Measurement and Evaluation

Measurement and Evaluation

of Human Performance

Fitness – consists of two parts

1. Health Related Factors 2. Skill Related Factors

Both are required in all activities but the importance of each may vary.

Examples: Runner, Tennis…

I. Health related fitness: Physiologically based and determines the individuals ability to meet the physical demands of an activity.

1. Strength: the ability of a muscle (group) to exert a force to overcome a resistance.

2. Local Muscular Endurance: a muscle group’s ability to perform sustained work. (marathon)

Components of Health Related Fitness

3. Cardio-respiratory fitness: “stamina” the ability of the body to supply enough energy to sustain sub-maximal levels of exercise.

Benefits of Cardio. Fitness*improved fat metabolism*efficient delivery of oxygen*faster removal of wastes*decreased levels of stress

4. Flexibility: the movement available by our joints, usually controlled by the length of our muscles

Benefits of Flexibility:

*prevents injury

*improves posture

*maintains healthy joints

*increases speed and power of muscle contraction

*improves balance during movement

5. Body Composition: The amt. of fat compared to lean body mass (muscle, bone, connective tissue).

Healthy Fat %

males= 15-18%

females= 20-25%

Risks of high fat %

*heart disease

*strain on muscle and joints

*excess energy expenditure

II. Skill/Motor Related Fitness: based on the neuromuscular system and determines how successful and individual can perform a certain skill.

1. Speed:

The ability to put body parts into motion quickly.

The max. rate a person can move over a

specific distance.

*genetically determined by fast twitch muscle

fibers.

2. Power: the ability to exert maximum muscular power instantly in an explosive movement.

*combination of speed and strength

Ex. -golf swing

-shot put

-field events

3. Agility: the ability to change direction and position of the body quickly and effectively.

Factors Influencing Agility

*speed

*coordination

*flexibility

*balance

4. Balance: the maintenance of the center of mass over the base of support while static or dynamic.

*coordinated by the actions of our sensory functions (eyes, ears and proprioceptive organs in our joints).

5. Coordination: the ability to use the body parts and senses together to produce smooth efficient movements.

Ex.

*serving a tennis ball

*swimming

6. Reaction time: the interval of time between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of a muscular response to that stimulus.

*reaction time is overall inherent, but response time can be improved with practice by:

-detecting cues

-controlling anxiety

-warm up

III. Study Design in Sport and Exercise

A. Reasons for Fitness Testing:

* Identify strengths and weaknesses of an athlete

* To evaluate the effectiveness of a training program

* To measure fitness levels following injury or offseason

* To assist in setting goals

B. Principles of Fitness Testing

1. Specificity: the test must assess the individuals fitness for the activity or sport in question.

Ex. An endurance running test would not be used to assess improvement in cycling endurance.

Principles of Fitness Testing

2. Reliability: refers to the degree to which a test is consistent and stable in measuring what it is intended to measure.

*test should produce the same results if repeated.


3. Validity: refers to the degree to which the test actually measures what it claims to measure. Conclusions made on the basis of test scores are appropriate.


4. Accuracy: is incorporated into test validity and reliability and covers the accuracy to which measurements can be recorded.

Factors Which May Affect Fitness Tests

*time of day

*weather conditions

*environment (surface, noise, people)

*different. assessor

*athlete’s emotion, health, hydration

*time of last meal

*medication

C. Testing Human Performance

1. Laboratory Testing:

a. advantages:

*controlled environment

*sport specific equipment

*simulate sport’s demands

b. disadvantages:

*not always accessible

*limited value assessing team sports

*not conducted in the sport environment

2. Field Tests:

a. advantages:

*specific to the sport

*conducted in the sporting environment

b. disadvantages:

*environment can alter test results

*much planning in testing administration

3. Submaximal Tests: the athlete works below maximum effort and data is extrapolated to estimate maximum capacity. (ex. Step test)

a. advantages:*prevents injury over

exertion b. disadvantages: *depends on

extrapolation*small measurement

inaccuracies can result in large discrepancies.

