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Transcript of Measuring China's Progress: Research on Monitoring the Advancement of Building a Xiaokang Society...
Measuring China's Progress:
Research on Monitoring the Advancement of
Building a Xiaokang Society
Dr. Shi FengdanResearch Institute of Statistical SciencesNational Bureau of Statistics of China
25 February, 2013
High-Level Forum on Official Statistics’ Response to the Rio+20 Mandate for Broader Measures of Progress
• What is a Xiaokang society?
• The System of Xiaokang Indicators
• Monitoring results of China’s Progress
in Building a Xiaokang Society
2
Outlines
What is a Xiaokang society?
• Xiaokang : well-off and moderate prosperity
• Goals of Building a Xiaokang Society of China– by 1990 : end food and clothing shortages– by 2000 : a Xiaokang society at a
preliminary stage– by 2020 : a Xiaokang society in all aspects
3
What is a Xiaokang society?
• Goal of building a Xiaokang society in all aspects: to build a moderately prosperous society for the
entire Chinese population that features: – accelerated economic development, – enhanced democracy, – advanced science and education, – prosperous culture, – harmonious society, – higher living standard, – more efficient use of resources and friendly
environment. 4
System of Xiaokang Indicators
I: Economic Development
(5)
II: Society Harmony
(5)
III: Quality of Life
(5)IV:
Democracy and Law
(2)
V: Culture and
Education(3)
VI: Resource and
Environment(3)
The System of Xiaokang Indicators
23 Indicators
5
System of Xiaokang Indicators
Ⅰ: Economic Development
Per capita GDP
Share of R&D expenses in GDP
Share of value-added of the tertiary industry in GDP
Proportion of urban population
Urban unemployment rate 6
Demographic structure
Technical innovation
Ⅰ: Economic Development
Per capita GDP
Share of R&D expenses in GDP
Share of value-added of the tertiary industry in GDP
Proportion of urban population
Urban unemployment rate Employment
Economic growth
Industrial structure
System of Xiaokang Indicators I :Economic Development
1. Per capita GDP– It is a comprehensive, aggregate and
representative indicator. – Economic development forms the basis of social
progress.
2. Share of R&D expenses in GDP– Reflects the input in technology.
3. Share of value-added of the tertiary industry in GDP
– Reflects the economic structure.
7
System of Xiaokang Indicators I :Economic Development
4. Proportion of urban population – Urbanization is the inevitable outcome of
industrialization and modernization.
– The proportion of urban population directly reflects a country’s urbanization level.
5. Urban unemployment rate – Unemployment rate is one of the most important
indicators to reflect the status of economic development.
8
System of Xiaokang Indicators
II: Social Harmony
Gini Coefficient
Urban-rural resident income ratio
Regional economic development disparity coefficient
Basic social security coverage
Gender disparity coefficient of senior high school graduates
9
Social security
Urban-rural divide
Gender disparity
Income gap
Regional divide
System of Xiaokang Indicators II :Social Harmony
6. Gini Coefficient
– It is a classical indicator commonly recognized and widely
used in the world.
– Reflects the gap of income distribution.
7. Urban-rural resident income ratio
– Reflects the gap of urban and rural incomes.
– Estimates the imbalance of China’s economic development.
10
System of Xiaokang Indicators II :Social Harmony
8. Regional economic development disparity coefficient – Dispersion coefficient of per capita GDP of n regions.– Reflects the gap of regional economic development. – Formula :
Of which : n : number of regions within a certain area : per capita GDP of region i : mean of per capita GDP of n regions : Regional economic development disparity coefficient
1 2( )1
nPCY PCYiinV
PCY
iPCY
PCY
V
11
System of Xiaokang Indicators II :Social Harmony
9. Basic social security coverage – Basic endowment insurance and medical insurance are
selected to reflect the conditions of social security.
Basic social security coverage
=
Number of people covered by basic endowment insurance
× 50%+
Number of people covered by basic medical insurance
× 50%Number of people that
should be covered by basic endowment
insurance
Number of people that should be covered by basic medical insurance
12
System of Xiaokang Indicators II :Social Harmony
10. Gender disparity coefficient of senior high school graduates
– Reflects the gap of gender.
– Formula:
Gender Disparity Coefficient of Senior High
School Graduates=
Sex ratio of senior high school graduates
× 100%Sex ratio of population of the same age group
13
System of Xiaokang Indicators
III: Quality of Life
Per capita disposable income
Engel’s coefficient
Per capita usable floor space
Under-five mortality rate
Life expectancy
14
Health care
Consumption structure
Health conditions
Income level
Housing conditions
System of Xiaokang Indicators III :Quality of Life
11. Per capita disposable income – It reflects people’s living level.– Different from per capita GDP.
12. Engel’s coefficient– The proportion of food expenditure in total
spending.– Reflects household’s total consumption and its
structure.13. Per capita usable floor space
– It is an important indicator that measures people’s living standard.
15
System of Xiaokang Indicators III :Quality of Life
14. Under-five mortality rate – Indirectly reflects the health care
conditions of a society.
15. Life expectancy– The improvement of life expectancy is the
result of improved quality of life and enhanced medical and health care.
16
System of Xiaokang Indicators
IV: Democracy and Law
Citizens’ satisfaction of democratic rights
Social safety index 17
System of Xiaokang Indicators IV :Democracy and Law
16. Citizens’ satisfaction of democratic rights– The satisfaction of citizens about whether their political,
economic and cultural rights and interests are respected and guaranteed.
17. Social safety index
– Involving the overall changes of the major aspects of social order( public security, traffic security, living safety, and publication safety) within a certain period.
