Measurement of Time Apparatus : stopwatch or stopclock Unit : seconds (s) minutes (min) or hours...
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Measurement of Time
Apparatus : stopwatch or stopclock
Unit : seconds (s) minutes (min) or hours (h)
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Measurement of Temperature
• Apparatus : thermometer• Unit : degree Celsius (°C)
Kelvin (K)
thermometer
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Measurement of Mass Apparatus : electronic balance
Unit : gram (g)kilogram (kg)
mass of the chemical can be
read off the balance displayelectronic
‘top pan’ balance
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Measurement of Volume
Apparatus : burette for measuring
accurately the volume of a liquid (0 to 50.0cm3)
Accuracy : to nearest 0.1cm3
Volume of Liquids :
accurate volume from 0 to 50 cm3 can be measured by reading the differences of the levels before and after the liquid is released; commonly used in titrations
0 ml mark
50 ml mark
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Measurement of Volume
0 ml mark
50 ml markBurette reading : 3.4cm3
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Measurement of Volume
Initial : 0.8cm3
Final : 26.5cm3
Initial reading Final reading
Volume of liquid added =
(26.5 - 0.8)cm3
= 25.7 cm3
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Measurement of Volume
Apparatus :pipette for measuring
accurately a fixed volume of liquid (20.0cm3 or 25.0cm3
usually) Accuracy : to nearest
0.1cm3
Volume of Liquids :
pipette
accurate set volume of exactly 20, 25 or 50 cm3 of liquid (to the nearest 0.1cm3) can be drawn to a
mark, using a pipette filler
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Measurement of VolumePipette
pipette
accurate set volume of exactly 20, 25 or 50 cm3 of liquid (to the nearest 0.1cm3) can be drawn to a
mark, using a pipette filler
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Measurement of Volume
Apparatus :measuring cylinder Accuracy : to nearest 1cm3
Volume of Liquids :
measuring cylinder
accurate volume to the nearest cm3
of liquid can be measured
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Measurement of Volume
Measuring cylinder
Correct reading: 46 cm3 Correct reading: 47 cm3
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Measurement of Volume
Apparatus :beaker For approximate volume
of liquids
Volume of Liquids :
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Measurement of Volume
Apparatus : gas syringeVolume of Gases :
gas syringe
accurate volume of gas can be manually read on the graduated scale, or
automatically recorded using data logging
rubber bung
hydrochloric acid + lumps
of calcium carbonate
conical flask
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Measurement of Volume
Units :
cubic centimetres (cm3), decimetres (dm3),litres(l) and millilitres(ml)
Some conversions:
1 l = 1000 ml
1 l = 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3
1 ml = 1cm3
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Experimental Set-upTo dry a gas :
Use of concentrated sulfuric acid, quick lime (calcium oxide) or fused calcium chloride.
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Experimental Set-upCollecting Gases in the laboratory :
Gases may be collected (1) using a gas syringe OR
(2) based on the physical properties of the gas: The solubility of the gas in water
The density of the gas compared to the density of air
3 Methods of collecting gases:
Displacement of water
Displacement of air – downward displacement
Displacement of air – upward displacement
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Collecting gasesDisplacement of water :
Used on gases that are insoluble or slight soluble in water, e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.
Delivery tubeGas
GasGas jar
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Collecting gasesDisplacement of air - downward delivery
For fairly soluble or very soluble gases in water that are heavier or denser than air.
E.g. chlorine, hydrogen chloride
Delivery tube
Gas jar
Gas
Gas
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Collecting gasesDisplacement of air - upward delivery
For fairly soluble or very soluble gases in water that are lighter or less dense than air.
E.g. ammonia
Delivery tubeGas jar
Gas
Gas