Mearsheimer Institutions

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The False Promise of International InstitutionsAuthor(s): John J. MearsheimerSource: International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Winter, 1994-1995), pp. 5-49Published by: The MIT Press

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r m n y D v d G r nh m E ur op n D f n C oo p r o n T h 1 9 90 n d B yo nd n D

L m h n d J m L R y d T h 19 92 Pr o n d h F u ur o f n g r o n n Eu ro p A rm on k

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b u h n ur o fm ry w ponr y o w for r pd h f n h b n of pow r

u h d v o pm n o ud r w ndo wo fo pp or un y f or h h n g o

nf d v df on h v m 30

Th b rr r o oop r o nno w h n dng do oop r n r wor d

For x mp b n of pow r og o f n u o form n nd oop r

g n ommon n m om m oop r o gng up on h rd

h G rm n n d h ov d d g n Po n d n1 939 31 R v w

oop r Af r d n b ru k h rough yr f h d r bu o nof pow r

nd fy o n rn bou h ng Th v r ou r m o nr o gr m n gn d by

h u pr po w r dur ng h C od W r u r h p on

Th bo o m n h ow v r h oop r o n k p n w or d h omp

v or on wh r h v pow rfu n n v o k dv n g of oh r

T h p o n g r ph y h gh g h d by Eur op n p o n h f or y y r

b fo r W or d W r T h r w m u h o op r o n m on g h g r p ow r d u r ng h

p r o d b u h d d n o o p h m f ro m go n g o w r n 1 9 14 3 2

N T T U T O N N A R E A L T W O R LD

R o r ogn h om m op r hrough n u on H ow vr

h yb v h ho r u r f u on of f n r b d pr m ry on

h n rn on d r bu o nof pow r Th m o p ow rfu n h y m r

nd h p n u o n o h h y n m n n h r h r o fwor d pow r or v n

n r n h v w n u on r n y r n f or ng ou pow rr

on hp 3 3For r h u of wr n dp r m n y f un on of h

b n o fpo w r n d n u o n r g y mr ro r h d r bu o n of po wr n h y m

n h or h b n of pow r h n d pnd n v r b h xp n w r n u on

r m r y n n r v nng v r b n h p ro

NA TO pr ov d g oo d x mp o fr h nk ng b ou n u o n N AT O n

n u o n n d r n y p yd ro n pr v n ng Wor d Wr nd h p ng h

3 0 L p on n r n o n C oo p r o n p 1 4

3 1 R nd L h w r B nd wg on ng fo rP ro f B r ng ng h R v o n B k n

n r n o n u r y V o 1 9 N o 1 u mm r 1 99 4 p p 7 2 10 7

3 2 J oh n M yn r d K yn T h E o no m C o n u n o f h P N w Y or k P n gu n B oo k

1 98 8 h p 2 n d J M R ob r E ur o p 1 8 8 0 19 4 5 L on do n L on gm n 1 97 0 p p 2 3 9 2 41 T h r

w o g n f n oop r o n b w n h Un d nd h ov Un on dur ng Wor d

W r b u h o op r o nd d no p r v n h o ub r k of h C od W r h or y f r G r m ny

n d Jp n wr d f d

3 3 To ny Ev n n dP r W o n R g m T h or y nd h En g h h oo o f n r n o n R

o n A C omp r o n M n n m J o ur n o f n r n o n u d V o 2 1 No 3 W n r 19 92

p 3 3 0




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n r n o n ur y 19 3 1 4

W w n h Co dW r Nv r h NATO w b y m n f on of h b po r

d r b u o n of p ow r n E u ro p d ur n g h C o d W r n d w h b n o f po w r

n o NAT Op r h p ro vd d h k y o m n n ng b y on h o n n n N AT O

w n y n Am r n oo for m n gng pow r n h f of h ov hr

N ow w h h o p of h ov Un on r rgu h NATO mu h r

d p p r or r o n u f on h b o f h n w d r bu o n of po wr n E ur op 3 4

N AT O n no r m n w d ur ng h C od W r

Vr of n u on Th or

Th r r h r n u o n h or n d h off r d ff r n r gum n b ou h ow

n u o n pu h w y from w r nd h p fo r b y35 L br n u o n

m h mb o u of h h r h or do n o dr y ddr h m por n

u o no fh ow o p r v n w r b u fo u n d on x p n n g wh y o no m n d

n vronm n oop r o n mong mor k y h n r r o gn n

r d o op r o n n h o r m pr u md o r du h k h ood of w r

hough b r n u o n do no xp n h ow Th h ory pr d d on h

b f h h ng h m n n hb or of n r n on oop r o n nd h n u

o n p rov d h k y o ov r om ng h prob m T h m o r ru h

on r n bu no o h n g h fund m n r m h r

f n r d or

Co v ur y d r y o nfro n h u o fh ow o pr v n w r Th h or y

r w h h ump on h for w on nu o m r n wor dpo nd h

w h v o gu rd g n po n ggr or H ow v r h hr of wr n

b g r y r du d o rd ng o h h o ry b y h n gn gr h nk ng b ou

b hv or n d ub u ng n p hr n r norm F r hou dr

h d of u ng for o h ng h u u o ond o d w h h v o

h norm nd hr n or r w r r pon b mu n o on h b of

h r own n rr ow f n r R h r h y mu uppr h mp on o r p ond

n wh v r wy wou dm x m h r n d vdu g n nd n d u om y o n

o g h r o pr n h g gr o rw h h h r o fo vr wh m n g fo r T hr d

mu ru h o h r o r noun ggr o n nd o m n h r nun on T hy mu

o b onf d n h o hr w om o h r r u hou d hy b om h

r g o f gg r o n

Cr h ory h mo mb ou of h h or u m m o r nform

h f und m n n u r of n r n o n p o nd o r wor d wh r h r

n o u n r d oop r o n mong bu h po b y of gnu n p L k

o v ur y bu un k b r n u on m r h ory d r y h ng

3 4 Gun h r H m nn n dR n hr dWo f N or m N o b r n u o n m nd h

F u ur o f N AT O u r y u d V o 3 N o 1 A u um n 19 93 p p 3 43

35 D p h d ff r n mong n u on h or propon n o f h h ory o on

y mk f vor b r f rn o h o h r h or nd hu m o r ogn h hr

h or r p r of n n u on body of r ur h k n r m m n po n of

r f r n f or x m p C hr A K up h n n d C ffo rd A Kup h n C on r C o v

u r y n d h F u u r o f Eu ro p n r n o n u r y V o 1 6 N o 1 u mm r 1 99 1 p p 1 14