4. Maximal Tests: athlete works at maximum effort or to exhaustion. (ex. Beep test)

a. Advantages*measurements can be

more accurateb. Disadvantages*risk of injury and over

exertion*difficult to ensure the

athlete is working to max. effort

*depends on athlete’s motivation

D. Types of Fitness Testing

1. Aerobic Capacity:

*multistage fitness test (Beep. Bleep, legers )

*Cooper’s 12 min. run

*Harvard Step Test

Types of Fitness Testing

2. Flexibility

*Sit and Reach Test


3. Muscle Endurance:

*max. sit-ups

*max. push-ups

*flexed arm hang


4. Strength:

*Hand Grip Dynamometer

*Squats Test


5. Body Composition:

*Body mass index (BMI)

*Anthropometry

*Underwater weighing


6. Agility:

*Illinois agility test

*505 agility test

*T-drill test


7. Speed:

*40 meter sprint


8. Balance:

*Standing Stork Test


9. Coordination:

*Hand ball toss


10. Reaction Time:

*Drop Test

11. Power:

*Vertical jump and Broad jump

Describe a normal day of practice/ training for any sport that you are involved in.

Beginning to end

1.Warm-up light cardio (5-10min)

dynamic stretching (~10min)

sport specific

2. Training (FITT principle) Types Factors Involved Monitoring

Endurance progressive overload HR training zone

Interval specificity Karvonen HR

Circuit reversibility/detraining Borg Scale

Resistance recovery

Flexibility adaptation

variety

periodization

3. Cool Down

IV. Principles of Training Program Design

Essential Elements of a Training Program

A. Warm-Up: prepares the body for exercise and prevents injury and muscle soreness.

Benefits of a Warm-Up:

1. Increased speed of contraction and relaxation of warmed muscles.

2. Reduces muscle stiffness (dynamic exercise)3. Increase in muscle temp. reduces blood

viscosity and speeds nerve impulse rate.4. Increase in oxygen uptake by muscles5. Increase in enzyme activity to breakdown

glycogen.6. Increases heart rate to a workable rate for

exercise.

Stages of a Proper Warm-Up

1. Increase the body temp. to facilitate blood delivery to working muscles.

5-10 min. jog


2. Dynamic stretching exercises for 10 mins.

Ex. Shoulder rolls, neck rolls, leg swings and half squats.


3. Sport specific and skill related drills for 10-15 minutes to work the neuromuscular mechanisms.

The FITT Principle:

F= frequency (How often)

I= intensity (How hard)

T= time (How long)

T= type (What activity)

B. Endurance Training: objective is to develop the energy production systems to meet the demands of the event.

Aerobic Endurance: is developed using “continuous” and “interval” training.

1. Continuous Training: “steady state” involves an individual maintaining a steady rate for a long period of time. Should be over 20 min. in the aerobic target zone (70-85% of max. heart rate).

ranking sport rating (/10)

=1 Cycling: Distance 9.63

=1 Track and Field: Distance 9.63

3 Swimming (all strokes): Distance 9.25

4 Skiing: Nordic 9.00

5 Boxing 8.63

6 Rowing 8.13

7 Water Polo 7.88

8 Soccer 7.75

9 Speed Skating 7.63

10 Basketball 7.38

=11 Ice Hockey 7.25

=11 Tennis 7.25

=13 Canoe/Kayak 6.75

=13 Field Hockey 6.75

=13 Rugby 6.75

=16 Lacrosse 6.63

=16 Wrestling 6.63

18 Figure Skating 6.38

19 Racquetball/Squash 6.13

20 Track and Field: Middle Distance 6.00

Endurance as a major component

2. Interval Training: is described as having a structured period of work followed by a structured period of rest.

*1 or ½ unit of rest for every unit of work.(Work 4 min./Rest 2 min.)

Benefits of Interval Training

1.Improves competition -stress of race pace and conditions athletes for competition.

