Measurement of the Degree of Compactness of Large municipal Cities in Coastal Provinces in China: A...
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Transcript of Measurement of the Degree of Compactness of Large municipal Cities in Coastal Provinces in China: A...
Measurement of the Degree of Compactness of Large municipal Cities in Coastal Provinces in
China: A Conceptual Analysis
Roger C.K.CHAN Associate Professor XIE Yongqing Research Student
Centre of Urban Planning and Environmental Management
The University of Hong Kong
Outline
• Background
• Relevant Theories
• Empirical Study
• Conclusion
Global perspective
China’s perspective
Concept of compact city
Features of compact city
Conceptual Model of compact city
Research design
Findings
1. Global Perspective
• Rapid urbanization, boom of urban residents
• Urban Growth
Urbanization in 1975
Urbanization in 2000
Urbanization in 2025(estimated by UN)
annual Urban growth rate
All the world 37.7% 49% 61.1% 2.38%
Developed countries
69.8% 76% 84.0% 0.71%
Developing countries
26.7% 39.9% 57.1% 3.21%
Source: UNCHS (1996) An Urbanising World: Global Report on Human Settlements, Oxford, University Press, Oxford.
Compact city
Sustainable Development
“Sustainable development declaration”, 1980
The announcement regarding sustainable cities in the Toronto Declaration, 1990
The answer to the sustainable city form
Sustainability becomes a planning goal
Relevant policies in the world
UK:Planning Policy Statement [Part1: Delivering Sustainable Development] (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2005)
Netherlands:The National Spatial Strategy (2020) (Netherlands Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment)
Hong Kong: Hong Kong 2030 Planning vision and Strategy (HKSAR, 2007)
………………………….
2. China’s Perspective Rapid Urbanization
Unit:10 thousand
Urban Residents Change
Source: China Statistical Yearbook - 2006
2. China’s Perspective
Year Built-up Area (sq.km)
1997 13613
1998 14658
1999 15439
2000 16221
2001 17605
2002 19844
2003 23267
2004 23943
Change of Built-up area in municipal cities
China’s Situation
Rapid population growth and urbanization
National Population and Family Planning Commission(2004) reported:
by 2010, 1.37 billion people by 2020, 1.46 billion people by 2033, 1.5 billion people
National Development and Reform Commission(2004) reported:
By 2020, the urbanization will reach 57%, and the number of urban residents would be 0.84 billion.
China’s Situation
Limited land resource and extensive construction area
Ministry of Land and Resources reported in 2005
the area of territory per person per person is 0.73 hectare in China, and 2.9 hectare in the world
the cultivated land per person is 933 sq.m. in China, and 3200 sq.m. in the world
the construction area per person in China is more than 130 sq.m., and 82.4 sq.m in developed countries, 83.3 sq.m in developing countries.
The Compact city paradigm could be one of the approaches that cities could choose to maintain sustainability.
Urban area
Rapid urbanization & Population Growth
Economic Cost
Environm-ental Cost
Extensive land use
(Limited land resource)
Pressure
Sprawl Sprawl
Relevant Policies in China
Ministry of Development and Reform CommissionThe Outline of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (Chapter 6)(2007)…………
The Ministry of Land and Resources P.R.C.National Land Use Master Plan Outline (1997—2010) …………..
Ministry of Construction P.R.C.Reply to Chongqing’s Master Plan (国函 [2007]90 号 );Reply to Hangzhou’s Master Plan (国函 [2007]19 号 );
…………
Stimulating factors
China’s Status Policies Experiences in the World
Urban form developing trend Compact city
A question is proposed What is the existing degree of the compactness in Chinese cities?
What is the “compact city”?
Three defining approaches: Unitary Definition, Composition Definition and Measurement based Approach
An Image of a compact city
What is the “compact city”?
Unitary Definition
high-density or monocentric development (Gordon and Richardson, 1997)
centralized compact development and decentralized compact development (Anderson, 1996)
some concentration of employment and housing, as well as some mixture of land uses (Ewing, 1997)
What is the “compact city”?
