Measurements and (preliminary) Modeling of Turbulent properties in the Adriatic Sea
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Transcript of Measurements and (preliminary) Modeling of Turbulent properties in the Adriatic Sea
Measurements and (preliminary) Measurements and (preliminary) Modeling Modeling
of Turbulent properties in the Adriatic of Turbulent properties in the Adriatic SeaSea
Sandro Carniel – Mauro Sclavo (CNR-ISMAR, Venice)Sandro Carniel – Mauro Sclavo (CNR-ISMAR, Venice)Lakshmi Kantha (Univ. of Boulder, CO, USA)Lakshmi Kantha (Univ. of Boulder, CO, USA)
Hartmut Prandke (ISW, Germany)Hartmut Prandke (ISW, Germany) Jacopo Chiggiato (ARPA-SIM, Bologna)Jacopo Chiggiato (ARPA-SIM, Bologna)
ROMS-TOMS European Workshop, ROMS-TOMS European Workshop, November November 6-8, 20066-8, 2006
Sub-grid Scale parameterizationSub-grid Scale parameterization
…WHY?... important to air-sea exchange, weather, climate, biolog. productivity, oil-spill tracking, counter-mine warfare, S&R etc.
Mixing in the upper ocean is primarily surface-driven: 1. Momentum flux from winds and waves 2. Negative buoyancy flux due to cooling and evap.Below the active ML: Shear instabilities, Double-diffusion
……HOW?...HOW?...1) Acquiring microstructure measurements via turbulence 1) Acquiring microstructure measurements via turbulence profilerprofiler2) Starting from this picture of turbulent parameters, to test 2) Starting from this picture of turbulent parameters, to test and accordingly modify SCM employed in 3-D and accordingly modify SCM employed in 3-D hydrodynamical modelshydrodynamical models
ONR NICOP Grant (ONR NICOP Grant (N00014-05-1-0759)N00014-05-1-0759)
DART region
2006: measuring turbulentproperties, during the period of DART06 A & B
(March and August)
2007: - assessment Turbulenceparameterization in 3-D ocean models- other measurements (June)
2008: refinement of
parameterization and delivery
ONR NICOP and DART ProjectONR NICOP and DART Project
Location and InstrumentsLocation and Instruments
Free-falling profilerFree-falling profiler
2 velocity microstr. Shear sensors
1 microstructure Temp. sensor
standard CTD sensors for prec. measurements
turbidity (light scattering) sensor
vibration control sensor (ACC)
surface detection sensor
1024 s.p.s., 16 bit
MSS ProfilerMSS Profiler
1.1. The microstructure sensors are placed at the tip of a The microstructure sensors are placed at the tip of a slim shaft, about 150 mm in front of the CTD slim shaft, about 150 mm in front of the CTD sensors.sensors.
2.2. Shear sensor is a piezoceramic beam: if VShear sensor is a piezoceramic beam: if V~sinking ~sinking velocity, G is sensor gain, Evelocity, G is sensor gain, Ess~signal, du/dz ~ (~signal, du/dz ~ (GVGV22))--
11 dE dEss/dt /dt TKE dissipation rate TKE dissipation rate
3.3. TKE Dissipation RateTKE Dissipation Rate
1.1. The microstructure sensors are placed at the tip of a The microstructure sensors are placed at the tip of a slim shaft, about 150 mm in front of the CTD slim shaft, about 150 mm in front of the CTD sensors.sensors.
2.2. Shear sensor is a piezoceramic beam: if VShear sensor is a piezoceramic beam: if V~sinking ~sinking velocity, G is sensor gain, Evelocity, G is sensor gain, Ess~signal, du/dz ~ (~signal, du/dz ~ (GVGV22))--
11 dE dEss/dt /dt TKE dissipation rate TKE dissipation rate
3.3. TKE Dissipation RateTKE Dissipation Rate 7.5 du / dz 2
2
5.7
dz
duDissipation rate for isotropic turbulence:( water kinemat. viscosity)
i.o. = ui/xj (ui/xj + uj/xi) 2
6
dz
dTT
Dissipation rate of microstruct. Temperature variance:(KT molecular diff. for heat in water)
Eddy Diffusivity from Diss. Rate: 2 NK
2
2
dz
dTK h
Eddy Diffusivity of Heat:
Useful Info from Measurements…
ISW Wassermesstechnik
MSS profiler - Example of MSS profiler - Example of measurementsmeasurements
ISW Wassermesstechnik
MSS profiler - Example of MSS profiler - Example of measurementsmeasurements
MSS profiler - Example of MSS profiler - Example of measurementsmeasurements
ISW Wassermesstechnik
ISW Wassermesstechnik
MSS profiler - Example of MSS profiler - Example of measurementsmeasurements
Meteo Conditions during DART06-B Meteo Conditions during DART06-B (August 2006)(August 2006)
Red= air TRed= air TBlue= SSTBlue= SST
March 2006:252 profiles
August 2006:More than 300 profiles,
160 of them at B90 site in 5 days, divided into 5 O.P.
