MEASUREMENTS,EMISSIONS

andDISPERSION

ofNOx, HC, PM10

VÄSTRA GÖTALAND

 Exemple for PM10 as daily mean

Checked by measurements in combination with models

Year

µg/m3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Maximum permitted values

Environmental quiality norm

Upper check-level

Lower check-level

Checked by measurements

Checked by models

70

75

• Measurements

• Emission calculations

• Dispersion calculations

MEASURING SITES for PM10

Råö

Borås

Färgelanda

Gothenburg

Mariestad

Aspvreten

Råö

BALTIC SEA

Aspvreten

METEOROLOGICALMEASUREMENTS

INBORÅS

1/1 –30/6 2003

MEASUREMENTS

OF

PM10

Month mean of

Month mean of (all coexistent)

(no precipitation)

Background

wed thuthuthu fri sat sun mon tue

(no precipitation)

Background

wed thu fri sat sun mon tue

(no precipitation)

Background

wed thu fri sat sun mon tue

Street - Background

(no precipitation)

wed thu fri sat sun mon tue

(with precipitation)

Street - Background

wed thu fri sat sun mon tue

wed thu fri sat sun mon tue

Gothenburg

Roof; city center

wed thu fri sat sun mon tue

Gothenburg

Roof; city center

Gothenburg

Roof; city center

Rat

io

wed thu fri sat sun mon tue

Wind direction

Wind direction

Wind direction

Wind direction

Wind direction

Wind direction

4-7/1 (NE-SE) 15-20/1 (S-NW) 25/2-2/3 (E-SE)

Borås PM10 19 26 30

Borås Na-marine 0.31 2.07 0.04

Borås Na-not marine 0.14 0.48 0.26

Borås Sea salt 1 7 0.1

Borås Seasalt/PM10 0.05 0.27 0.003

Råö PM10 11 36 30

Råö Na-marine 0.24 4.97 0.04

Råö Na-not marine 0.25 0.00 0.21

Råö Sea salt 0.8 16 0.1

Råö Seasalt/PM10 0.07 0.44 0.003

How much is sea salt?

0.000

0.100

0.200

0.300

0.400

0.500

0.600

0.700

0.800

0.900

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Borås ratio seasalt/PM10 Mariestad ratio seasalt/PM10 Råö ratio seavsalt/PM10

4-7/1 (NE-SE)

15-20/1 (S-NW)

25/2-2/3 (E-SE)

Emissions from

VOC (ton/year)421.8

442.4

707.2

928.4

70.5NOx (ton/Year)

2398.8

1206.4

803.4

3964.3

267.7

Particles (ton/year)

235.5

92.1

72.7

302.2

41.0

Agriculture

Forestry

Housholding

Industry

Other

Emissions from roads

Type of cars:

Cars are split up by age: A

B

C

D

E

F

Type of road:

Year of calculation:•Traffic intensity is a function of year•Number of cars of different ages is a function of year

Traffic intensity on different parts of the roads:

Emissions (g/km) are functions of:

• Type of car

• Age of car

• Type of road

• Speed limit on road

Hot soak

Cold start

Emissions from ships

Emissions in cities

Emissions ton/year

Type of

source

Area Cars ShipsLine+Harbour

Total

NOx 8030 12200 17500 37730

HC 2200 6050 310 8660

PM10 700 180(from gas)

750 1630

ALARM-systemet

Leif Enger

Enger KM-konsult AB

Blixtgatan 9

Uppsala

Sweden

leif @ enger.se

ALARMALARM--systemsystem ==AAdvanced dvanced LLocal ocal AAnd nd RRegional egional MModeling odeling

systemsystem

The ALARM- system consist of

• Meteorology model

• Dispersion model

• Measurements

• Menu program

• Grafics

Meteorology model:

The MIUU-modelDeveloped by Leif Enger and several others

at Meteorological Institute Uppsala University  

”The MIUU-method” for wind climate modelling

Input

•Air pressure field

•Topography

•Surface roughness

•Landuse

•Ground temperature

•Cloudiness

•Longitude and latitude

•Time of year

•Initial profiles of temperature and hunidity

MIUU-model

Output

•Wind

•Temperature

•Humidity

•Turbulent energy

WWEC 2003, November 23-26, Cape Town, South Africa

Hans Bergström, Department of Earth Sciences-Meteorology, Uppsala University

Metorological databaseThe MIUU-model simulates wind, temperature and turbulence over a day for a great number of cases:

• Three geostrophic wind speeds

• 36 different wind directions

• 4 different ”seasons”

Calculated wind, temperature and turbulence fields Calculated wind, temperature and turbulence fields are saved once per hour during the day.are saved once per hour during the day.This provides us with about 10 000 different This provides us with about 10 000 different meteorological cases.meteorological cases.

Database creation, phase 1:Wind, temperature and turbulence fields over Sweden and surrounding seas are simulated with the MIUU-model with 5 km resolution. This includes surrounding areas that is supposed to influence the wind climate over Sweden.

Database creation : Example of wind fields from simulation with the MIUU-model with 5 km resolution.A case in april with NW geostrophic wind of 15 m/s.

The north and south areas fit very well in the overlapping parts, which give us the wind field for the whole Scandinavia.

In this case high winds in e.g. the mountains, north and south Baltic Sea, as well as over Kattegatt and Skagerack.

m/s

Database creation, phase 2:Wind , temperature and turbulence fields are simulated with the MIUU-model with 1 km resolution. Sweden is divided into 15 areas. Boundary conditions are taken from the model results from the 5 km resolution simulations.

The Alarm-system uses a combination of measurements and model simulations

Exemple of dispersion from area sources

Movie: Dispersion of NOx during 4 days. One hour

between each picture.

(ships)

Ships

Ships

DISPERSIONFROM ALL SOURCES

shipsLine

(Line + Area + ships)

(g/m3)Simulated

NOx

SimulatedNO2 (0.7NOx)

Measured NO2

Borås,StnA 35 25 27

Mariestad 16 11 14

Färgelanda 12 8 10

Trollhättan 16 11 12.5

Hjo 10-11 7-8 6-8

Karlsborg 10-11 7-8 5-9

Åmål 11-16 8-12 12-16