1 61 n dR ug g M u r m pp 5 61 59 8




12/46


r h nk ng bou h f n r d bh vor of Th h ory pr d d on

h ump o n h d nd d o ur h ow w h n k nd k b ou n r n o n

po r h d r vng for b hnd b hv or u r y r r m m

h b h vor rg y fun on of h g v n r u ur o f h x r n w or d For

r h or d h p h m r wor d n mpor n w y n d hu h w y

o r vo u on n r n on p o o h ng dr y h w y nd vdu h nk

n d k b ou wor d po n u p y h r h or h m v

r b v d o p y k yro n h pro

L BE R A L N T T U T O N A L M

L br n u on m do n o d r y ddr h u on of wh h r n u on

u p bu n d fo u on h mb o u go o f xp n ng oop r o n

n wh r n r r no fund mn y oppo d 36 p f y h h ory

ook wh r r h v ng dff u y o op r n gb u h yh v m x d

n r n o hr word h d h n n v bo h o oop r nd no o oop r

3 7E h d n b n f f ro m oo p r o n h ow v r w h h b r n u o n

f n go d r d b hv or h n mu u po y d u m n o h d

nd up b r off h n h y wou do h rw b 3 8 Th h ory of r v n n

u o n wh r n r r fund mn y onf u nd n h r d h nk

h mu h og n from oop r on n h r um n m o g n

d vn g o v r h o h r T h y h nk n r m of w nn ng n d o n g n d h

nv r by d o n n ur y o mp on n d om m w r Bu b r n

u on m do n o d d r y w h h u o n n d hu y bou how

o r o v or v n m o r h m

Th r for h h ory r g y gnor ur y u nd on n r n d on

onom nd o r x n nv ronm n u 3 9 nf h h ory bu on

h ump on h n r n on p o n b dv dd n o wo r m ur y n d

3 6 Am on g h k y b r n u o n w or k r R ob r A x r od n d Ro br 0 K o h n

A h v n gC oo p r o n un dr An r hy r g n d n u o n W or d Po V o 3 8 No 1

O o b r 1 98 5 p p 2 26 2 54 K o h n A f r H g m on y K o h n n r n o n n u o n T wo

Appro h pp 379 396 K oh n n r n o n n u o n n d Pow r h p 1 C h r

L p on n r n o n C oo pr o n n E on om n d ur y A ff r W or d Po V o 3 7 No

1 O o br 19 84 p p 1 2 3 L L M r n n u o n n d Co op r o n n o n Dur ng h

F k n d n d Co nf n r n o n u r y Vo 1 6 N o 4 p r ng 19 92 p p 1 43 1 78 L L

M r n C o r v C oo pr o n Ex p n ng Mu r E o no m n o n P rn o n N J Pr n o n

U n v r y P r 1 99 2 K n n h A O y E xp n n g Co op r o n Un d r An r h y H yp o h

nd r g Wor d Po Vo 3 8 No 1 O o b r 1985 p p 1 24 n d n W hy N o n

Coopr

3 7 n W hy N o n C oo pr h p 2 A o K oh n Af r H g m on y pp 6 7 1 2 13 6 7 69

3 8 M n r n r n o n T h or o fC oo pr o n p 4 68

3 9 For x mp of h h ory wor k n h nv ronm n r m P r M H Ro br 0

K o h n n dM r A L v y d n u o n f or h E r h o u r o fEf f v n r n o n E nv ro n

m n Pro on C mbr dg M M T Pr 1993 p y h p 1 nd 9 o m of h m o

mp or n w or k on n u o n n d h n v ro nm n h b n d o n b y Or n Y ou ng f or

x mp Y oun g n r n o n C oo pr o n Th r o fmy d u o n on n r o n o no m n o

nv ronm n u for on n nd o b u h k y hor work n h b r

n u on r u r fo u 6n onom r h r h n nv ronm n m r




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n r n o n ur y 19 3 1 6

po onomy nd h b r n u on m m n y pp o h r bu no

h form r Th h m r y r u d by Ch r L pon who wr h g

n f n y d ff rn n u on rr ng mn r o d w hn rn o n o

no m n d u r y u 4 0 Mo r ov r h k h oo do f oo pr o n m rk d y

d ff r n w hn h wo r m w h n o nom r on r k oop r o n

n b u n d mong v r f n r d wh r h pro p for oop

r o n r mo r m po vr h d n ur y ff r 4 1T hu h h o ry p r op on n

p y n on o h ur y r m wh r u on b ou w r nd p r of

n r m po r n

N vr h h r r g ood r on o x mn b r n u on m o y

L b r n u on om m r h n u on r n m por n u o f

n r n o n b y Mor ov r on m gh rgu h f h h ory h ow r ong

u onn on b w n n u on n d o nom oop r o n wou db r v y

y o k h n x p n d n k oop r o n w h p 4 2 om p ropon n of h

hory m n n h n u on o nr bu o n rn o n b y h ugg h

h yb v y o onn oop r on nd b y 43 d oub h m m ny

b u p ro po n n o f h h o ry d f n o op r o n o n rr ow y o v o dm r y

u L u um how vr h b r n u on r mp ng o k

g n p o wrd dv op ng h ory h xp n h ow n u on pu h w y

fromwr

CAU AL LOG C Lb r n u on m o p r m r oo ump on

wh rgu ng h oop r on n v r h r o h v h n r r o gn

R ob r K o h n f or x m p w r n Af r H g m on y h h d op n g h r

mod of r o n go m H on n u propo o h ow o n h b of h r o wn

ump on h h h r r p m m of r m do n o n r y fo ow

k o dmon r h r ump on b ou wor dpo r on n w h

h f or m o n of n u o n d r r ng m n wh h p ro mo o op r o n 44 n

p r u r b r n u on mph h dw n prp u n r hy

nd mu h rfor r o n g o n wh f h pwor d45

4 0 L p on n r n o n C oo pr o n p p 2 1 2 A o A x ro d nd K oh n A h v n g

Co o p r o n U n d r A n r h y p p 2 3 2 2 3 3 n d K o h n A f r H g m on y p p 3 9 4 1

