Measurement of Work, Power and Energy. Definitions Force = mass x acceleration Work = force x...
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Transcript of Measurement of Work, Power and Energy. Definitions Force = mass x acceleration Work = force x...
Definitions
• Force = mass x acceleration
• Work = force x distance– units - kpm, kgm, kcal, J, ft-lbs
• Power = work / time– units - W, hp, kpm/min
Work and Power Calculations
• 5-kg weight (11 lbs) lifted 2 m vertical distance– W= 5 kp x 2 m = 10 kpm (kp=kilopon unit of force,
same as a kilogram; but kilogram is the force gravity exerts on an object)
• Cyclist does 2000 kpm of work in 60 seconds• P=2000 kpm/60s = 33.3 kpm/s
Modes of exercise testing
• Ergometry/ergometer
• Ergo = work
• Ergometry is the measurement of work
• Ergometer is a device used to measure work
Bench step
• 70 kg subject steps up 0.5 m bench at 30 steps / min for 10 min– W = 70 kg x 150 m = 10,500 kpm
Cycle ergometer
• 1-min exercise @ 50 rpm (1 rev = 6 m) with 1 – kg resistance:– W = 300m x 1 kg = 300 kpm
Treadmill
• *vertical displacement = % grade x distance
• 70 kg subject running for 10 min at 200 m/min up a 7.5 % grade– W = 70 kp x 15 m (= 1050 kpm)
Direct Calorimetry
• Measurement of heat production as estimate of metabolic expenditure
• Food + O2 ATP + Heat Heat cell work
Measurement of heat production tells us the amount of metabolic work that has been performed
Indirect Calorimetry
• Measurement of Oxygen consumption as estimate of metabolic rate
• Food + O2 Heat + CO2 + H2O
• By determining O2 consumed, can estimate amount of metabolic work performed
Estimation of Energy Expenditure
• Subject runs 1 mile and consumes 20 l of O2.
– Estimated expenditure = 20 l O2 x 5 kcal/l O2= 100 kcal
Estimation of Energy Expenditure
• Energy cost (O2 consumed) is linear in relation to speed while walking or running
• At rest, O2 cost expressed as 1 MET
• 1 MET = 3.5 ml/kg/min
% Net efficiency
% net = work output X 100efficiency energy expended
above rest
•Net efficiency of cycling ~ 15-25 % (20 %)
Efficiency as Predictor of Performance
• Compare runners on horizontal treadmill
• The runner who consumes less oxygen at given speed is more efficient
• If runners have comparable VO2 max, the more efficient will be more successful
• Efficiency can make up for lower VO2 max– Efficiency can make up for poor genetics
Muscle Fiber Type and Efficiency
• Muscles with high percentage of Type I fibers (slow twitch) are more efficient than muscles with high percentage of Type Iib (fast twitch)
So….
• Athletes with higher percentage of Type I (slow twitch) fibers will be more efficient than athletes with higher percentage of Type II b (fast twitch)