Measuring cells
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Transcript of Measuring cells
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Measuring cells
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Syllabus reference:
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• This symbol in the corner of a slide indicates a picture, diagram or table taken from your text book
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To accurately measure the size of cellular structures we need a suitable scale:
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Ideally, we need a scale we can see directly alongside the cells we are
observing:
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Start by putting a ruler under the microscope:
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Appearance of ruler at medium magnification
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Appearance of tissue at medium magnification
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Estimating cell size at medium magnification
1mm
5 1 ÷ 5 = 0.2mm
12 1 ÷ 12 = 0.083mm
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Diameter of field of
view/mm
No. of cells
lengthways
No. of cells
widthways
Mean length (mm)
Mean width (mm)
1.00 5 12 0.2 0.083
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Diameter of field of
view/mm
No. of cells
lengthways
No. of cells
widthways
Mean length (mm)
Mean width (mm)
1.00 5 12 0.2 0.083
Mean length of cells = 0.2 x 1000 = 200µm
1mm = 1000µm
Mean width of cells = 0.083 x 1000 = 83µm
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Mean length (µm)
Mean width (µm)
200 83.3125 67167 90100 67125 100111 47111 43.5100 50330 100220 105166 111100 91133 8552 38100 30
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Mean length (µm)
Mean width (µm)
200 60170 4091 48250 63250 55142 48250 56200 90500 59330 125200 59140 5090 77100 4577 42
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The graticule a more suitable ‘ruler’ for measuring cells
• The slide graticule:
• The eyepiece graticule:
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The stage graticule shows true lengths
stage graticule
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The eyepiece graticule has regular divisions. These need to be calibrated for each magnification
stage graticule
eyepiece graticule
e.g. x100
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stage graticule
eyepiece graticule
e.g. x400
The eyepiece graticule has regular divisions. These need to be calibrated for each magnification
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The eyepiece graticule remains constant no matter what magnification the cells are viewed at.
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The eyepiece graticule remains constant no matter what magnification the cells are viewed at.
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The eyepiece graticule remains constant no matter what magnification the cells are viewed at.
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Eyepiece & stage graticules
Low magnification High magnification
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Figure 4.3Stage micrometer viewed at x100 magnification. The total length of the micrometer is 1mm
total length = 1mmwhich is 1000μm
on this scale, 94divisions = 1000μm
Therefore, 1 division on the eyepiece graticule represents1000 ÷ 94 = 10.6 μm at this magnification.
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Figure 4.1Cells of onion epidermis as viewed at x100 magnification with a graticule in the eyepiece of the microscope
We know that at this magnification, 1 division on the eyepiece graticule represents 10.6 μm
Therefore the total length of the eyepiece graticule represents 10.6 x 100 = 1060μm at this magnification
In the two columns covered by the graticule there is an average of five cells in the length of the graticule
Therefore the average length of one cell is 1060 ÷ 5 = 212μm
1060μm
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remember that each division here is 10μm
Figure 4.4Part of the stage micrometer viewed at x400 magnification
so the length shown by the bracket is
240μmon this scale, 90divisions = 240μm
Therefore, 1 division on the eyepiece graticule represents240 ÷ 90 = 2.67 μm at this magnification.
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Figure 4.2Cells of onion epidermis as viewed at x400 magnification with the same graticule in the eyepiece
The length of the cell covered by the graticule is 98 divisions, therefore the length of this cell is 2.67 x 98 = 262μm
We know that at this magnification, each division of the eyepiece graticulerepresents 2.67μm
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We now have two measurements for the length of an onion cell; 212μm and 262 μm. Which of these is the more accurate estimate of the length of onion epidermal cells?
• The answer from Q. 2 [212 μm]• because this is a mean of several cells.• Only one cell was measured in Q.3, and
this one may not be representative.
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Estimating cell width. Figure 4.5. Cells of the onion epidermis as viewed at x100 magnification with a graticule in the eyepiece of the microscope
Remember the total length of the eyepiece graticule represents 1060μm at this magnificationThere are approximately thirteen cells in the length of the graticule
Therefore the average width of one cell is 1060 ÷ 13 = 81.5μm
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Figure 4.6. Cells of the onion epidermis as viewed at x400 magnification with the same graticule in the eyepiece of the microscope
Remember, we know that at this magnification, each division of the eyepiece graticulerepresents 2.67μm
Here, two cells span 62 divisions on the eyepiece graticule. Thisrepresents 2.67 x 62 = 165.5 μm
62 divisions
Therefore the average width of one cell is 165.5 ÷ 2 = 82.8μm
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Calculating actual size:
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Calculating magnification & actual size:
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Calculating actual size:
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Calculating magnification:
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Calculating magnification & actual size:
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Calculating actual size: