EXERCISES Name : ____________________________ Group: ________________ 1. Consider the following words and answer the questions below. WORD SIMPLE /COMPLEX WORD SIMPLE/COMPLEX

Fly Spiteful

Desks Suite

Untie Fastest

Tree Deform

Dislike Disobey

Reuse Preplan

Triumphed Optionality

Delight Prettier

Justly Mistreat

Payment Premature

a) For each word, determine whether it is simple or complex. b) Circle all the bound morphemes. Underline all the roots. 2. All of the following Persian words consist of two or more morphemes. (Note. Xar means "buy" and id designates the past tense.) PERSIAN ENGLISH PERSIAN ENGLISH

Xaridam "I bought" Namixaridand "they were not buying"

Xaridi " you (SG) bought" Naxaridim "we did not buy"

Xarid "(he) bought" Mixarid "(he) was buying"

Naxaridam "I did not buy" Mixaridid "you (PL) were buying"

a) Try to match each of the following notions with the morpheme in the Persian data. They You (SG) Not We Was / Were + -ing (continuous) You (PL) b) How would you say the following in Persian? They were buying You (SG) did not buy You (SG) were buying b) If so, what are the allomorphs? Describe their distribution as generally as possible. 3. Consider the following data from Turkish. a)Does the Turkish morpheme meaning in/at have more than one allomorph? TURKISH ENGLISH TURKISH ENGLISH Lokanta a restaurant Lokantada in/at a restaurant Kapi a door Kapida in/at a door Randevu an appointment andevuda in/at an appointment Ba a head Bata in/at a head Kitap a book Kitapta in/at a book Koltuk an armchair Koltukta in/at an armchair Taaf a side Taafta in/at a side

4. Consider the following words. Desk s Triumph ed Pre plan (V) Option al ity

Un tie Age less Fast est Pretti er

In valid (A) Justice Re use Mis treat

Dis like (V) Pay ment Dis obey Pre view (V)

a) Draw a tree structure for each word. b) For the word optionality. What is the base for the affix -ion? c) What is the base for the suffix -ity? d) Are either of these bases also the root for the entire word? If so, which one? 5. The following data from Agta (spoken in the Philippines) i1lustrate a specific type of affix. a)What is the affix in Agta meaning become X? AGTA ENGLISH AGTA ENGLISH Dakal big Dumakal grow big, grow up Darg red Dumarg redden Furw white Fumurw become white

b) What type of affix is it? 6. In this chapter, an argument was presented in favor of the following structure for the word unhappiness. N A Af A Af un happy ness a) Using the same type of argument. Justify tree structures for the words In expres ive re dispos al dis invest ment. (Hint: This will involve determining the type of syntactic category with which the affixes in these word can combine) 7. In English, the suffix -er can be added to a place name. Examine the words in the two columns below. COLUM 1 COLUM 2

Long Islander *Denverer

Vermonter *Philadelphiaer

New Yorker *San Franciscoer

Newfoundlander *Torontoer

Londoner *Miamier

a) In general terms, what does the suffix -er means in these words? b) How is this -er different in meaning from the -er found in the words skater and walker? c) As is shown in column 2, the distribution of -er in the above data is restricted in some way. State the constraint on the distribution of -er illustrated in this data. d) Does this constraint also apply to the type of -er used in the word skater? (Hint: What would you call one who discovers or one who rows?) 11. The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes. The farmers cows escaped It was raining. The strongest rower continued. The pitbull has bitten the cyclist.

Those socks are inexpensive She quickly closed the book.

Jim needs the newer copy. The alphabetization went well.