4 1 L p on n r n o n C oo pr o n p 1 8

42 h v u gg d po b n o f rgum n n J ohn J M r h m r B k o h F uur

n b y n E ur op A f r h C od W r n r n o n u r y V o 15 N o 1 um mr 1 99 0

pp 42 44 A o C h r G r m k h on n on b w n oop r o n n dp n R

Op m Coop r o n f H p n r n o n ur y V o 19 N o 3 Wn r 1 99 4/95 p p

5 0 9 0

43 L br n u on um h oop r o n po v go hough h y r ogn

h do wn d w K oh n Af r H g m on y pp 1 0 11 2 47 2 57 n dK oh n n r n

on n u o n T wo Ap pr o h p 3 93 T h v r u n dv o f oo p r o n r n o x po r d

n ny d n h b r n u o n r ur

44 K oh n Af r H gmony p 67 o p 29 m r y Ar hur n m h D p h

d ff r n o n u o n h h y dr w bou h oop r v or o nf u n ur o f n r n o n

po r m nd b r m h r or ump on n Why N on Coop r p 8

4 5 O y E xp n n g Co op r o n Un d r An r h y p 1




14/46


A o rd ng o b r n u on h pr n p o b o oop r o n mong

w h mu u n r h hr of h ng 46 Th f mou p r on r d

mm w h h h n y n rp of mo o f h b r n u on r

ur p ur h n o f h prob m h mu o v o h v oop r on 47

E h of wo n h r h o r oop r w h h o hr E h d w n o

mx m own g n bu do n o r b ou h of h o hr d g n h

d r bou h o h r d o ny o fr h o hr d ho n r gy ff

own pro p for mx m ng g n Th mo r v r gy for h o

h nd hop h o h r pur u oop r v r gy n o hr word

d o u om o u k r h o h r d n o h nk ng go ng o o op r nd

h n h Bu bo h d und r n d h og nd h r for b oh d w ry o

h h o h r C on u n y b oh d w n dup wor off h n f h y h d

oop r d n mu u h ng d o h w or po b ou o m E vn h ough

mu u oop r o n n o r v u k rng h oh r d r n yb r

h n h o u om w h nbo h d h

h k y o o vng h d mm for h d o onv n h o h r h h yh v

o v n r n mk ng wh pp r o b h or rm r f h g n h

m gh r u from u fu h n g for h k o f on g r mb n f h ub n

p yo ff fr om mu u o ng r m oo pr o n T h m n o nv n n g o p h

ond b ou o m w h h mu u o b or on T h pr n p o b o r h ng

h oop r v ou o m w b f r o fg ng u k r d h ou d h o h r d h

Th n n u h h prob m h n u on mu o v

To d w h h prob m of po m rk f u r n u on mu d r

h r n dpro v m 48 Thr m g m u b n o po n h r y ou

w b u gh y ou w b p un h d m m d y n dy ou w o pr d fu ur

oop r v ffor Po n v m o n h o h r h nd n d r y wr nng of h ng

o v o d r ou n u ry n d n d h m n o pun h h r

L br n u on do no m o d w h h r n dv m by h ng ng

f un d m n n or m o f b h v o r No r do h y u gg r n f or m ng h n r h

u r of h n r n on y m Th y p h ump on h op r n

n n r h n v ronm n n d b hv n f n r d m nn r 49 n h r g rd h r

ppro h mb o u h n o v ur y nd r h ory wh h m o r

4 6 C h n g b y b r h o f pr om O y Ex p n ng Co op r o nU nd r An r h y

p 1 u u y m p unob r v dnon o mp n h ough h r n b ob r v d h n g

w D f o n ynonym for h ng n h n u on r ur

47 Th n r y of h pr on r d mm n d h n g o h b r n u on r ur

r y rf d n v ru y h w ork d n foo no 3 6 A H n M n r no n h r rv w

y on h r u r Th f o u pr m r yon h r o o f r gm n u o n n o vng h

d f o n h n g pr ob m M n r n r n o n T h or o fC oo p r o n p 4 7 5

4 8 T h p hr f ro m K oh n A f r H g m on y p 8 5

49 K nn h O y for x mp wr n h n rodu on o n u o fWor d Po o n n ng

numb r of b r n u o n y Our fo u on non r u oop r o n mon g

d w n g n n r n o n n r h y O y E x p n ng Co op r o nU nd r An r hy p 2 A o

K oh n n r n o n n u o n T wo A pp ro h p p 38 0 38 1 n d Ko h n n r n o n

n u on n d Pow r p 3




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n r n o n ur y 19 3 1 8

mpor n n r n o n n orm L b r n u o n n d o n n r on h ow ng

h ow ru n work o o un r h h n gprob m v n wh k o m x m

h rown w fr T hy rgu h n u on n h ng u on b ou

how o m xm g n p f y ru n g o mk h hor rm r f

n d d or o v h pr on r d m m n d hu o r ong rm g n n u

o n n h or n pr od u o op r o n

Ru n d y b m poy d o m k four m or h n g n h on r u

n vr onm n 5 0 Fr ru n n r h n umb r of r n on b w n p r u r

ov r m 5 1Th n u on d r on d our g h ng n h r w y

r h o of h ng by r ng h p ro p of fu ur g n hr ough o op r o n

h r by nvok ng h h dow of h f u ur o d r h ng o dy A ugh

h n gw ou d o p rd pr o p o fb n f n g fr om fu ur o op r o n n h

v m wou dprob b yr n d d o n r on g v h v m h o ppor un y

o py b k h h r ow for r p ro on h for r gy wh h work

o pun h h r nd no ow h m o g w yw h h r r n gr on F n y

r w rd h d v op r p u o nfor f h fu d hr n o gr m n nd

pun h h u r r pu on for h ng 52

ond ru n og h r n r on b w n n dff rn u r

u nk g m o r gr r n rd pnd n b w n who w h n b

r u n o h n on u r for f r h h v m nd prh p oh r

w w r n no hr u r d o ur g h ng nmu h h m

w y r o n r h o of h ng nd prov d w yfor h v m o

r g n h h r

T hrd ru u r of ru n n r h moun o f nfor m on v b o p r

p n n o op r v g r m n o h o m on or ng po b R ng h v

of nform o nd o ur g h ng n w ow y n r h k h ood h h

r w b u gh n dmo r m po r n y pr ov d v m w h r y w rn ng of

h C ng h r by n b n g h m o k pro v m ur b fo r h y r b d y hur

F our h r u n r du h r n on o of n dv du gr m n 5 3Wh n n

u on p rform h k d r bd bov n dvo ffor o n go ng

n dmo n or ng o op r v g r m n n d o h dg ng g n p o b d f o n B y

n r ng h ff n y of n r n o n oop r o n n u o n m k mor

prof b nd h u mor r v for f n r d

L br n u on m g n r y hough o b of m d u y n h ur y

r m b u f r of h ng on d r d mu hgr r ob o o op r o n

50 H K oh n n dL vy n u o n f or h E r h p 1 1 Fo rg n r d u o n of ho wr u

w or k wh h n fo rm my u b u n d u o no f h m r K o hn A f r H g mo ny h p

5 6 M r n n u o n n d Co op r o n p p 14 3 17 8 n d M n r n r n o n T h or o f

C o op r o n p p 4 74 4 7 8

5 1 A x r od n d K o h n A h v n g C oo p r o n U nd r A n r hy p p 24 8 25 0 L p on

n r n o n C oo p r o n p p 4 18

52 L p on n r n o n C oo pr o n p 5

53 K o h n A f r H g m on y p p 89 9 2




16/46


h nm ry u r k 54 Th r h o n n hr h b r y w r u

n d v ng m ry df Th hr of w f d v d f o n mp yno

pr n wh n d n gw h n r n o n onom G vn h h o of b r y

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v ry r u n o p h on p b kw rd w o p forw rd o g w h h

nd rp n h for r gy of o nd o n oo pr on O n p b kw rd n h

ur y r m mgh m n d ru o n n wh h h r w b no n x p b k

rd o rf o rw rd 5 5

F LA W N T HE CAU AL LO GC T h r n m po r n h o r f n g n h b r

n u on og v n pp o o nom u T h h ory orr f r

go h ng n b r ou b rr r o oop r o n gn or how v r h o h r

m o rob o o op r o n r v g n on r n A J o ph Gr o h hown

b r n u on um h r no o n rn d bou r v g n bu

f o u x u v y o n b o u g n 5 6 K oh n k no w d g d h p ro b m n 1 99 3

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o mm n o r o n h w or d o no my 5 7

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d m m g m h r bou how oppon n r gy w f f own

b o u g n b u n o b ou h ow mu h on d g n r v o h o h r n o h r

word h d mp yw n o g h b d for f n ddo n o py n on

o how w h o hr d f r n h pro 58 Nv rh b r n u on

54 Th p on r y r u d n Lp on n r n on C oop r o n p y pp 12 18

T h u b u n u o o n n h p r gr ph r fr om b d A o Ax r od n d K oh n

A h v n g C o op r o n U nd r A n r h y p p 2 32 2 3 3

5 5 R og r B P rk W h f Fo o D A Co mm n o n Ax r od L r o A m r n P o

n R v w V o 7 9 N o 4 D m b r 19 85 p p 11 73 1 17 4

5 6 Gr o An r h y nd h L m o fC oo pr o n O h r w or k by Gr o b r n g on h

ub n u d J o p h M Gr o R T h or y nd h P ro b m of n r n o n C oo p r o n

An y w h n Am nd d Pr o n r D mm M od T h Jo ur n o f Po V o 5 0 No 3

A ug u 1 9 88 p p 6 00 6 2 4 G r o C o o p r o n m o ng N o n E u r op A m r n d N on T r f f