Heat & Buoyancy Fluxes, DART06-BHeat & Buoyancy Fluxes, DART06-B
Estimated errorsBulk formulae
VSmeasured turbulent
fluxes are
easilyup to 40%
OP-1 (39 casts, 13.09-15.26 UTC)OP-1 (39 casts, 13.09-15.26 UTC)Weak surface forcings caseWeak surface forcings case
Weak w, 4.9 m/s Weak w, 4.9 m/s Wstar= 1.2 cm/sWstar= 1.2 cm/s
D=13m > MO=5mD=13m > MO=5mLLTT=0.5 m =0.5 m (RMS of Thorpe displ., (RMS of Thorpe displ., length scale of turb. length scale of turb. oveturns, i.e. weak oveturns, i.e. weak mixing)mixing)
N freq. indicates N freq. indicates strong pycnoclinestrong pycnocline
T variance diss. rate
U*=(/)1/2
W*=(Jb0D)1/3
MO=U*3/(Jb0)
R=(W*/U*)3
OP-2 (24 casts, 17.03-18.48 UTC)OP-2 (24 casts, 17.03-18.48 UTC)Wind-driven caseWind-driven case
Stronger w, 11 m/sStronger w, 11 m/sCooling, -150 W/mCooling, -150 W/m22
Wstar= 1. cm/sWstar= 1. cm/sUstar=1.3 cm/sUstar=1.3 cm/s(R=0.4, i.e. wind (R=0.4, i.e. wind driven)driven)
D=13m < MO=60m D=13m < MO=60m (large, indicating wind (large, indicating wind driven case)driven case)LLTT=up to 2 m =up to 2 m
d
U*=(/)1/2
W*=(Jb0D)1/3
MO=U*3/(Jb0)
R=(W*/U*)3
OP-3 (40 casts, 23.29-02.17 UTC)OP-3 (40 casts, 23.29-02.17 UTC)Convection-driven caseConvection-driven case
Weak w, 3.4 m/sWeak w, 3.4 m/sClear sky, high cooling, Clear sky, high cooling, -200 W/m200 W/m22
Wstar=1.1 cm/sWstar=1.1 cm/sUstar=0.4 cm/sUstar=0.4 cm/s(R=20, convection)(R=20, convection) D=20m > MO=2.6mD=20m > MO=2.6m(buoyancy dominated(buoyancy dominated))LLTT=3 m (strong =3 m (strong convection mixing)convection mixing)
d
U*=(/)1/2
W*=(Jb0D)1/3
MO=U*3/(Jb0)
R=(W*/U*)3
March 2006 – late winter (DART06-A)March 2006 – late winter (DART06-A)
Weak wind (4 m/s)Weak wind (4 m/s)
Layered density Layered density structure.structure.Double diffusivities Double diffusivities convection from cold convection from cold fresh water masses fresh water masses over warm salty ones?over warm salty ones?
Turbulence Scaling: Dissipation Turbulence Scaling: Dissipation ratesrates
=c+ s ,z D =i ,z >D
…better scaling in the interior
good scaling in the ML...
c=0.58 Jb0
s=1.76 u*3 / z
=c+ s
Below the ML,i=0.03 L2
TN3
Original resolution: 15 arc seconds (1/240°). Source: data collected during the project ADRIA 02-03 with various contributions from CNR-ISMAR Bologna, CNR-ISMAR Venice, HHI Split, IIM Genova, IRB Zagreb, NIB Piran, NURC La Spezia.
