Measuring values in the European Values Study
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Measuring values in the European Values Study
Loek Halman
Department of Sociology
Faculty of Social & Behavioral Sciences
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2Measuring values in EVS
The concept of values: DefinitionMeasurement
Example from EVS
Measuring values in the European Values Study
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3Measuring values in EVS
Values … provide guidelines that allow people to master life … influence our behavior … specify and preserve social behavior … define what we want to do our best for and binds
people in distinguished groups …command or forbid, they define approval or
disapproval, recommend or advice against….they legitimate behaviors
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4Measuring values in EVS
Defining values terminological jungle (Brandsma, 1977: 62) "Misere der 'Wertforschung'" (Kmieciak, 1976:
23) "Soziologischer Sprachgewirr" (Kmieciak, 1976:
147)
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5Measuring values in EVS
Clyde Kluckhon 1959"..a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means and ends of action" (p.95).
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6Measuring values in EVS
Critics
explicit-implicit; individual-group
circularity (wünschenwerten)
determining behavior?‘desirable’ is also difficult to define
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7Measuring values in EVS
Milton Rokeach
‘... an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence’ (Rokeach, 1968: 160; Rokeach, 1973: 5).
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8Measuring values in EVS
Definitions
"modes of normative orientation of action ..which define the main directions of action without reference to specific goals or more detailed situations or structures" (Parsons, 1960: 171).
"principles which "guide", "channel", or "direct" behavior" (Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck, 1961: 6).
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9Measuring values in EVS
Definition Isteer behavior: "Leitlinien" (Kmieciak), standards or criteria "for guiding action" (Rokeach, Kluckhohn)
direction: 'desirable' (Kluckhohn), 'preferable' (Rokeach), 'gewünscht' (Friedrichs)
Theoretical construct: 'conceptions' (Kluckhohn, Brewster-Smith), 'Vorstellungen' (Friedrichs), 'belief' (Rokeach), 'Ordnungskonzept' (Kmieciak), thus: not direct observable
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10Measuring values in EVS
Related concepts
desires
convictions
beliefs
norms
attitudes
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11Measuring values in EVS
Values and related concepts Values have consequences for beliefs, attitudes, and
skills (Hofstede, 2000: 10) Related concepts more directed towards certain
behavior Values are more fundamental, deeper: ‘not
concerned with specific objects or persons’ (Reich & Adcock, 1976)
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12Measuring values in EVS
Thus……• "..a value is … a disposition of a person just like an attitude,
but more basic than an attitude, often underlying it" (Rokeach, 1968: 124).
• "Values are standards of desirability that are independent of specific situations. The same value may be a point of reference for a great many specific norms. … Values, as standards (criteria) for establishing what should be regarded as desirable, provide the grounds for accepting or rejecting particular norms" (Williams, 1968: 284).
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13Measuring values in EVS
Definition IInot specific but general
Values are only an element in motivation and in determining action’ (Kluckhohn, 1959: 400): not determining
Values are revealed in attitudes, opinions, norms etc.
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14Measuring values in EVS
Thus, values are: Steering principles Direction is desired Theoretical construct Not specific, but general, more
fundamental, underlying Not determining Revealed in attitudes, norms, convictions
etc
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15Measuring values in EVS
A value is:
…a deeply rooted motivation or orientation guiding or explaining certain attitudes, norms, opinions which on their turn will direct human action or at least part of it
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16Measuring values in EVS
Measuring values
Ask people their valuesBUT
We do not know our values!