B r r r o Tr d h N Y Co rn U nv r y Pr 1 99 0 n d Gr o U nd r n dn g h

P ro b m of n r n o n C o op r o n Th L m o fN o b r n u o n m n d h F u ur o f

R Th ory n B dw n N or m n dN o b r m pp 301 338 T h n g ff of Gr o

r m r f d n bd wh h n y org n d round h r v g n v b ou

g n d b n u g vn n on bfor Gr o r d n h w d y d 1988 r

Th m r w b r f yd u d by w oo h r h o r b for G r o Jo nn G ow An r hy

E go m n dT hr d m g T h Ev ou o n of Co op r o n nd n r n o n R o n n r n o n

O rg n o n V o 4 0 N o 1 W n r 1 98 6 p p 1 72 1 79 n d Or n R Y ou ng n r n o n R g m

T ow r d N w T h o ry o f n u o n W or d Po V o 3 9 N o 1 O o b r 19 86 p p 11 8 11 9

57 Rob r 0 K oh n n u o n T hor y nd h R Ch ng n B dw n N or n

nd N o br m p 2 83 W hn b r n u o n d v op d h r h or y n h m d 1980

h yd d no x p y um h pur u b ou g n Th r u y v d n

h h y h ough m u h bou h d n on b w n r v g n nd b o u g n How v r

h ump on h pur u b ou b u no r v g n mp n h r wr n g

58 L p on wr Th P r on r D mm n mp form n vo v wo p y r E h

um d ob f n r d f r n m x m r of h own u y n ump on h r y

p r h R on p on of ov r gn n n rn o n p o L p on n rn o n




17/46

n r n o n ur y 19 3 20

nno g nor r v g n o n d r o n b u h y u m h r f n

r d or n n n r h y m nd h yr o gn h m ry pow rm r

o A h ory h x p y p r m o r ump on n d b r n

u on m do h mu onfron h u of r v g n f hop o dv op

ou nd x p n o n fo r wh y o op r

On m gh xp b r n u on o off r h o un r rgum n h r v

g n o g p p o ny o h ur y r m wh b ou g n og pp o h

o no m r m G v n h h y r m n y o n r n d w h x p n n g o n om n d

n vr on mn o op r o n v ng r v g n o n r n ou o f h h o ry do n o

m r

T hr r wo prob m w h h rgum n F r f h n gw r h o ny g n f n

ob o oop r on b r n u on ou d rgu h h r h ory pp o

h o nom bu n o h m ry r m n f h y do m k h rgum n H ow v r

o n r v g n o n dr o n r f or d no h u o n b om mpo b

o m n n h n d vd ng n b w n onom nd m ry u m n y

b u m ry mgh gn f n y d p nd n o n o nom m g h Th r v

o f onomy h p rofound o n u n for nd ng n h n r n o n

b n of m r ypow r Th r for r v g n on r n mu b k n n o oun

for ur y r on w h n ook ng h onom w m ry dom n T h n

d vd ng n h b r n u on mp oy o p fy wh n h r h ory pp

h u y wh non p h worry bou r v g n 59

ond h r r n on r non ur y o g h m gh xp n why

worry b ou r v g n r g r d h ory for x mp pr ov d r g hfor

w rd onom o g for wh y h ou d r bou r v g n 6 0 rgu h

h ou d h p h r o w n f rm g n o m p r v d v n g o v r h f r m o f r v

b u h h b w y o nur n o n onom p ro pr y Th r o

p y ho og o g w h h p or r y n d v du r ng b ou h ow w h y do o r

h r g do n oop r v gr m n n o for m r r on b u b u

h um n n u r o o mp r o n p ro gr w h h o fo h r 6 1

Ano h rpo b b r n u on oun r rgum n h o vng h h ng

prob m r nd r h r v g n p rob m rr v n f nno h h oh r

h y n d n o f r h o h r n d h r fo r w ou d no h v o wo rr y bo u

r v p ow r Th p rob m w h h r gum n h ow v r h v n f h h n g

prob m w r o vd wou d h v o worry bou r v g n b u g p

Coop r o n p 2 R how v r do no p h on p o nof n r n on p o nd

n o urpr n gy h v u on d h r v n o f h pr on r d m m n ommon

f or m fo r x p n n g mu h o f n r n o n r o n G ow A n r hy E g o m n d T h rd

m g Gr o R Th or y nd h P rob m of n r n o n C oop r o n n d ph n D

K r n r G o b C om mu n o n n d N o n P o w r L f o n h P r o F r on r W or d Po

V o 4 3 N o 3 A p r 1 9 9 1 p p 3 3 6 3 66

5 9 My h n k ng on h m r h b n m r k d y nf u n d b y n Lyn n Jo n n h J un 1 9

9 94 o rr p o nd n w h m

60 For h or d u o n of r g r d h or y Ro br G p n T h Po E onomy of

n r n o n R o n P rn o n N J Pr n o nU nv r y Pr 1 98 7 p p 21 5 22 1 Th m o

ommon y d r fr n on h ub P u R Kr ugm n d r g T r d Po y n d h N w

n r n o n E o n om C mbr dg M M T Pr 1 98 6

6 1 R ob r A x r o d T h E v o u o n o f Co op r o n N w Y o rk B B oo k 1 98 4 p p 1 1 0 1 1 3




