Measurements in Power Plants - Aalto · PDF fileStandards SFS-EN 12952-15 (DIN 1942) for...
Transcript of Measurements in Power Plants - Aalto · PDF fileStandards SFS-EN 12952-15 (DIN 1942) for...
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Measurements in Power Plants
Efficiency measurements
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Efficiency measurements
Guarantee measurements
Condition monitoring
Efficiency optimization
Quality control of AMS (Automated
measuring systems)
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Boiler
efficiency
Measurements Flue gas temperature
Flue gas O2-content
Unburnt fuel (gas/particles)
Radiation and conduction losses
Internal consumption
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Boiler
efficiency
Measurements Flue gas temperature
Flue gas O2-content
Unburnt fuel (gas/particles)
Radiation and conduction losses
Internal consumption
•Dirty boiler
•Wrong dimensioning
•Wrong way to operate
•Faults in continuous measurements
•Fuel problems
•Wrong cleaning procedures
•Soot blowers placement wrong
•Not enough soot blowers
•Burning problems
•Fuel composition
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Boiler
efficiency
Measurements Flue gas temperature
Flue gas O2-content
Unburnt fuel (gas/particles)
Radiation and conduction losses
Internal consumption
•Dirty boiler
•Wrong dimensioning
•Wrong way to operate
•Faults in continuous measurements
•Fuel problems
Annual
Savings
and Expenses
•Wrong cleaning procedures
•Soot blowers placement wrong
•Not enough soot blowers
•Burning problems
•Fuel composition
Possibilities to improve
boiler efficiency
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Boiler
efficiency
Mittaukset Savukaasun lämpötila
Savukaasun happipitoisuus
Palamaton polttoaine
Säteily- ja johtumishäviöt
Omakäyttötehot
•Dirty boiler
•Wrong dimensioning
•Wrong way to operate
•Faults in continuous measurements
•Fuel problems
Annual
Savings
and Expenses
•Wrong cleaning procedures
•Soot blowers placement wrong
•Not enough soot blowers
•Burning problems
•Fuel composition
Possibilities to improve
boiler efficiency
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Standards SFS-EN 12952-15 (DIN 1942) for boilers
– Used in Europe
– Direct calculation
– Indirect calculation
– Based on lower heating value
ISO 3046 and ISO 8178 for engines – ISO 3046: Reciprocating internal combustion engines –
Performance
– ISO 8178: Reciprocating internal combustion engines – Exhaust emission measurement
ASME PTC 4.2 for boilers – Based on higher heating value
– Used in USA and Asia
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Efficiency based on direct
calculation
Boiler
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Efficiency based on direct
calculation
Fuel power
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Efficiency based on direct
calculation
Fuel power
Free
enthalpy
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Efficiency based on direct
calculation
Fuel power
Electrical power
Free
enthalpy
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Efficiency based on direct
calculation
Fuel power
Electrical power
Free
enthalpy Boiler
power
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Efficiency based on direct
calculation
Fuel power
Electrical power
Free
enthalpy Boiler
power
?
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Heat balance
Fuel power
Electrical power
Free
enthalpy Boiler
power
Losses
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Efficiency based on indirect
calculation
Efficiency = boiler power/(boiler power +
losses)
Losses calculated
Iteration to get heat input = heat output, by
changing fuel power
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Losses
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Losses
Flue gas losses
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Häviöt
Flue gas losses
Radiation losses
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Häviöt
Flue gas losses
Radiation losses unburnt (CO+ slag/dust)
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Häviöt
Flue gas losses
Radiation losses
unburnt (CO+ slag/dust))
Other losses
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Flue gas O2-content vs.
efficiency, example
-8 %
-6 %
-4 %
-2 %
0 %
0 % 2,5% 5 % 7,5% 10 %
Flue gas O2-content
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Flue gas temperature vs.
efficiency
-4 %
-3 %
-2 %
-1 %
0 %
120 130 140 150 160 170
Flue gas temperature
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Measurements 1
Temperatures
– Feed water
– Steam
– Other water- and steam flows
– Flue gas
– Combustion air
– Fuel
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Measurements 2
Pressure measurements
– Feed water
– Steam
Flow measurements
– Feed water / Steam
Analyses
– Fuel
– Unburnt in slag/dust
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Measurements 3
Flue gas analysis
– Measurements in dry gas condition
– Measurements in wet gas condition
– O2-content
– CO-content
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Measuring equipment 1
Temperature
– Conventional thermometers
– Thermocouples
– Resistor sensors
– IR-measurement
Pressure
– U-gauges
– Conventional pressure meters
– Pressure transducers
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Measuring Equipment 2
Flow measurements
– Pressure difference measurements
» Flanges
» Venturi tubes
– Vortex, magnetic, ultrasound
Electrical Power measurements
– Clamp meters
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Measuring Equipment 3
O2-content
– Paramagnetic sensors
– Zirconium cells
– Electrochemical cells (portable devices)
CO-content
– IR-absorption
– Electrochemical cells
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Data collection
Plotters
Data loggers
PC-based data collection systems
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Quality Assurance
Traceability
– Unbroken chain to national/international measuring standard
Laboratory Calibrations
– Single devices
– Repeatibility
Field Calibrations
– Whole measuring chain