi/til/rakke/index_en.htmlhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0003584083&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/redirect/linking.url?targetURL=http%3a%2f%2fdx.doi.org%2f10.1016%2f0301-4215%2896%2900017-1&locationID=3&categoryID=4&eid=2-s2.0-0030135572&issn=03014215&linkType=ViewAtPublisher&year=1996&origin=reflist&dig=0d000dabc61bd4185772162865027f5bhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0030135572&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=corehttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0030135572&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-80052854163&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2006/T2357.pdfhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-57349104273&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummy


8/9

Tuomaala, M.

(2010) Energiatehokkuuden Mittarit Ja Potentiaalit. Tutkimuksen Vliraportti Sislten

Sektorikohtaiset Kirjallisuuskatsaukset

Espoo 1.9.2010. (In Finnish)

36

Tuomaala, P.

Rakennusten energiankytt - Matalaenergiatalot

(2007) Presentation for the Finnish Association of Architects

http://www.safa.fi/sivu.php?cat=1&sel=33&sivu=409

37

Tuomaala, P.

(2008) Personal Communication on 14.1.2008

38

Tuominen, P.

(2008) The Potential Effects of Low Energy Buildings on the Finnish National Economy

Master's thesis. Helsinki University of Technology, 2008

39

(2009) UNSD Environmental Indicators

UNSD, United Nations Statistical Division Environment Statistics

http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ENVIRONMENT/qindicators.htm

40

Measuring energy efficiency in the United States' economy: A beginning

(1995) Energy Consumption Series DOE/EIA-0555(95)/2, US Department of Energy,

Washington, DC.Cited 30 times.

USDOE

41

Vainio, T.

(2002) Korjausrakentaminen 2000-2010. VTT Tiedotteita 2154.Cited 4 times.

Espoo. (In Finnish)

http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2002/T2154.pdf

42

Virtanen, K.
http://www.safa.fi/sivu.php?cat=1&sel=33&sivu=409http://www.safa.fi/sivu.php?cat=1&sel=33&sivu=409http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ENVIRONMENT/qindicators.htmhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/ENVIRONMENT/qindicators.htmhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0004027734&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0004027734&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0004027734&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0041571025&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0041571025&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0041571025&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2002/T2154.pdfhttp://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2002/T2154.pdfhttp://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2002/T2154.pdfhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0041571025&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0004027734&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/ENVIRONMENT/qindicators.htmhttp://www.safa.fi/sivu.php?cat=1&sel=33&sivu=409


9/9

Asukaslhtisen perusparantamisen kehitystarpeet

(2005) Environmental Administration

Helsinki

43

Van Der Voort, E., Donni, E., Thonet, C., Bois D'Enghien, E., Dechamps, C., Guilmot, J.F.

(1984) Energy Supply Modelling Package EFOM-12C Mark I, Mathematical Description.Cited

15 times.

Louvain-la-Neuve, Cabay: Commission of the European Communities, EUR-8896

44

Wahlgren, I.

Assessing ecological sustainability in urban planning - EcoBalance model

(2009) VTT Symposium (Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus), (262), pp. 106-121.

ISBN: 978-951387585-5

Forsstrm, J.;

Copyright 2011 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0003690849&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0003690849&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0003690849&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0003690849&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052858411&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052858411&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29&relpos=0&relpos=0&searchTerm=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29#corrAuthorTitlehttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052858411&origin=reflist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies&sid=84F208761AFBF05ED5EB57A7B2004C96.f594dyPDCy4K3aQHRor6A%3a40&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=92&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Embodied+energy+of+common+and+alternative+building+materials+and+technologies%29http://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0003690849&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummyhttp://www.scopus.com.scopeesprx.elsevier.com/search/submit/citedby.url?eid=2-s2.0-80052838823&refeid=2-s2.0-0003690849&src=s&origin=reflist&refstat=dummy

Measuring energy efficiency

Documents

Transcript of Measuring energy efficiency