Composition definition
high density, mix-used city, based on an efficient public transport system and dimensions that encourage walking and cycling (Burton, 2000)
to increase built area and residential population densities; to intensify urban economic, social and cultural activities and to manipulate urban size, form and structure and settlement systems (Burgess, 2000)
What is the “compact city”?
Measurement based definition
a compactness index, rho—the ratio between the average distance from home to central business district (CBD), and its counterpart in a hypothesized cylindrical city with equal distribution of development (Bertaud and Malpezzi, 1999)
the degree to which development is clustered and minimizes the amount of land developed in each square mile (Galster, 2001)
High-density
What is urban density?
In the geographical field, density means a theoretical ratio between a quantity of a statistical indicator and the occupied surface (Fouchier, 1994).
Why is high density important to compact city?
High densities are seen to be fundamental to urban vitality and creativity (Haughton and Hunter, 1994)
“take away the high concentration of people and activities, together with the diversity and vitality which go with them, and there is no longer any point living in a city ” (Sherlock, 1991).
Mixed-use
What is mixed-use?
a coherent plan with three or more functionally and physically integrated revenue-producing uses (The Urban Land Institute, 1987)
a comprehensive conceptual model, based on the internal texture of a settlement: grain, density and permeability. (Rowley, 1996)
Four dimensions added to Rowley’s conceptual model: the shared premises dimension, horizontal dimension, vertical dimension and time dimension
Mixed-useWhy is mixed-use important to compact city?
a fine-grain mixing of diverse uses creates vibrant and successful neighborhoods (Jacobs, 1961) .
Housing White Paper, Our Future Homes (DoE, 1995a) asserts that:
“There is a trend back to mixed use development, providing homes alongside shops and offices. Such development can increase vitality through activity and diversity, help to make areas safer, and help to reduce travel… A balanced mix of households helps ensure sustainable city communities”.
IntensificationWhat is intensification?
a generic term for the process of making cities more compact
an increase in population, an increase in development, and an increase in the mix of uses within the city boundary (Burton, 2000)
Why is intensification important to compact city?
The aims to make city more intensified are reducing the need to travel by car, conserving land and encouraging regeneration of rundown city centers (Burton, 2002)
Scales of research on compact city
a macro approach, at the city-wide or even metropolitan level
a micro approach, at the neighborhood or community level
a spatial structure approach, emphasizing a pattern oriented to downtown or the central city versus a polycentric (or dispersed) spatial pattern
Conceptual model
Compact city
High density
Mixed-use
Intensification
Population
Building
Employment
Public transport
Provision of facilities
Land use variety
Housing-job mix
Research Design
City Selection
Indicator Selection
Research Method
Output the result
Economic and Social Factors
validity, reliability, availability and plausibility
Principal components analysis
Large Municipal citiesIn Coastal Provinces
Relevant data from statistic yearbooks and modification
Calculation of the score for each feature
Data collection and modification
Collection• China city statistical yearbook 2001,…, 2005 (中国城市统计年鉴 )
• China city construction statistical yearbook 2001,…,2005 (中国城市建设年鉴 )
• China statistical yearbook 2001,…,2005 (中国统计年鉴 )
• Data from The fifth Census in 2000 (五普 ), 1% Population Sample Survey of China in 2005 (2005全国 1%人口抽样调查 )
• Local statistical yearbook: Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2001, 2005
• Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2001, 2005
• …………………….
• Websites of Local statistical information: e.g. http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/ (北京市统计信息网 ); http://www.stats-sh.gov.cn/2005shtj/index.asp(上海统计 ),......