18/46


n g n n b r n d n om ry dv n g h n b u d for o r on or

ggr on And n h n r n o n y m om m h v onf ng n r

h d o ggr on

T hr o mp r v dn h r v g n o n dr o n m r ddur ng

h C od W r v n n onom r on mong h dv n d n du r d d mo r

n h O rg n o n fo r E on om C oo p r o n n d D v o p m n O E CD O n

wou d no x p r og bou r v g n o b nf u n n h h

Un d w up rpow r w h o f r m r y from h o h r OECD

nd ho w r un k y ou r v g n dv n g o hr n h Un d

62 Fu r h rmo r h O EC D w r mp or n Am r n d ur ng h C od

W r nd hu h U n d b nf d r g y wh n hy g nd ub n y

n nd r ng h

Non h r v g n pp r o h v m r d n o nom r on mong h

dv n d n du r Con d r h r p ro mn n ud ph n Kr n r o n d

r d f for oop r o n n d ff r n or o f h n rn on ommun on

nd u ry H f ou nd h w r r m r k b yu n on r n d b ou h n gb u d p y

worr d bou r v g n wh h d hm o o n ud h b r n u on m

n o r v n f or g ob o mm un o n G r o x m n d Am r n n d EC f fo r o

m p m n un d r h u p o fGA TT n umb r of g r m n r n g o no n r f f

b rr r o r d H f ound h h v o f u w no fun on of o n rn

b ou h n gbu w n fu n d p r mr y by o n r n b ou h d r bu o n of g n

m r y M h M nduno foun d h on r n bou r v g n no bou

h n g w n m po r n f o r n h p ng Am r n po y o w rd J p n n h r

h F X fgh r r r f nd hgh d fn o n v o n63

m no ugg n g h r v g n on d r on m k oop r o n mpo b

my po n mp y h h y n p o r ou m p dm n o oop r o n n dmu

h r f or b k n n o o un w h n d v o p n g h o ry o f o op r o n m on g

Th po n pp r n y now r o gn d by b r n u o n K oh n f or x m

know d g h h d dm k m o rm k b yund r mph ng d r bu v

u nd h omp x h y r for n r n o n o op r o n 64

C AN L B ER AL N T T U TO NA L M B E RE PA RE D L b r n u o n m u d

dr wo u on f h y r o rp r h r h o ry Fr n n u on f

6 2 Gr o m n n n Co op r o n mo ng N o n h r o g h o ud p p yh r R ob r

Po w h ow v r p on o u h n h o n x o f n go o n b w n h E ur op n C ommu n y

nd h Un d d ff u o r bu ny on rn for r v g n o h f f h

r v o m y hv o n h p rob b y of u rv v Rob r Pow Ab o u n dR v

G n n n rn on R on Th ory A mr n P o n R v w Vo 8 5 No 4 D mb r

1991 p 1 319 f oo no 26 gr w h Pow r from Gr o r pon o Pow h

Gr o n u d non m ry og k r g r d h ory n h r n w hr Pow

n d d on o Gr o on r bu o n o Th R v G n Prob m for n r n on R on

Am r n P o n R v w V o 87 No 3 p m b r1993 p p 733 73 5

63 K r n r G o b C om mu n o n n d N o n P o w r p p 3 36 3 66 G r o C o op r o n

mong N on nd M h M nduno D o R v G n M r Am r R p on o

J p n n du r P o y n r n o n u r y V o 16 N o 1 umm r 19 91 p p 7 3 11 3 A o

J on h n B T u k r P r n r n dR v A Mo d o f n r n o n C o b or o n n Ad vn d

T h no o gy n r n o n O rg n o n V o 4 5 N o 1 W n r 1 99 1 p p 8 3 12 0

64 K oh n n u o n T hor y nd h R Ch ng p 29 2




19/46

n r n o n ur y 19 3 2 2

oop r o nwh n r ou y r bou r v g n or do n u on on y

m r wh n n gnor r v g n on d r o n n dfo u n d on b o

u g n f nd no vd n h b r n u on b v h n u on

f oop r on wh n r d p y bou r v g n T h y pp rn y

on d h h r h ory on y pp wh n r v g n on d r o n m r

r h rd y 65 Thu h on d u on w hn do no w or ry b ou r v

g n Th n w r o h u on wou du m y df n h r m n wh h b r

n u on m pp

L br n u on h v no d dr d h mpor n u on n y m

f h on o n y m n of h r ffor o r p r h h ory mu b p r m n ry

h x r ng hy r pon by K oh n o Gr o o r gn w ork on r v

g n n d wo u d r po nd ng o G r o w r n g by Ro br P ow n dD un n

n d wh h K oh n n d o hr b r n u o n po n o x mp r o fh ow

o h nk b ou h r v g n p ro b m6 6

Po w n d n d o ff r d ff r n r gu mn b ou w h n r v g n o n d r o n

r gh N v rh bo h r n y r rgum n 67 N h r u dy d u

ow n u o n mgh f oop r o n n d bo h x p n o n r bu r oun d

f m rr on p

A h r oo o fPow rgum n h w known off n d f n b n m d

f m ou b y R ob r J r v G o rg Q u r J k n y d r n d p h n V n Ev r 6 8 P ow

m n n h r v g n on dr on m r nd h n o rd

n w h b r n u on m wh n h h r o f ggr v w r ow nd h u

of for n o ong r u 6 9 Th u on ob n w h n h o of g gr on

h gh w h h n u rn fu n o n of h o n r n mp o d by h un d ry ng

h n o og y of w r 7 0 n o h r w o rd w h n h p r v n g m r y w p o n ry f v o r

65 F or x m p K oh n w ro f r b o mn g w r o fG r o r gu mn b ou r v g n

Und r p f d o nd o n wh r mu u n r r o w nd r v g n r h r for

p r u r y mpor n o n o br h ory xp n or m o xp n m n of

b h vor K o h n n r n o n n u o n n d Pow r pp 15 16

66 K oh n n u o n T hory n d h R C h n g pp 26 9300 P ow Ab o u nd

R v G n pp 1 303 1320 n d Dun n n d R v G n nd h P r nof n r n

o n C oo pr o n A m r n P o n R v w V o 8 5 N o 3 p m b r 19 91 p p 7 01 7 26

A o Pow An r hy n n r n on R on T h or y Th N or N o b r D b

n r n o n O rg n o n Vo 4 8 N o 2 p r ng 19 94 pp 3 13 3 44 n d n r n o n C oo p

r on m on gR v G n M x m r n r n o n ud Qu r r y Vo 3 5 No 4 D mb r

1 99 1 p p 38 7 40 2 n d Po w n d n d o n rb u on o T h R v G n P ro b m fo r

n r n o n C oo p r o n p p 73 5 74 2

67 On h po n n Lyn nJon Comm n o n Gr o R Th or y nd h R v

G n P ro b m fo r n r n o n C oo p r o n D v o pm n n h D b n d h P ro p fo r

F u ur R r h u np ub h d m m or n du m D m b r 10 1 9 92

6 8 Ro br J r v C oo p r o n un dr h ur y D mm W or d Po V o 3 0 No 2 J n u ry

1 97 8 p p 16 72 14 G o rg H Q u r O ff n n dD f n n h n r n o n y m N w Yo rk

Jo hn W y 1 97 7 J k n yd r T h d o o gy of h Of fn v M r yD o nM k ng n d h D r

of 19 14 h N Y Co rn U nv r y Pr 1 98 4 n d p h nV n Ev r T h Cu o f h

Of fn v n d h O r gn o f h F r W or d W r n r n o n ur y V o 9 N o 1 u mm r

1 9 84 p p 5 8 1 0 7

69 Pow Ab o u n dR v G n p 131 4 o p 1311

70 b d p 1312 Pow do n o u h rm off n d f n b n n h r




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h off n h n h o of wr ow n dr v g n o n dr o n w b n n