Social safety index
=
Criminals in 10,000 persons in 2000
× 40% +
Traffic deaths in 10,000 persons in 2000
× 20% +Criminals in 10,000 persons in the current year
Traffic deaths in 10,000 persons in the current
year
Fire deaths in 10,000 persons in 2000
×20%+
Work injury deaths in 10,000 persons in 2000
× 20%Fire deaths in 10,000 persons
in the current yearWork injury deaths in 10,000
persons in the current year
18
System of Xiaokang Indicators
V: Culture and Education
Share of value-added of cultural industry in GDP
Share of household’s expenses on cultural, educational and recreational services in total expenses
Average years of education
19
Education
Culture industry
Social service
System of Xiaokang Indicators V :Culture and Education
18. Share of value-added of cultural industry in GDP – Reflects the prosperity and development of a country’s
cultural industry.
19. Share of household’s expenses on cultural, educational and recreational services in total expenses
– Reflects the diversity of the people’s spiritual life and improvement of their education.
20. Average years of education– Reflects the education level of the entire population.
20
System of Xiaokang Indicators
VI: Resources and Environment
Per unit GDP energy consumption
Arable land area index
Environmental quality index
21
Environment
Utilization efficiency
Resource protection
System of Xiaokang Indicators VI :Resources and Environment
21. Per unit GDP energy consumption
– Reflects the efficiency of resources utilization. 22. Arable land area index
– Reflects the protection of arable land.
Arable land area index =
Arable land area in the reporting period × 100%
Arable land area of the base period (2000)
22
System of Xiaokang Indicators VI :Resources and Environment
23. Environmental quality index
Environmental quality index
= Urban air quality conformity rate
× 40%+
Surface water conformity rate
× 40%+Land greening conformity rate
× 20%
23
System of Xiaokang IndicatorsAspect Indicator Weight Target
Economic Development
(29)
1. Per capita GDP﹡ 12 ≥31400RMB
2. Share of R&D expenses in GDP 4 ≥2.5%
3. Share of value-added of the tertiary industry in GDP
4 ≥50%
4. Proportion of urban population 5 ≥60%
5. Urban unemployment rate 4 ≤6%
Social Harmony
(15)
6. Gini Coefficient 2 ≤0.4
7. Urban-rural resident income ratio 2 ≤2.80
8. Regional economic development disparity coefficient
2 ≤60%
9. Basic social security coverage 6 ≥90%
10. Gender disparity coefficient of senior high school graduates
3 =100%
﹡Per capita GDP is calculated use constant prices in 200024
System of Xiaokang Indicators
﹡Per capita disposable Income is calculated use constant prices in 2000
Aspect Indicator Weight Target
Quality of Life(19)
11. Per capita disposable income﹡ 6 ≥15000RMB
12. Engel’s coefficient 3 ≤40%
13. Per capita usable floor space 5 ≥27m2
14. Under-five mortality rate 2 ≤12‰
15. Life expectancy 3 ≥75 years old
Democracy and Law
(11)
16. Citizens’ satisfaction of democratic rights
5 ≥90%
17. Social safety index 6 ≥100%
25
System of Xiaokang Indicators
﹡Per unit GDP is calculated use constant prices in 2000
Aspect Indicator Weight Target
Culture and Education
(14)
18. Share of value-added of cultural industry in GDP
6 ≥5%
19. Share of household’s expenses on cultural, educational and recreational services in total expenses
2 ≥16%
20. Average years of education 6 ≥10.5 years
Resources and Environment
(12)
21. Per unit GDP energy consumption﹡ 4
≤0.84 tons of SCE per
10,000 RMB
22. Arable land area index 2 ≥94%
23. Environmental quality index 6 =100%
26
270% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
23. Envi ronmental qual i t y i ndex
22. Arabl e l and area i ndex
21. Per uni t GDP energy consumpt i on
20. Average years of educat i on
19. Share of househol d’ s expenseson cul tural , educat i onal and
18. Share of val ue- added ofcul tural i ndust ry i n GDP
17. Soci al saf ety i ndex
16. Ci t i zens’ sat i sf act i on ofdemocrat i c r i ght s
15. Li f e expectancy
14. Under - fi ve mortal i t y rate
13. Per capi ta usabl e fl oor space
12. Engel ’ s coeffi ci ent
11. Per capi ta di sposabl e i ncome
10. Gender di spar i t y coeffi ci ent ofseni or hi gh school graduates
9. Basi c soci al secur i t y coverage
8. Regi onal economi c devel opmentdi spar i t y coeffi ci ent
7. Urban- rural resi dent i ncomerat i o
6. Gi ni Coeffi ci ent
5. Urban unempl oyment rate
4. Proport i on of urban popul at i on
3. Share of val ue- added of t heter t i ary i ndust ry i n GDP
2. Share of R&D expenses i n GDP
1. Per capi t a GDP 2010
2000
Monitoring results of China’s Progress in Building a Xiaokang Society
2010 20002010 vs.
2000Annualized
growth
Economic Development 76.1% 50.3% 25.8% 2.58%
Social Harmony 82.5% 57.5% 25.0% 2.50%
Quality of Life 86.4% 58.3% 28.1% 2.81%
Democracy and Law 93.6% 84.8% 8.8% 0.88%
Culture and Education 68.0% 58.5% 9.7% 0.97%
Resources and Environment 78.2% 65.4% 12.8% 1.28%
TotalTotal 80.1% 59.6% 20.5% 2.05%28
29
>90%
70%-80%
60%-70%
80%-90%
Not monitoring
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Monitoring results of China’s Progress in Building a Xiaokang Society(2010)