ModificationPopulation: permanent population(常住人口 ); Household population(户籍人口 )
Study range: Urban District(市辖区 )
Measurement of High Density
Indicators:
Index Indicators
Population density Persons per unit in built-up area
Building density Residential area per person
Employment density Employees per unit in built-up area
Public transport density public transport capacity
Buses per 10 thousand persons
Note: The population used in each indicator is the total permanent population in urban districts.Public transport capacity = Passenger Transport Quantity / total permanent population
Measurement of High Density Total Variance Explained
Component
Initial EigenvaluesExtraction Sums of Squared
Loadings
Total% of
VarianceCumulativ
e % Total% of
VarianceCumulativ
e %
1 1.979 39.585 39.585 1.979 39.585 39.585
2 1.574 31.477 71.062 1.574 31.477 71.062
3 .833 16.659 87.721 .833 16.659 87.721
4 .518 10.368 98.089
5 .096 1.911 100.000
Equation
Original Score = 1.979 * Fac1_1 + 1.574 * Fac2_1 + 0.833 * Fac3_1
Rank City Score Rank City Score
1 Beijing 100 22 Zhenjiang 34.67441
2 Qingdao 91.43906 23 Yangzhou 33.37558
3 Xiamen 87.85232 24 Changzhou 33.23524
4 Dongguan 84.86636 25 Futian 30.11883
5 Shenzhen 81.53009 26 Jining 23.11402
6 Guangzhou 81.07312 27 Huizhou 22.42701
7 Shanghai 74.69369 28 Zibo 19.77764
8 Fuzhou 68.17303 29 Zaozhuang 19.44798
9 Nanjing 65.35981 30 Haikou 17.58064
10Shijiazhuang
60.69593 31 Linyi 16.95725
11 Hangzhou 60.48461 32 Zhanjiang 16.08941
12 Taizhou 56.68991 33 Weifang 15.6438
13 Xuzhou 56.31859 34 Shantou 14.71593
14 Ningbo 53.31344 35 Taian 13.99036
15 Handan 50.73288 36 Yancheng 13.4158
16 Jinan 50.55751 37 Jiangmen 11.31411
17 Wuxi 45.99586 38 Huaian 10.04203
18 Suzhou 42.43381 39 Maoming 8.951399
19 Tianjin 41.23116 40 Zhongshan 8.038095
20 Yantai 38.75769 41 Foshan 7.081565
21 Tangshan 37.7687 42 Suqian 0
Measurement of Mixed-use
Indicators:
Index Indicators
Provision of local facilities Numbers of libraries per 10 thousands persons
Numbers of cinemas per 10 thousands persons
Numbers of hospital beds per 10 thousands person
Land use variety Mixed use of different land use
Housing- job mix Housing-job mix index
Note: Land use variety = Land use variety = - Ph * ln(Pr) – Pi * ln(Pi) – Pr * ln(Pr) – Pg * ln(Pg), without unit;The total population employed for calculating the provision of the hospital beds and the theatres are permanent population.The housing-job mix = employees in urban districts / total household population.
Measurement of Mixed-use Total Variance Explained
Component
Initial EigenvaluesExtraction Sums of Squared
Loadings
Total% of
VarianceCumulativ
e % Total% of
VarianceCumulativ
e %1 1.690 33.798 33.798 1.690 33.798 33.798
2 1.195 23.910 57.708 1.195 23.910 57.708
3 .998 19.958 77.666 .998 19.958 77.666
4 .807 16.139 93.805 .807 16.139 93.805
5 .310 6.195 100.000
Equation
Original Score = 1.690 * Fac1_2 + 1.195 * Fac2_2 + 0.998 * Fac3_2 + 0. 807 * Fac4_2;
Rank city Score Rank city Score
1 Beijing 100 22 Linyi 33.57452
2 Shanghai 98.17853 23 Yantai 33.22056
3 Fuzhou 72.9987 24 Ningbo 30.90345
4 Changzhou 67.73508 25 Jining 28.70332
5 Xiamen 65.55383 26 Jiangmen 28.578
6 Handan 65.35665 27 Tangshan 27.38676
7 Yangzhou 64.16105 28 Zhongshan
24.94162
8 Dongguan 57.45616 29 Weifang 24.33801
9 Guangzhou 55.75936 30 Yancheng 24.19395
10 Jinan 52.47121 31 Foshan 23.69592
11 Hangzhou 51.31587 32 Haikou 22.4821