n u o n n do o f oop r on n u h r um n How vr wh n

d f n v h no ogy dom n h o of n ng g gr on h gh n d h r

v g n p rob m ubdu d wh h ow n u o n o u oop r o n

n d m n n h r v g n o n rn mgh no m r mu h o v n

f h y f r ou hr o fw r Th r oo on p n h r gum n h d r bu o n

of pow r n h n rn on y m 71 p f y h m n n h n mu p o r

y m wh r mor h n m n umb r of h v r ough y u pow r w

no w orry mu h bou r v g n n r n g h numb r of n h y m

d r on rn for r v g n Th r on h m or or n hn h

p o b o fpr o n go n f h ro ug hfo rm ng o o n n d g n r y h

w un d on po n n m h f ron 72 How vr h o n d h h

r v g n hypo h h mpor n on u n for wo or u o n nd

w h r h r r m n umb r o r mp or n ymm r m on g r g r num br

m y mo d fy o n u o n o b n d f r om h b o u g n m od 7 3

dr w h r on u o n from h d u o n of h b r n u o n ffor

o d w h h r v g n prob m Fr v n fon p P ow nd n d

rgum n bou w hn r g y gn or r v g n on r n h o ond o n

r r h r u n om mo n n h r w or d P ow w ou d o ok f or w or d w h r d f n v

m ry hno og dom n H ow v r v ry dff u o d ngu h b w n

o ff n v n dd f n v w p on n dPo w p r ov d n o h p o n h p on 7 4 Nu r

w p on r n x p o n h y r d f n v w pon n u on o fmu u ur d

d ru o n75 h pr n of m v n umb r of nu r w pon n h r n

f h u p rp ow r d u r ng h C o d W r dd n o o p h m f ro m n g g ng n n n n

ur y o mp on wh r r v g n on d r on m r d gr y V ry mpor

n y Pow prov d no h o r x mp o u r h n r rgum n n d

7 1 A h oug h n d b r gu mn bo u d r b u o n of po w rf u r y n h r

r d o n n f Gr o m d h m n b br v d fo rm n A n r hy n d h L m o fC oo pr

o n p 5 06 h f orm m od h d v op r on h non r ump o n h g n f rom

oop r o n r propor on o h of h nvo vd nd r h r d u y b w n

h m n d R v G n p 715 Th ump on n y m n h po b y of

g p n g n nd hu r h r v g n prob m For d u o nof h m r Gr o

o n r bu o n o T h R v G n P r ob m f or n r n o n C oo p r o n p p 72 9 73 3

72 n d R v G n p 716

7 3 b d p 7 02

74 Th r g n r g r m n h d fn v w p on m k o n u d ff u nd o y wh

off n v w p on m k on u h p n d y How v r h r no r o gn d of r r

for gn ng p f w pon h r off n v o rd f n v u M r on Bogg A mp o

D f n n dL m A ggr v A rm m n n D p o m y n d r gy C o umb U nv r y of M

o ur 1 94 1 J k L v y T h O ff n v / D f n v B n o f M r y T h no o gy A T h or

nd H o r An y n r n o n u d Qu r r y V o 2 8 N o 2 Jun 1 98 4 p p 21 92 38

Jo hn J M r h m r C on v n on D r r n h N Y Co rn U nv r y Pr 1 98 3 p p 25

2 7 n d J on h n h m h o n T h n o og y M r y Ad v n g n d Wo r d W r A C f or

M r y En r p r n ur h p n r n o n u r y V o 1 5 N o 3 W n r 1 99 0/ 19 91 p p 18 7 21 5

75 h F dm n r Nu r D rr n A r gy for h 1980 N w Yor k Co umb

Un v r y Pr 1982 p p 45 49 C hr L G r A n y ng r g N u r Po y P r n o n

N J P rn o nU nv r y Pr 1 99 0 J rv C oo p r o n un d r h u r y D m m n d

p h n V n Ev r C u o fW r V o N o n M p r p o n n d h O r gn o f W r fo r h om ng

h p 1 3




21/46

n r n o n ur y 19 3 2 4

w ou d o ok f or m u p o r w or d w h r g n um b r o f ro ug h y u d g r

p ow r H o w vr h o r y w f nd mu p o r y m w h m n um br o f gr

p ow r u u y f v or x n d v ry of n g nf n p ow r y mm r w h n

h m n d o ff r no h o r x mp of mu p o r y m n w h h h g r

p ow r r g y gn or d r v g n o n d r o n 7 6

ond b r n u on m f h n w o y bou wh n worry

b ou r v g n Pr opo n n o f h h o ry h v n d h o n o r y o n wo r

xp n on o n w r h u on h off n d f n b n nd h d r bu on

of pow r n h y m Thu b r n u on m n h rd yb d h or

rn v o r m bu n d hou db n ubord n o 77

Th rd v n n r um n wh r r og bou r v g n d o no pp y

non m ry og k r g r d h ory mgh u o h nk n r m of

r v g n L b r n u o n h or y hou d dr y o nfron ho og

P RO BL EM W T H T HE E MP R C AL R EC OR D A h o u gh h r m u h v d n o f o o p

r o n mong h on do no on u uppor for b r n u on m

Wh n d d v d n o f oop r o n h wo ud no h v o urr d n h b n

of n u on b u of f rof h ng or u p r n Bu ho r h v

p ro vd d v d n o f o op r o no f h o r n or of o op r o nf n gb u

of h ng Mor ov r d u d bov h r on d r b v d n h

orr ymu h bou r v g n n o o ny n ur y m r bu n h onom r m

w

T h d r h o f m pr u ppo r fo r b r n u o n m k no w dg d by

p ro po n n o f h h o ry 78 T h m p r r o r d n o o m p y b n k h ow v r b u

h f wh o r h b r n u on h v u d dprov d n u ppor

f or h h o r y Co n d r w o pr o mn n x m p

76 K oh n u y d u h p ro p for b y n po Co d Wr Europ n h r pon

o G r o K oh n n u o n T hory n d h R Ch ng pp 284 291 u rpr n g y

h o p m m n py no n on o h rPow or n d rgum n hough r r

n h r pon h r on h r rgum n o d m h op of bo hr nd n u on

rgum n b d p 2 76

77 L br n u on h v no w y b n r bou h r on hp b w n h r h o ry

nd r m For x mp K oh n m k h m od m n Af r H g mony p 1 4 h h

h ory mod f on of R m R h or n d o b upp m n d hough no

rp d H m d om wh b od r m f wy r r wr n g h d p r n

ff n w h n or m n o br n u on m hou db r g rd d d n hoo of

hough K oh n n r n on n u on nd Pow r p 8 n h m p how v r h

m k h v r ybo d rgum n h w m u u nd r n d h n o b r n u o n m no

mp y n rn v o nor m bu n f m o u bum b d p 15

78 For x mp L M r n wr h ho r w ork ng n h r r d o nm n n

w found d k p m bou h mp r mp of n u on f or on b hv or Th

k p m ground d n k of ud h h ow pr y how n dwh n n u o n h v

o n r n d d o n mk ng A o rd ng o O r n Yo un g O n o f h m or u rp r n g f

ur o f h m rg ng r ur on rg m n u on h r v b n of u n d

d u on of h gn f n o f n u on d r mn n of o v ou om h

n r n o n v M r n n u o n n d Co op r o n p 1 44 Y ou ng n r n o n C oo p r

o n p 2 06




22/46


K o hn o ok d h p r fo rm n o f h n r n o n E n rg yAg n y E A n

1974 81 p r od h n u dd h 1 97 9o r 79 Th do no pp r o n d

h h o ry mu h u ppo r F r K oh n o n d h h E Af d ou r gh w h n

pu o h n 1979 r g m or n d f for oop r o ndo no w y u d

h f o of EA on n 1 979 u r 80 H m h ow vr h n 1980 h

E Ah d m no r u u nd r r v y f vo r b o nd o n n r p on dn g o h

o u br k o f h r n r W r A h ou gh h d m d ff u o p fy ho wm uh

h EA m r d n h 1980 h no h m r h h EA n d

n h r gh d r on m h h rd y on u ron g uppor f or h h or y81

ond do n o p p r from Koh n n y h h rf r of h ng or u

h n gh nd r d o op r o n n h 1 97 9 h h or yw ou d pr d T hr d

K oh n h o h E A pr y b u nvo vd r on m ong dv n d

rn d mo r w h m rk onom wh r h p ro p for o op r o n w r

x n 82 Th mod mp of n u on n h hu h mor d mn ng

o h h o ry

L M r n x m n d h r o h h E ur op n C om mu n y EC p y d d ur ng h

F k nd W r nh p ng Br n o x r u n o on nu onom n

on g n Arg n n f r m ry on r d 83 h on ud h h EC

h p dBr n wn oop r on by ow rng r n on o nd f ng

u n kg p f y B r n m d on on o n h E Cbudg nd h C om

m on Agr u u r P o y C AP B r n gr d n r u rn o k p n on o n

A rg n n

Th oo h n r ng ng ndor m n for b r n u on m Fr

B r h ffor o m n n E C n on g n Ar gn n w r n o m p d dby f r

o fpo b h ng wh h h h ory d n f h n r mp dm n o o op r

on o h do n o pr n n m por n of b r n u on m n d hu

h o op r v o u o m d o n o u m u h b ou h h or y x p n o ry po w r

ond w r v y y for Br n nd hr o r k d n h

N h r d or n r w r hr n d nd n h r d h d om k g nf n

r f o r h n g r m n F or gng n or d o on n u n on w n o

d ff u u nd r k ng A r ong r for b r n u on m wou dr u r o

oop r wh n do ng o n d g n f n o nd r k T h rd h EC w n o

n o n g r m n u ou d hv b n nk d w hou h E C n d hough

h EC my hv o w rd r n on o om wh h r no r o n o h nk h

7 9 K o h n A f r H g m on y h p 1 0

8 0 b d p 1 6

8 1 b d p 2 3 6 A U D p r m n o f En r gy r v w o f h E A p r fo rm n n h 1 98 0 r