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17Measuring values in EVS
Thus, indirect… Describe ideal behavior Describe what you desire/want Choices (Kluckhohn) Content analysis Surveys: e.g., Rokeach, Schwartz,
Hofstede, Triandis, Inglehart, EVS/WVS
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18Measuring values in EVS
A value is:…a deeply rooted motivation or orientation guiding or explaining certain attitudes, norms, opinions which on their turn will direct human action or at least part of it
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Values and related concepts
values attitudes, normsbeliefs, opinions
Measuring values in EVS
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General latent structure modelA
B
C
D
L
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Latent structure models
• Factor analysis• Guttman scaling/Mokken scaling• Latent trait analysis• Latent class analysis• ……
Measuring values in EVS
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22Measuring values in EVS
An example from EVS
Work ethos
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23Measuring values in EVS
Work is a moral duty income structure
identity and status contribution to society
discipline
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24Measuring values in EVS
work comes first
not working makes you lazy
receiving money without working is
humiliating
job to develop talents
work is a duty
WORK ETHOS
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25Measuring values in EVS
Measuring work ethos
to fully develop your talents, you need to have a job (identity)
it is humiliating to receive money without having to work for it (income)
people who don’t work turn lazy (structure) work is a duty towards society (society) work should always come first, even if it means less
spare time (discipline)
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Answer categories
1 = Agree strongly 2 = Agree
3 = Neither agree, nor disagree4 = Disagree
5 = Disagree strongly
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Factor analysis
F1v92 0,638v93 0,637v94 0,693v95 0,690v96 0,709
Measuring values in EVS
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28Measuring values in EVS
Comparability of measures
Comparing scores on latent variables is useless in case the latent variable has different meanings in different countries. Because the meaning (interpretation) of the latent variable is determined by the relations between latent and manifest variables, these relationships have to be carefully examined (Kohn, 1987; Adler, 1993)
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Split filemerged FR DE AT ES PT NL IR EE LV LT PL CZ SK RO BU GR RU MT UA AL AM BA CY
CY-TR GE KO MD ME RS CH
v92 0,64 0,63 0,66 0,65 0,66 0,69 0,62 0,69 0,65 0,45 0,63 0,64 0,73 0,68 0,48 0,64 0,65 0,63 0,61 0,56 0,53 0,60 0,63 0,64 0,55 0,66 0,68 0,55 0,62 0,60 0,61
v93 0,64 0,59 0,60 0,64 0,53 0,67 0,59 0,77 0,67 0,66 0,72 0,52 0,71 0,66 0,63 0,66 0,57 0,73 0,56 0,66 0,71 0,51 0,65 0,66 0,63 0,61 0,72 0,49 0,61 0,59 0,53
v94 0,69 0,67 0,66 0,74 0,69 0,70 0,70 0,74 0,69 0,61 0,64 0,61 0,77 0,70 0,73 0,66 0,65 0,71 0,72 0,67 0,69 0,56 0,73 0,71 0,73 0,60 0,73 0,68 0,70 0,61 0,60
v95 0,69 0,72 0,74 0,72 0,71 0,77 0,76 0,74 0,74 0,72 0,77 0,76 0,76 0,77 0,75 0,76 0,79 0,70 0,71 0,74 0,73 0,67 0,74 0,77 0,69 0,76 0,64 0,72 0,74 0,74 0,74
v96 0,71 0,70 0,70 0,77 0,64 0,59 0,70 0,67 0,73 0,65 0,67 0,67 0,72 0,70 0,77 0,69 0,72 0,69 0,57 0,68 0,58 0,72 0,69 0,63 0,52 0,67 0,74 0,75 0,71 0,71 0,63
Measuring values in EVS
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30Measuring values in EVS
Calculating scores• Sumscores: non-weighted unstandardized scores:
COMPUTE workethos=(V92 + V93 + V94 + V95 + v96)/5.
• Factor scores: weighted standardized scores produced by factor analysis
FACTOR /VARIABLES V92 V93 V94 V95 V96 /MISSING LISTWISE /ANALYSIS V92 V93 V94 V95 V96 /PRINT INITIAL EXTRACTION /CRITERIA FACTORS(1) ITERATE(25) /EXTRACTION PC /ROTATION NOROTATE /SAVE REG(1 workethos) /METHOD=CORRELATION.
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Theme: Values & Norms 2009: Values
Work ethos in 1999
Measuring values in EVS
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BG KO CY GE AL PT AM RO MD NCY SK GR DE AT UA ME RS CZ RU ES EE BA LT MT FR LV IE PL CH NL-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Work ethos in 2008
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Measuring and Comparing Values in 16 Countries of
the Western WorldDocumentation of the European Values
Study 1981-1990in Europe and North America
Loek Halman & Astrid Vloet
November 1994
Measuring values in EVS
Examples
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Religious and moral orientations
Religious values
• Private religiosity• Traditional belief• Confidence in the church• Rites of passage
Moral values
• Private permissivenes• Public permissivenes
Measuring values in EVS - Examples
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Social political valuesConservatism• Economic • Cultural
Measuring values in EVS-Examples
Confidence in institutions• General confidence in
institutions • Confidence in democratic
institutions • Confidence in authoritative
institutions
Tolerance • Ethnic • Behavioral• Extremists
Materialism-postmaterialism
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Social-Political valuesPolitical Left-right Political involvement
• Protest activity• Protest proness
Measuring values in EVS-Examples
Statements about government and economy • Individual freedom • Political resignation
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Primary relations
Marital orientations• Cultural homogeneity • Material conditions • Affection• Immaterial conditions
Family • Parent-child relationship • Traditional family pattern
Measuring values in EVS-Examples
Educational values• Conformity• Achievement
Gender roles • Rejection of the traditional women's role• Equal roles for men and women
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Work – Extrinsic– Intrinsic– Work ethos
Measuring values in EVS-Examples
Civic engagement– Membership – Volunteering
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Work, civil society….
Solidarity– Social spatial– Social economic
EnvironmentNew Environmental Paradigm
Immigrants – Perceived threat– Xenophobia– Etnic and civic qualities of
national identity
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Thank you!