2. Improves Neuromuscular Coordination - Your nervous system gets used to running at a faster pace.

3. Less lactic acid accumulation at a given pace

4. Thermoregulatory system is not as stressed – Body heat does not accumulate as rapidly as during continuous running.

5. Runners of all abilities can use it.

3. Circuit Training: exercise that raises pulse rate and includes upper, lower and core exercises. Up to 6-10 exercises per circuit.

C. Resistance Training: is used to develop strength, strength endurance and explosive power.

*Maximum Strength

Very high resistance and low repetition

Ex. 3 sets of 2-3 reps. @ 80% of 1 RM w/ full recovery (2 min. between sets)

or

3 sets of 3-6 reps @ 80-100% of 1RM

Resistance Training

*Strength Endurance

Greater reps. With lighter resistance

Ex. 3 sets of 20 reps. @ 50-60% of 1RM with full recovery between sets.

D. Plyometric Training- fast, powerful short duration movements.

• Designed to:– Increase speed– Force of muscle

contraction– Explosive

sports/movements

E. Fartlek Training: combination of interval & continuous training.

• Swedish (Speed Play)

• Not regimented- (intensity, duration, rest)

• Regulated on how you feel

• Hard to quantify.

F. Cross Training: involves all methods listed above.

• Make general improvements in fitness

• Used by many as an alternative to their normal training methods.

G. Flexibility Training: improves the range of movement of antagonistic muscles.

1. Static Stretching: involves gradually easing into the stretch position and holding.

2. Assisted Stretching: partner helps you ease into the stretch position when the stretch sensation subsides. Ex. PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation)

1. Think in Terms of Serious Flexibility Training, not just brief

stretching.2. Consider Your Activities.

3. Pay Special Attention to Tight Areas

4. Listen to Your Body.

5. Get Creative.

6. Warm Up First.

7. Find a Flexibility Class That Works for You.

8. Stretch Yourself--Mind and Body.

9. It’s Not Just for Wimps.

10. Do It Consistently.

Tips for Flexibility Training

PNF Stretching

Step 1: move slowly through your ROM with a partner assisting the stretch (passive stretch). Hold for a few seconds.

Step 2: just before the point of discomfort, isometrically contract the muscle being stretched for 6-10 sec.

Step 3: After holding relax the muscle and have your partner stretch further into the ROM.

A proprioceptive sensory nerve ending embedded among the fibers of a tendon, often near the musculotendinous junction.

This stimulated the Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO) to further relax the muscle, increasing the stretch.

GTO stretching

http://www.livestrong.com/article/526017-how-to-stretch-the-golgi-tendon-organs/

3. Dynamic Stretching: consists of controlled leg and arm swings that take you gently to the limits of your range of motion.

4. Ballistic Stretching:Repeated bouncing

motion at the peak of a stretch to force the muscle tissue to lengthen. (NOT RECOMMEDED).

H. Cool Down: light continuous activity to keep HR elevated. Purpose: keep metabolic activity high & capillaries dilated in order to:

:bring oxygen to muscles :remove lactic acid :prevent blood pooling (cause dizziness) :limit DOMS Finally- light stretching to improve flexibility.

I. Unsuitable Training

• Undertraining: failure to provide adequate stimulation.

• Overtraining: do more training than physically or mentally able to do over a long period of time.

• Overreaching: do more training than physically able to do in a short period of time. (temporary overtraining)

Overtraining syndrome (OTS)• Can go undiagnosed/ hard to diagnose• Signs & symptoms are usually the same as many

other illnesses.• Performance will decrease (gold standard sign)• Increased HR • Reduced immune function• Sleep disturbance/general fatigue• Loss of appetite

V. Key Principles to a Training Program

A. Progressive Overload: when the body responds to stress caused by physical work. As the body adapts and plateaus, progressive overload is required to cause further change.

Overload can be progressed by increasing:

1. the resistance (adding weight)

2. the number of reps and/or sets (duration)

3. the intensity (reducing recovery period.)

4. number of sessions per week (frequency)

*do not change all at once. increase with caution. do not loose focus of training goals

B. Specificity: when the exercise is specific to the type of strength required and related to the particular demands of the sport.