on ud d h h d f d o fu f prom E h nB K p n Th n ur A n En rgy

C r d W r nP o n 1 94 4 N wY or k Ox fo rd Un v r y P r 1 99 0 p 1 98

8 2 K o h n A f r H g m on y p 7

83 M r n n u on nd Coop r o n M r n ook o y hr o h r n Co r v

C oop r o n o d r mn h ff of n u o n on o op r o n h v on n r d on h

F k nd W r how vr b u by hr own dm on h r rong b d

p 96




23/46

n r n o n ur y 19 3 2 6

o w r r ou m pd mn o r kng d 84 no w or hy h Br n n d

Am r w r b o o op r dur ng h F k n d W r v n h ough h Un d

d d no b o ng o h E C

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d n p ro vd u pp or f or h h o ry

COLLECTVE ECURTY

Th h o ry of o v ur y d d r y w h h u of how o u p 85

r ogn h m ry pow r n r f of f n n rn o n p o nd

k y o r m n o for h f or b f u ur T h k y o n h n ng b y n h

w or d of r m d h p ro p rm n g m n o fm r yp ow r A n C u d

no h prob m of pow r h r o y r y no prob m o b

4 M r n do no m h gr m n w ou dno h v b n po b w hou h E C nd d

h pp r o o n d h v nw hou h EC Br n ou dh v f h on d p r

b r gr m n w h h EEC m mb r n or dr o g n oop r o n hough h wou d

h v n vo v d mu h h gh r r n o n o M r n n u o n n d Co op r o n p p 17 4

1 75 Ho wv r r n on o mo ng h dv n d n du r d mo r r n o v ry hgh n

n r o fr p d o mmu n o n n d p rm n n d p om b h mn

85 Th work h b r u h for o v ur y r n L C ud J r Pow rAnd

n r n o n R o n N w Yo rk R n do mH ou 1 96 6 h p 4 5 C u d w or d n o P ow h r

h p 12 n d Kup h n nd Kup h n C on r nd Co v ur y A o n L C u d

Jr Co v ur y Af r h Co d Wr n G ry L Gu r n r d C o v ur y n Europ

nd A C r B rr k P r g ud n u U Army Wr Co g 1992 p p 727

nd Down C o v ur y byond h C od Wr Th b r u o f o v ur y n ud

R h rd K B y m for P or C u o fW r Co v ur y Arm Con ro nd h

N w Eu ro p n r n o n u r y V o 1 7 No 1 um mr 1 99 2 p p 5 43 J o f Jo ff C o v

u r y n d h F u ur o f E ur op F d D r m n d D d E nd u rv v V o 3 4 N o 1 p r ng

1 99 2 p p 3 6 5 0 M o rg n h u P o A mo n g N o n p p 2 93 3 0 6 4 07 4 1 8 n d A r no d W o f r

D o rd An dC o b or o n E y o n n r n o n P o B mo r M d T h Jo hn H op kn P r

196 2 h p 1 2 For v ry u fu o ur on o v ur y M ur Bour u n d Co v

ur y A R o rd of h v n h nd E gh h n r n o n ud Con fr n P r n r n o n

n u of n u C oop r o n 19 36




24/46


mn d bu prob m o b m n g d 86 For d vo of o v ur y n

u o n r h k y o m n g ng pow r u fu y

A h ou gh h h o ry m ph h o n nu ng m po r n o fm r yfo r

xp y n r propon n xpr d for b n o fpow r og nd

r d on n w d r o r wor d wh r ho r on p

v n o ro o p y 87

n h r y w n h n u ry W oo dr ow W o n n d o h r d v o p d h h o ry of

o v ur y wh h form d h b for h L g u of N on D p h

w known f ng o f h p r u r n u o n h h or y popu r y r m n h gh

n f h r h b n mu h n r n o v ur y n h f r m hof h Co d

W r88 C ud no Wh v r h rf u r h W o n n r y u d d n

b h ng h onv on h o v ur y r pr n br nd of n r n on

mor y v y u pr or o h n orpor d n h b n of pow r y m 89

Cur ou y h ow v r d ff u o fnd ho r y wor k h m k h for

o v ur y w h ou mu n ou y x pr n gm o rr r v o n b ou h

h ory n d w hou xpr n ggr v doub h o v ur y o u d v rb

r d n pr Con d r h wr n g of C ud w ho ymp h o o v

ur y n dh pr odu d o m of h mo mp or n w or ko n h ub H w ro

n Pow r nd n r n on R on wou dr g rd h p h unr f r y

pp b o h h ory of o v ur y n w ord n o Pow h r h m n n d

h for m n nvo vd n b h ng o v ur y y m h r dvo on

o h d h b n m or m n f on of h r y r n ng for p nd ord r n

n d h n n x pr on of o nv on h h h ory of o v ur y pr ov d

w ork b nd p b m n o h nd F n y C u d wro n 1992 r h d

h on u on om h r yy r g o h h m p m n o nof o v ur y

h ory no po b y o b k n r ou y 90

8 6 C u d P ow r An d n r n o n R o n p 6

8 7 C on d r f or x m p h ow W oo dr ow W o n d r b p r W or d W r E ur op T h d y w

f b h nd u w d yof n w d yof b n of pow r w d yof v ry

n o n k r o f f or m k p r n r h p w h o m o h r n o n or gr oup of n o n o ho d

h p o f h w or d d yo r o do mn h w k r po r on o f h w or d Q uo d n C u d

ow r n d n rn on R on p 81

88 o m x mp of r n n r n o v ur y n ud M o mCh m r B yond

h A n y m T h C fo r E ur op n ur y O rg n o n W or d Po y Jo ur n V o 7

N o 2 p r ng 1 9 90 p p 2 15 2 5 0 D ow n C o v u r y b y o nd h C o d W r G r g or y F yn n

n d D v dJ h ff r L m d C o v ur y Fo r gn Po y N o 80 F 1 98 0 p p 77 10 1

Kup h n nd Kup h n C on r nd Co v ur y G n M Lyon A N wCo v

ur y T h Un d N o n n d n r n o n P Th W h n g on Qu r r y Vo 1 7 No 2

p r ng 1 99 4 p p 1 73 1 99 R h r d H U m n u r ng E ur op P r n o n N J P r n o n U n v r

y P r 1 99 1 n d Br n U r uh r B yo nd h h r ff P o ur vv V o 3 2 No 3

M y / J un 1 9 90 p p 1 9 6 2 0 5

8 9 C ud P ow r An d n r n o n R o n p 1 16 A o W of r D o rd An dC o b or o n

p 1 9 7

9 0 C u d P o w r An d n r n o n R o n p p 2 03 2 04 C u d w or d n o P o w h r p 2 83

nd C ud Co v ur y Af r h Co d Wr p 9 T h Kup h n w ho r o y mp




25/46

n r n o n ur y 19 3 2 8

CAU AL LOG CCo v ur y r w h h ump on h b hv

o rd ng o h d of r m 91 Th m h ow v r o mov b yond h f h p

wor d of r m wh r f r h o h r nd r m o v d by b n of pow r

on d r on v n h ough h h or y u m h m ry pow r w r m n f

of f n h n rn o n y m For dvo of o v ur y n u on r

h k y o omp h ng h mb o u k p f y h g o o onv n

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v n go on no h nd of r f b r r T h h ory C ud n o d pnd