12 Qingdao 50.55949 33 Zibo 21.13798
13 Taizhou 48.81618 34 Zhanjiang 18.27094
14 Shijiazhuang 48.35458 35 Zaozhuang
14.16678
15 Nanjing 47.19969 36 Taian 12.09257
16 Wuxi 46.78894 37 Futian 6.566491
17 Zhenjiang 44.47222 38 Huaian 4.912479
18 Huizhou 44.32553 39 Maoming 3.588391
19 Tianjin 44.1027 40 Shantou 0
20 Xuzhou 38.24508 Suqian
21 Suzhou 33.8626 Shenzhen
Measurement of Intensification Indicators:
Change of Population Change of persons per ha. in built-up area
Change of Building density Change of Residential area per person
Change of Plot ratio (total construction area/ built-up area)
Change of employment density Change of Employees (secondary industry and tertiary industry) per ha. in built-up area
Change of public transport density Change of buses per 10 thousand persons
Change of provision of local facilities Change of Numbers of libraries per 10 thousands persons
Change of Numbers of cinemas per 10 thousands persons
Change of Numbers of hospital beds per 10 thousands person
Change of land use variety Change of Mixed use of secondary industrial, tertiary industrial and residential land use
Chang of housing – job mix Change of Housing-job mix index
Measurement of Intensification Total Variance Explained
EquationOriginal Score = Fac1_3 * 2.506 + Fac2_3 * 2.416 + Fac3_3 * 1.237 + Fac4_3 * 1.191+ Fac5_3 * 0.952.
Component
Initial EigenvaluesExtraction Sums of Squared
Loadings
Total% of
VarianceCumulativ
e % Total% of
VarianceCumulativ
e %
1 2.506 25.061 25.061 2.506 25.061 25.061
2 2.416 24.164 49.225 2.416 24.164 49.225
3 1.237 12.371 61.596 1.237 12.371 61.596
4 1.191 11.911 73.507 1.191 11.911 73.507
5 .952 9.523 83.030 .952 9.523 83.030
6 .873 8.728 91.758
7 .512 5.118 96.876
8 .207 2.070 98.946
9 .077 .767 99.713
10 .029 .287 100.000
Rank City Score Rank City Score
1 Futian 100 22 Xuzhou 41.54
2 Dongguan 88.67 23 Huizhou 41.27
3 Linyi 68.58 24 Tangshan 40.65
4 Shanghai 67.80 25 Wuxi 35.81
5 Zhongshan 67.47 26 Yangzhou 33.71
6 Shijiazhuang
62.26 27 Jiangmen
30.67
7 Taizhou 61.92 28 Jinan 30.47
8 Yantai 59.93 29 Suzhou 27.84
9 Guangzhou 58.95 30 Zhenjiang 26.32
10 Xiamen 55.87 31 Zhanjiang 25.31
11 Handan 53.15 32 Ningbo 24.30
12 Qingdao 51.50 33 Yancheng 23.75
13 Weifang 48.69 34 Hangzhou 23.32
14 Beijing 48.12 35 Maoming 20.14
15 Tianjin 46.90 36 Nanjing 11.12
16 Changzhou 46.55 37 Foshan 7.32
17 Zaozhuang 46.44 38 Haikou 4.87
18 Zibo 45.92 39 Huaian 2.61
19 Fuzhou 45.86 40 Suqian 1.40
20 Taian 44.82 41 Shantou 0.00
21 Jining 42.89 Shenzhen
The high scores of each feature would have a balanced series of variables.
Beijing, Xiamen, Shanghai, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Dongguan rank in top 10 both in the density degree and mixed-use degree; Shantou, Taian, Huaian, Maoming, Foshan, rank in the last 10 both in the density degree and mixed-use degree.
There is not an obvious relationship between the descriptive features(high density and mixed-use) and the changing process variable (intensification).
Conclusion
The compact city paradigm is the developing trend of Chinese cities.
Set up a conceptual model of the compact city at large scale municipal cities in China, as well as the indicator system for measuring the degree of the compactness of large cities
Give a brief description of the existing degree of the compactness of the large municipal cities in coastal provinces