Grid 160 x 60 w/ variable resolution
~ 3 Km (north)~ 10 Km (south)
20 levels
LAMI
• wind 10 m • mean sea level pressure• air temperature 2 m• dew temperature 2 m• total cloud cover• net short-wave radiation
MediterraneanGCM
(OPA-MFSTEP)daily forecasted
temperature and salinity+
tidal elevation and currents (M2, S2, O1,
K1) from QUODDY model
48 rivers and springs
-Resolution 6x6 km or Resolution 6x6 km or 2x2 km (running)2x2 km (running)- Restart file from - Restart file from
operational operational version version ARPA-SIM ARPA-SIM 6km6km-TCMs: TCMs: GLS as “gen”GLS as “gen” GLS as “k-kl”GLS as “k-kl”
-Wave-breakingWave-breaking onon (6km)/off (2km) (6km)/off (2km)
-Radiation Stresses Radiation Stresses onon (one-way, 6km) (one-way, 6km)via SWAN runvia SWAN run
ROMS turbulence modeling: March ROMS turbulence modeling: March
Validation (CTDs Urania)
RMSE suggest:
• Similar behaviour as for CTD-Alliance in the SAd and MAd (actually the temperature
is a little bit colder compared to observations)
• Low errors for temperature in the NAd, salinity fresher by 0.5 PSU
• Major errors are located along the WACC
RMSE suggest:
•Southern Adriatic: AdriaROMS is colder by 1°C and fresher by 0.3 PSU. The two bias
cancel each other, and resulting sigma-t is nearly unbiased.
•Middle Adriatic: AdriaROMS has a negligible temperature bias but is still fresher by 0.2÷0.3 PSU; the resulting
sigma-t is now slightly biased
Validation (CTDs Alliance)
ROMS turbulence modeling: March 2006ROMS turbulence modeling: March 2006
6x6 km6x6 km 2x2 km2x2 km
CB wave-CB wave-breakingbreakingonon
Radiation Radiation stressesstressesonon via SWAN via SWAN runrun
NO CB wave-NO CB wave-breakingbreaking
NO radiation NO radiation stressesstresses
ROMS turbulence modeling: March 2006ROMS turbulence modeling: March 2006
5x5 km5x5 km 2x2 km2x2 km6x6 km6x6 km 2x2 km2x2 km
NO CB Wave-NO CB Wave-breakingbreaking
NO Radiation NO Radiation stressesstresses
CB wave-CB wave-breakingbreakingonon
Radiation Radiation stressesstressesonon via SWAN via SWAN runrun
ROMS turbulence modeling: March 2006ROMS turbulence modeling: March 2006
6x6 km6x6 km
CB wave-CB wave-breakingbreakingonon
Radiation Radiation stressesstressesonon via via SWAN runSWAN run
ROMS turbulence modeling: March 2006ROMS turbulence modeling: March 2006
2x2 km2x2 km
NO CB wave-NO CB wave-breakingbreaking
NO Radiation NO Radiation stressesstresses
ConsiderationsConsiderations
1. Dissipation measurements and data processing have to be carried out carefully to avoid falsification resulting from pseudo shear, sensor bottom hits, high particle conc., strong shear layers and pycnoclines (change of profiler sinking leads to falsified dissipation rates)
2. Despite this, modern turbulence profilers enable routinely TKE dissipation measurements in marine environment and useful diffusivity estimations
3. Need of longer „time-series“, i.e. repeated measurements in the same spot (intermittency…) combined with other info (shear, meteo…)
ConsiderationsConsiderations
4. 2-eqs TCMs are now integral part of ocean models
(POM, ROMS, NCOM, ICOM?), but experience gained over
past 2 decades indicates that these models can be made more skillful.
OF COURSE, influence of W-B, radiation stress, horiz. resolution, proper initialization to be investigated!!! We need to have a correct vertical structure, first.
5. However, outstanding issues are: a) Better performance under free convection b) Inclusion of surface wave effects on mixing in the
OML
ConsiderationsConsiderations
6. Surface Wave Effects have not been included properly in OML models until recently. Two kinds of effects:
a) TKE injection at the surface into the water column by wave breaking – has a surface effect (Umlauf, JSR 2003; Kantha, OM 2004). ROMS is following one approach (Warner GLS), but…
b) Stokes production of TKE by the interaction of waves and turb. in the OML, can enhance turb. in the interior
7. Langmuir cells (wind driven shear+Srokes drift) can also produce strong vertical velocities in the OML
8. simple non-local models (counter-gradient term) need to be constructed for free convection situations.