Focus on:

1. muscle groups used

2. skills performed

3. fitness components

4. energy system used

Ex. A swimmer should spend most of her training in the water with some done on land.

C. Reversibility/Detraining: when performance deteriorates after training ceases or intensity decreases

*fitness reduces at approx. 1/3 of the rate of acquisition.

*7 weeks of inactivity causes:

-27% loss of aerobic capacity

-30% decrease in stroke vol.

-decrease in muscle mass and strength

• Needed to adapt to new training demands

• Repair muscles

D. Recovery- rest period between training sessions

E. Adaptation-the way your body becomes accustomed to increased or

varied training loads• Training Effect: the chronic, morphologic, physiologic and psychologic changes that

result from repeated exposer to exercise. – Cardiovascular adaptations– Pulmonary adaptations– Body comp

F. Variety: providing different activities and drills while still addressing the aims of the training program.

Benefits of variety

*stimulates and challenges participants

*changes the format (less boring)

G. Periodization

• is an organized approach to training that involves progressive cycling of various aspects of a training program during a specific period.

• The aim of periodization is to introduce new movements as one progresses through the training cycle to specify one's training right up until the start of the season.

• Can be highly specific or general designed.• Has come under criticism lately.

Periodization: Good or Bad??? Article

http://www.hurdlecentral.com/Docs/PlanningPeriodization/Verkhoshansky_TheEndOfPeriodization.pdf

VI. Monitoring Exercise Intensity

Resting Heart Rate (RHR)– Lowest HR, least amount blood required.– Between 60 -100bpm.

Factors Affect Heart Rate Temperatures (& humidity), pulse rate may increase, 5-10 bpm.

Body position – can temporarily change elevate HR.

Emotions- can elevate HR.

Body Weight- obese people have a higher than normal RHR.

Medication- can raise or lower RHR.

beta blockers (block adrenaline) Thyroid meds increase RHR


HR your are trying to reach for a specific goal.

Target Heart Rate (THR)

maximum heart rate that you can attain that is based on your genetics. Should not train at this rate.

purpose: used to create target training zones to help you improve your cardiovascular capacity and progress the intensity of your workouts.

Maximum Heart Rate (MHR) formula =220-age


Maximum Heart Rate (MHR)

MHR = 206.3 - (0.711 × Age)

MHR = 217 - (0.85 x Age)

MHR = 206.9 - (0.67 x age)

Male athletes - MHR = 202 - (0.55 x age)Female athletes - MHR = 216 - (1.09 x age)

Alternate formulas

VI. Monitoring Exercise IntensityMaximum Heart Rate (MHR)

•Use the Miller formula of MHR = 217 - (0.85 × age) to calculate MHRthen•Subtract 3 beats for elite athletes under 30•Add 2 beats for 50 year old elite athletes•Add 4 beats for 55+ year old elite athletes•Use this MHR value for running training•Subtract 3 beats for rowing training•Subtract 5 beats for bicycle training

Alternate formulas


I. Heart Rate Training Zones: are calculated by taking into consideration your max. heart rate and your resting heart rate.

MHR=220-age

Training Zones

MHR estimationif you are breathing extremely hard during a workout so that you can’t talk at all, you’re probably within 5-10 bpm of your max heart rate.

II. Karvonen Heart Rate Method

(Max. HR – Resting HR) x % + RHR= THR

Ex.

(179 – 60) x .8 + 60 =155 (target heart rate)

III. Borg Scale: method used to rate perceived exertion (RPE) by the athlete.

Simple method of rating ones exertion

Perceived exertion is an individual's rating of exercise intensity.

Formed by assessing their body's physical signs. (HR, breathing rate and perspiration.)

Original Borg Scale

III. Borg Scale: method used to rate perceived exertion (RPE) by the athlete.

• 0 - Nothing at all• 1 - Very light• 2 - Fairly light• 3 - Moderate• 4 - Some what hard• 5 - Hard• 6• 7 - Very hard• 8• 9• 10 - Very, very hard

Omni, Cert ScaleBorg Scale Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ILidHQsVcY

Measurement and Evaluation

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