Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre...
-
Upload
ferdinand-pitts -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
2
Transcript of Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre...
![Page 1: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths
from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).
![Page 2: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Ruler 2 Precautions to be taken when using a ruler: (a) Ensure that the object is in contact with the ruler to
avoid inaccurate readings. (b) Avoid parallax errors.
![Page 3: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Ruler Parallax errors in measurement arise as a result of taking
a reading, with the eye of the observer in the wrong position with respect to the scale of the ruler. Figure 1.7 shows the correct position of the eye when reading the scale.
Error = 0.1 cmError = 0.1 cm
![Page 4: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Ruler (c) Avoid zero and end errors. The ends of a ruler, which may be worn out, are a source
of errors in measurement. Thus it is advisable to use the division mark `1' of the scale as the zero point when taking a measurement.
![Page 5: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Ruler (c) Length of the block, l =3.2cm-1.0cm = 2.2 cm
![Page 6: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
1 Lengths smaller than 1 mm can be measured with the help of an instrument called a vernier
caliper.
Vernier Caliper
![Page 7: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Vernier Caliper 2 A vernier caliper is used to measure an
object with dimensions up to 12 cm with an accuracy of 0.01 cm.
![Page 8: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Vernier Caliper 3 There are two pairs of
jaws, one is designed to measure linear dimensions and external diameters while the other is to measure internal diameters.
![Page 9: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Vernier Caliper 4. To measure with a vernier caliper, slide the
vernier scale along the main scale until the object is held firmly between the jaws of the caliper. The subsequent steps are as follows.
![Page 10: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Measuring Instruments Vernier Caliper (a)The reading on the main scale is determined with
reference to the `0' mark on the vernier scale. The reading to be taken on the main scale is the mark preceding the Figure 1.10 shows that the '0' mark on the vernier scale lies between 3.2 cm and 3.3 cm. The reading to be taken on the main scale is 3.2 cm (the `0' mark on the vernier scale acts as a pointer).
1
![Page 11: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Vernier Caliper (b) The reading to be taken on the vernier scale is indicated by the
mark on the vernier scale which is exactly in line or coincides with any main scale division line. Figure 1.10 shows that the fourth mark on the vernier scale is exactly in line with a mark on the main scale. Thus the second decimal reading of the measurement is:
Vernier scale reading = 4 x 0.01 cm = 0.04 cm
2
![Page 12: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Vernier Caliper (c) The reading of the vernier caliper is the result of
the addition of the reading on the main scale to the reading on the vernier scale.
3.2
0.04
![Page 13: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Vernier Caliper (c) The reading of the vernier caliper is the result of
the addition of the reading on the main scale to the reading on the vernier scale.
Caliper reading = Main scale Reading + Vernier scale reading
Thus the reading of the vernier caliper in Figure 1.10 is = 3.2 + 0.04 = 3.24 cm
3.2
0.04
![Page 14: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Vernier Caliper 5. A vernier caliper has a zero error if the `0'
mark on the main scale is not in line with the '0' mark on the vernier scale when the jaws of the caliper are fully closed
![Page 15: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Vernier Caliper (a) Positive zero error Zero error = +0.04 cm. {0.40 – 0.36=+0.04cm}
![Page 16: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
0.72 cm
0.70 cm
0.02cm
![Page 17: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Vernier Caliper
(b) Negative zero error Zero error = -0.02 cm.
![Page 18: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
1 A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure small lengths ranging between 0.10 mm and 25.00 mm.
![Page 19: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
2 This instrument can be used to measure diameters of wires and thicknesses of steel plates to an accuracy of 0.01 mm.
![Page 20: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
3 The micrometer scale comprises a main scale marked on the sleeve and a scale marked on the thimble called the thimble scale.
![Page 21: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge 4 The difference between one division on the upper scale
and one division on the lower scale is 0.5 mm.
![Page 22: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge5 The thimble scale is subdivided into 50 equal divisions.
When the thimble is rotated through one complete turn, i.e. 360, the gap between the anvil and the spindle increases by 0.50 mm.
![Page 23: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Measuring Instruments Micrometer Screw Gauge
6 This means that one division on the thimble scale is = 0.01 mm.
50
5.0 mm
![Page 24: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
7 When taking a reading, the thimble is turned until the object is gripped very gently between the anvil and the spindle.
![Page 25: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
8 The ratchet knob is then turned until a `click' sound is heard.
![Page 26: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge9 The ratchet knob is used to prevent the user
from exerting undue pressure.
![Page 27: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge
10 The grip on the object must not be excessive as this will affect the accuracy of the reading.
![Page 28: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge11 Readings on the micrometer are taken as follows.(a) The last graduation showing on the main scale
indicates position between 2.0 mm and 2.5 mm. Thus the reading on the main scale is read as 2.0 mm.
![Page 29: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge11 Readings on the micrometer are taken as follows.
(b) The reading of the micrometer screw gauge is the sun of the main scale reading and the thimble scale reading which is:
2.0 + 0.22 =2.22 mm
![Page 30: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge 11 Readings on the micrometer are taken as follows.(b) The reading on the thimble scale is the point where the
horizontal reference line of the main scale is in line with the graduation mark on the thimble scale Figure 1.15(b) shows this to be the 22nd mark on the thimble scale, thus giving a reading of 22 x 0.01 mm = 0.22 mm.