9. Can we possibly think of “assimilating” these typology of measurements?
TKE prod. by LC
U j
t
xk
UkU j jkl fk Ul VSl 1
0
x j
g j xk
uku j jplVSpl l lmn
Un
xm
p 0
2Ui VSi Ui VSi VSiVSi
VS VSiVSi 12 VS0 exp 2kz C ka 2 exp 2kz
andwhere
D
Dtq2
zqlSq
z
q2
2(P B ) 2uw
U
zuS
z
2vw
V
zvS
z
2gw 2q3
B1l
D
Dtq2l
zqlS1
z
q2l
E1l uw
U
z vw
V
z
E6l uw
uS
z vw
vS
z
E3 gw E2
q3
B1
1 E4
l l w
2
Adding additional production terms…
#define craig_banner
#define tke_wavediss
Surface TKE fluxes Two formulations to account for surface injection of TKE due to breaking waves.For GLS each formulation requires boundary conditions for k and .
wc *su ~ 100; = surface stress
…how get Zos ?#define charnok#define zo_hsig
~ 0.25 w = wave energy dissipationw
sk
t
z
k
3*sw
sk
t ucz
k
nnsft
m p
μswn
sftm p
μk
s
t zzLkcn
uczzLkmcz
ψ0
12/1103*0
10 )(
nnsft
m p
μn
sftm p
μk
s
t zzLkcn
zzLkmcz
ψ0
12/1100
10 )(
guaZos /2* a = 1400
ss aHZo a = 0.5; Hs = significant wave height
End of Presentation
ConclusionsConclusions
1. Modern turbulence profilers enable routinely TKE dissipation measurements in marine environment
2. Dissipation measurements and data processing have to be carried out carefully to avoid falsification resulting from pseudo shear
3. Dissipation measurements in coastal waters require special attention due to sensor bottom hits, high particle conc. (falsified shears), strong shear layers and pycnoclines (change of profiler sinking leads to falsified dissipation rates)
4. Need of longer „time-series“, i.e. repeated measurements in the same spot (intermittency…) combined with other info (shear, meteo…)
Theoretical Dissipation ratesTheoretical Dissipation rates
Dz
DzDJ
zJ
b
bc
0
9.01.0 39.0
0
0
0
In the convective layer:
Dz
DzDDu
Dzzus
0
3.0 33.3
3.00 3*
3*
In the wind-stress driven ML:
03.0 32 NLTi
Assuming LT proportional to Ozmidov scale
3N
Lo
For turbulence generated by momentum flux + destabilizing buoyancy flux:
=c+ s ,z D =i ,z >D
Wit
hin
ML
Belo
w
ML
A length scale for the description of turbulent flows under stable stratification, defined as… In flows where turbulence and wave motion are simultaneously present, the inverse of the Ozmidov scale defines the buoyancy wavenumber, which separates the buoyancy subrange from the inertial subrange.
Friction & Convective Velocity scaleFriction & Convective Velocity scale
U*=(/)1/2
Wstar=(Jb0D)1/3
MO=U*3/(Jb0)
R=(Wstar/U*)3
ADCP velocitiesADCP velocities
OP-6 (6 casts, 14.45-15.13 UTC)OP-6 (6 casts, 14.45-15.13 UTC)
-Stronger wind Stronger wind (7 m/s)(7 m/s)-Insolation decreased Insolation decreased to 300 W/mto 300 W/m22
Ustar=0.95 cm/sUstar=0.95 cm/s
D=18m, MO=21m, D=18m, MO=21m, LLTT=3 m =3 m (strong mixing above (strong mixing above pycnocline)pycnocline)
Shear probe data processing
From the lift force at the airfoil caused by potential flow (Allen and Perkins, 1952):
F = 1/2 U2A sin2 ( 15)Definition of S (F E) E = U2 S sin2rms. measurement for S E = 2 U2 Srms sin2sin 2 = 2sin cos E = 22 Vu Srms Differentiation, gain du/dt = (22 VG Srms)
-1 dE/dtdu/dt = V du/dz du/dz = (22 V2G Srms)
-1 dE/dt
TKE dissipation rate definition: = ui/xj (ui/xj + uj/xi)
… and assuming isotropic turbulence: = 7.5 (du/dz)2
…from the voltage output of the probe we then obtain an estimate of the TKE diss. rate
Where to improve/What to includeWhere to improve/What to include
1.1. Wave breaking effects were ignored on Epsilon Wave breaking effects were ignored on Epsilon scaling (upper 2-3 m are not covered by scaling (upper 2-3 m are not covered by measurements)measurements)
2. Langmuir circulation, Stokes production2. Langmuir circulation, Stokes production
3. Wave observation (Wave rider, buoy)3. Wave observation (Wave rider, buoy)
4. Measurements of turbulent fluxes at sea VS bulk 4. Measurements of turbulent fluxes at sea VS bulk fluxesfluxes
5. Measurements of shear (ADCP) and of the broad 5. Measurements of shear (ADCP) and of the broad context around OPcontext around OP