Measuring Stream Microbiology: Preliminary Results Dr. Robert D. Simon Mr. Jacob D. Almeida Mr....
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Transcript of Measuring Stream Microbiology: Preliminary Results Dr. Robert D. Simon Mr. Jacob D. Almeida Mr....
Measuring Stream Microbiology:Preliminary Results
Dr. Robert D. SimonMr. Jacob D. AlmeidaMr. Jonah StevensDepartment of BiologySUNY-Geneseo
Microbial Quality is Monitored by Measuring
Surrogates• Coliforms• Fecal Coliforms• Escherichia coli
Fecal Streptococci• Enterococci
• Total Heterotrophic Bacteria
Coliforms
• Found in the gut and feces of warm-blooded animals
• Aerobic and facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative, non-spore forming rod shaped bacteria that ferment lactose with gas formation within 48 hours at 35 °C.
• Enterobacteriaceae• Membrane Filtration (MF) MF -
Dark colony with a metalic sheen on an “Endo” type medium.
Fecal Coliforms
• A subset of Total Coliforms• Fecal coliforms - Produce gas from
lactose at 44.5 °C. • Prior to its 1986, EPA recommended
the use of fecal coliforms as an indicator organism to protect bathers from gastrointestinal illness in recreational waters.
Membrane Filter methods for Total Coliforms and E. coli using Millipore
mColiBlue24
• Next day results• Easy to read with turbid samples• Clonal isolates can be saved for further study
Fecal Streptococcus• Isolated from the feces of warm-
blooded animals• A number of species of the genus
Streptococcus• It is not possible to differentiate the
source of fecal contamination based on speciation
• FC/FS ratio can also not be used as a means of differentiating human and animal feces
Enterococcus
• A subgroup of fecal streptococci, including:S. faecalis, S. faecium, S. gallinarum, S. avium
• Differentiated by ability to grow in 6.5% NaCl at 10 °C and 45 °C
• Difco m Enterococcus Agar
Heterotrophic Bacteria
• Bacto R2A Agar. A low-nutrient medium. Incubation at 25 °C for 40-72 hours, stimulates the growth of stressed and chlorine-tolerant bacteria
• Multiple 20 l drops of water dilutions are spotted on plates, and micro-colonies are counted under a dissecting microscope
EPA’s Recommended 1986 Water Quality Criteria for Bacteria in Recreational Fresh Water
IndicatorBacteria
Illness Rate(per 1000)
GeometricMean
DensityDesignatedBeach Area
InfrequentlyUsed Full Body
Contact
enterococci 8 33 62 151E. coli 8 126 235 576
• Based on the epidemiology of water-born disease occurrence as E. coli and Enterococci levels exhibit a strong correlation to swimming-associated gastroenteritis.
Results
Two Types of Stream Flow
• Regular Flow (Grab Samples)– Slow flow during the summer, a portion
probably from groundwater – It is surprising how much flow there is in
the Winter– Weekly measure stream characteristics
• Events– Due to rain or snow melt
Assessing Overall Stream Microbial Quality From Grab
Samples• Because of the variability in
individual measurements, it is valuable to to combine monthly regular (non-event) estimates.
• The geometric means of monthly samples are calculated because this damps out the effect of a few extreme values.
Sand Point
Graywood
Long Pt. Cove
Cottonwood Gully
McPhersons Point
Sutton Point
Long Point
Experimental sites with weed beds
Control sites with weed beds
Experimental site without weed beds
Control sites without weed beds
Southwest Creeks North
McMillan
Conclusions about Regular Flow
• E. coli and Enterococcus levels are seasonal
• Total Coliforms and Heterotrophic Bacteria vary little over the year.
• Graywood is the most regularly contaminated stream and on the western side of the lake the streams at the northern end have the most problems with water quality.
Events
• The Number and Characteristics, of Events vary by Season and Stream Source
Manure Spread on Snow Above Graywood -
February 2003
Events
• There are Different Types of Events
Turbidity
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
6/17 6/24 7/1 7/8 7/15 7/22 7/29 8/5 8/12 8/19 8/26 9/2
Date
NTU
Sutton Point – Two Recorded Events from 6/17/03 – 9/2/03
1 2
Given the Large Inputs into Streams During Events Do these Persist in the Stream or Lake?
• Sediment Microbiology• Analysis of Fecal Coliform Levels in
Sediments from the Stream and Lake Near the Stream Outfalls
• No Evidence for Significant Accumulations of Fecal Material in Sediments or Stream Bottoms
Major Conclusion
Future Plans
• Continue monitoring program• Use current data to better understand
the number, types and magnitude of different events. This may aid in monitoring clean-up as one might aim to prevent certain event types.
• Examine the changing character of the Heterotrophic bacterial flora
The End