![Page 31: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge12 Readings on the micrometer are taken as follows.
(a) Positive zero error In Figure 1.16, the horizontal reference line in the main
scale is in line with the 4th division mark, on the positive side of the `0' mark, on the thimble scale. The error of +0.04 mm must be subtracted from all readings taken.
Zero error = +0.04 mm
![Page 32: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Measuring Instruments
Micrometer Screw Gauge 13(b) Negative zero error
In Figure 1.17, the horizontal reference line on the main scale is in line with the 3rd division mark, below the `0' mark of the thimble scale.
Zero error = -0.03 mm
![Page 33: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Chapter 1
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
![Page 34: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
1. The investigative procedure begins with the following steps:
Making an inference To interpret or explain what is being observed. It is also
an early conclusion based on observation.
![Page 35: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION Determining the variables A variable is a physical quantity which varies/changes
during the course of a scientific investigation.
![Page 36: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
In a scientific investigation, there are 3 different types of variables, namely:
(a) Manipulated variable • It is a physical quantity which is fixed in an experiment. (b) Responding variable • It is a physical quantity which depends on the
independent variable. (c) Constant variable • It is a physical quantity which is fixed while an
experiment is being carried out.
![Page 37: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Making a hypothesis It is a clarification/explanation regarding the
relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable when all other variables are kept constant.
A hypothesis must be proven correct after an
experiment is carried out.
![Page 38: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Controlling the variable The experiment must be conducted in an
appropriate place so as not to influence the variables.
![Page 39: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Planning the investigative procedure/method Covers the choice and arrangement of the
apparatus together with the work procedure being followed/ conducted.
![Page 40: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Collecting data in tabular form Data in the same strips (i.e., rows and columns)
must have the same units and the same number of decimal places (ie., data must be consistent).
For example:
![Page 41: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
1. The investigative procedure begins with the following steps:
Collecting data in tabular form For example:
![Page 42: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Interpreting the data It is a result/decision that is made by way
of the experiment.
![Page 43: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Making a conclusion It is a record that is made regarding an
information that is being studied based on the aim of the experiment.
The conclusion which is made is based on the shape of the graph that is plotted and also on the value(s) of the quantities obtained through calculation using a formula.
![Page 44: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Making a complete report of an experiment A complete report of an experiment must cover
all the following aspects: • Problem statement • Inference • Hypothesis • Aim of experiment • Variables of the experiment • Arrangement of apparatus/Materials used
![Page 45: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Making a complete report of an experiment • Experimental procedure - including the method
for controlling the manipulated and responding variables. • Tabulating data • Analyzing data • Making a conclusion • Data tabulation • Data analysis
![Page 46: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Experiment 1.1 To Study The Relationship Between The Length
Of A Pendulum And The Period Of Oscillation of The Pendulum
Problem Statement How can the period of oscillation of a pendulum
be determined?
![Page 47: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Experiment 1.1 To Study The Relationship Between The Length Of A
Pendulum And The Period Of Oscillation of The Pendulum
Hypothesis As the length of the pendulum increases, its period of
oscillation increases.
![Page 48: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Variables (a) Manipulated : Length of pendulum (b) Responding : Period of oscillation (c) Constant: Amplitude of oscillation, mass of pendulum
bob (or weight) and acceleration due to gravity.
![Page 49: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Experiment 1.1 Apparatus/Materials Used Pendulum bob, a 100cm length of thread, metre rule, 2
small pieces of wood, retort stand and a stop-watch.
![Page 50: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Experiment 1.1 To Study The Relationship Between The Length Of A
Pendulum And The Period Of Oscillation of The Pendulum
Procedure
![Page 51: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Experiment 1.1 To Study The Relationship Between The Length Of A Pendulum And
The Period Of Oscillation of The Pendulum Procedure 1. A 50.0g pendulum bob is tied to one end of a 100cm length
thread. 2. By using a retort stand and two small pieces of wood, the
other end of the thread is clamped as shown in Diagram 1.19. 3. The length, l of the pendulum is measured from the end
below the small piece of wood to the centre of the bob. (i.e., l = 20cm) 4. The pendulum is made to oscillate in a plane and having a
small amplitude of oscillation. (i.e., approximately 10°)
![Page 52: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Procedure 5. The time taken to complete 20 full oscillations is recorded
with a stop-watch. 6. The time for 20 complete oscillations is recorded once more. 7. The average time taken in the above two steps is calculated,
so too with the time taken. 8. The experimental procedure is repeated by taking the length
of the pendulum to be l = 30cm, 40cm, 50cm, 60 cm and 70cm. 9. All readings obtained are recorded in a table. 10. Then, a graph of T against l is plotted.
![Page 53: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Result:
![Page 54: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Graph T against L:
![Page 55: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Experiment 1.1
Discussion: Graph of period, T against length, L shows a curve with
positive gradient. Thus, as L increases, T also increases. Hence, the hypothesis is accepted.
![Page 56: Measuring Instruments Ruler 1 A ruler is used to measure lengths from a few cm up to 1 m. A metre rule has an accuracy of 0.1 cm (i.e. 1 mm).](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cef5503460f949bdcb4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
1.5 ANALYSING SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
Conclusion: The longer is the length of the pendulum, the longer is the
period of its oscillation.