upon p o v omm m n o h v u of wor dp by h g r m of 92

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r un v r ub r p o n o h n orm h r wou d b no n d for o v ur y

y m o d w h r oub m k r n h r w ou d b no n 93 Ho w vr h o v r

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o p

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h m g o g r ph y n d w h h r h g gr o r r m no r or m o r p ow r T h u pp r

m fo r gg r v m o r po wr p ro bb y w o n yo n m bu v n h n h

y m k y o hv d ff u y d ng w h hm o m o v ur y y m

m gh v n h v r ou b f gh n g w o mn or po w r h m m n m no r

p ow r o dy r o f n w r md F gh n g m u n o u w r g n r n dN or h

K or f or x m p w ou d b v r y d m nd n g k h ou gh h g r p ow r w o u d

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m nd no o oof n h C ud u m up h m r n y Co v ur y

h o o v ur y Con r nd Co v ur y pp rn y hr C ud

d ou b b ou h h o ry A f r d n g h r n g h p p 1 2 5 13 7 n d f w p p 13 8 14 0 o f

o v ur y h y b ndon h h or y nd d vo on r y m for Europ p p 140

161 w h h d u d b ow fun dm n y dff r n from o v ur y

9 1 My h n k ng b ou h o g u nd rp nn ng o v u r y h b n g nf n y n f u n d

b y Br d y A T h y r A T h or y of u r y r u u r u np ub h d m n u r p U n v r y o f

C h g o J u y 1 99 4

9 2 C u d w or d n o P o w h r p 2 50

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unn ry n o hr word o v ur y r u r h m mb r r w ng o p

h po u u o bu f h h o v ur ywou d b unn ry n n o

b y df n o n wou d u roub Ch r L G r W hy NATO B Fu ur

u r y A rr n g m n f or E ur op n r n o n u r y V o 1 8 N o 1 u mm r 1 99 3 p 2 8 A o

J of f C o v u r y n d h F u ur o f E ur op p p 44 4 6 n d Ku p h n n d Ku p h n

C on r nd Co v ur y p 1 24 Th r m unf r how vr b u h v ry

purpo o f o v ur y y m o d w h g gr or f ou db gu rn d

h no o h r wou d v r u n h n ggr v w r h r w ou db n on d for o v

ur y Th h ory r ogn h u h g ur n no p o b




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um h o n y g gr or h v o o r of h w or d p m y b ow d n

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o d n onfron on w h h m v for of h n rn o n p o om u 9 4

on d r p on b mu no h nk n rm o fn rrow f n r wh n

hy g n on y ggr o r bu mu n d hoo o u h r n on

n r w h h b ro d r n r of h n r n on ommun y p f y

mu b v h h r n o n n r n x r b ybound up w h h n on

n r of o hr o h n k on ny on d r d n k on v ry

9 5 Thu wh n roub m k r pp r n h y m o f h r p on b

mu u om y n d o v y o nfron h ggr or w h ov rwh m ng m ry

pow rTh m o r u om ob g on of o v h r r 96

n f h pwor d u h mov on h b of how w ff h

b n of pow r Th n rrow n of f n r m n h r k y o

r m n on h d n f v n r r n o hr n d97 Th k nd of bh vor

un p b n o v ur y wor d wh r h r mu n d b g y

b nd ng n d o d f d o mm m n o n h p r o f m mb r o r p on d o g gr o n

wh n v r nd wh r v r m g h o u r 98 A o v ur y y m ow

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n h on y g gr or r u k y o nfr on d w h o on of ov r

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roub m k r f n b n o fpow r wor d9 9On b o m r h ggr on

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n Augu H k h r d T h Po of Woodrow W o n on f rom H p h nd Wr ng

N w Y o r k H r p r 1 9 5 6 p 2 58

9 6 M or g n h u P o A mo ng N o n p 2 9 6

97 A no r km gh f o om o h d of h r n d b u h r k nd

o of go ng o wr r oo hgh or b u h n n r n ng h omb n w r h

o h r down h u mpr ov ng own r g p o on A no d r y r k m gh v n o n

for w h h ggr o r g n h h r n d o o g n om of h p o o fv o ry

98 K up h n n d Kup h n C on r n dC o v u r y p 1 1 9

99 Tr d on n h v no p n o v ur y y m W oodrow W on p r u

r y o u n on h po n m propo n g h n on h n f or h v od n n g ng n

w h h wo ud dr w h m n o o mp o no fp ow r h h m n n o f n r gu n d f h

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n n on r o f pow r Wh n un o n h m n nd w h h m p urpo

n h ommon n r nd r f r o v h r own v und r ommon pro on

Quo d n Fr d r kL hum n n r n o n Po An n rodu o n o h W rn y m

N w Yo r k M G r w H 1 93 3 p 2 54




27/46

n r n o n ur y 19 3 3 0

mph mu b w n g o n ru h r d n o o v ur y Conf dn

h u n n ond o n of h u of h y m mu b p r pr d o

r y upon ff v n nd mp r y 100

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o h rr p on b w g o df nd f o o nfron h roub m k r Th

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u f ur

F LAW N TH EC AU AL LO GC T h r r w om o r f w n o v u r y h

o ry n d bo h o n rn h mpor n ompon n o f ru Co v ur y n

n omp h ory b u do no p rov d f ory x p n o n for how

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on no h r b u h y op r n n n r h wor d h v off n v m r y p

b nd n nv r b r n bou o h r n n on Co v ur y

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n r hy or off n v p b y 10 2H ow v r h o m h ng o y b ou n n o n

1 00 C u d w or d n o P ow h r p 2 55 A o C u d P ow r An d n r n o n R o n

p 1 9 7

101 Thom R Cu k nd R hrd J o Co v ur y nd urv v n h

n r y m n r n o n ud Qu r r y Vo 3 8 No 1 M r h 1994 p p 33 59 n d

G org W Down n dK u k d A ng h Th or C g n C o v ur y

n D ow n C o v u r y b yo nd h C od W r p p 17 3 9

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g gr or For h r on o m ho r ugg h o v ur y mgh u nd rm n b y

G r W hy NATO B pp 30 33




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b u h h ory f r wo norm for no o ggr bu on y od fnd

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o nf ro n n g n g g r o r 10 5 Du r ng W or d W r f or x m p B r n F r n n d

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10 5 M n ur O o n Jr n dR h r d Z k h u r A n E on om T h or yo fA n R v v

o f E on om n d V o 4 8 N o 3 A ug u 1 9 66 p p 26 6 27 9 n d B r ry R P o n T h o u r

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Un v r y P r 1 98 4




29/46

n r n o n ur y 19 3 3 2

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W gh d D pom n v g on E y n h T h ory of n r n o n P o C mbr dg M

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d o v ur y p p r u dur ng h C o dW r 111

n h C od W r nd d h r h b n mu h k n h W bou b u dng

o v ur y y m 112 Th u of h Am r n d o on h pu hd r

u o fKuw d o m x pr o o n ud h h U Nm gh f n y b r dy o

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n r n o n ur y 19 3 3 4

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o m x p r h nk h p k p n g nd o n r m gh b pow rfu for for

n r n on b y 115

P k p ng W m Dur hno vo vd n rn v o h o v

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