12. Each of the following columns illustrates a different type of inflection. COLUM 1 COLUM 2 COLUM 3

mouse/mice go/went record/recorded

dive/dove is/was arrive/arrived

take/took good/better start/started

man/men she/her discuss/discussed

eat/ate am/are try/tried

a) How is inflectio expressed in column 1? column 2? column 3? b) Think of at least one more English example to add to each column. 13. The following data from Samoan illustrate one of the morphological processes discussed in this chapter. SAMOAN ENGLISH SAMOAN ENGLISH

Mate He dies Mamate They die

Nofo He stays Nonofo They stay

Galue He works Galulue They work

Tanu He buries Tatanu They bury

Alofa He loves Alolofa They love

Taoto He lies Taooto They lie

Atama?i He is intelligent Atamama?i They are Intelligent

a) What morphological process is used to express the inflectional contrast between singular and plural here? b) Describe how it works in your own words. c) If He is strong in Samoan is malosi, how would you say they are strong in Samoan? 14. The following words from Chamorro, spoken in Guam and the Mariana Islands, all involve derivation. (Data are presented in the orthography of Chamorro, not in phonetic transcription). I ROOT DERIVED WORD

Adda Mimic Aadda Mimicker

Kanno Eat Kakanno Eater

Tuge Write Tutuge Writer

II ROOT DERIVED WORD

Atan Look at Atanon Nice to look at

Sangan Tell Sanganon Tellable

Guaiya Love Guaiyayon Lovable

Tulaika Exchange Tulaikayon Exchangeable

Chalek Laugh Chalekon Laughable

Ngangas Chew Ngangason Chewable

III ROOT DERIVED WORD

Nalang Hungry Nalalang Very hungry

Dankolo Big Dankololo Very big

Metgot Strong Metgogot Very strong

Bunita Pretty Bunitata Very pretty

Like inflection, derivation can be expressed in a variety of waysincluding by affixation of various types (prefixation, suffixation, infixation) and by reduplication. a) How is derivation expressed in I? in Il? in III? b) What changes in lexical category take place in I? in Il? in Ill? c) Formulate a general statement as to how the derived words in I are formed. Do the same for II and III? e) One of these derivational processes consists of affitxation involving allomorphs. Which process involves allomorphs, and what is the distribution of the allomorphs? 15. The following words can be either nouns or verbs. Record Outline Report

Journey Convict Assault

Exchange Imprint Answer

Remark Reply Import

Surprise Retreat Cripple

a) For each word, determine whether stress placement can be used to make the distinction between noun and verb. b) Think of two more English examples illustrating the process of stress shift to mark a category distinction. 16. Indicate the morphological phenomenon illustrated by the items in column 2. COLUM 1 COLUM 2 COLUM 1 COLUM 2 Automation Automate Methamphetamifle Meth Humid Humidifier (the) comb Comb (your hair) Information, entertainment Infotainment Beef, buffalo Beefalo Love, seat Loveseat Random access memory RAM Progress Progrss Megabytes Megs Typographical error Typo Federal Express FedEx Aerobics, marathon Aerobathon Influenza Flu Act Deactivate They have finished Theyve finished Curve, ball Curve ball

17. Here are five instances where a new word is needed. Create a word for each of these definitions in the manner indicated. Fill in the blanks with your new words. a) Use an acronym. . . for your uncles second oldest brother. We visited my _________________ at Christmas. b) Use onomatopoeia ... for the sound of a dishwasher in operation. I cant concentrate because my dishwasher is _______________ c) Use conversion.. . for wrapping something breakable in bubble wrap. Youd better _________________ that ornament or else it might break. d) Use a compound.. . for the annoying string of cheese stretching from a slice of hot pizza to ones mouth. As the ____________________ hung precariously from my lips, our eyes met! e) Use backformation . . . for the action of backformation. We had to _____________________ words in Linguistics today. 18. Create new words for each of the following situations. a) Use a product name.. . for the act of scrubbing with Ajax. I ____________ed the tub after giving Fido a bath. b) Use a proper name. . . for the act of breaking dishes, which Jonathan does regularly. Hes going to _____________________ all of my best dishes. c) Use clipping. . . for a course in ovinology (the study of sheep). Have you done your ___________________ assignment yet? d) Use derivation. . . for being able to be contacted. The counselor is not very _____________________

e) Use a blend . . . for a hot drink made with chocolate and ginseng. Ill have a ____________________ and two peanut butter cookies, please. 19. The following data provide the possible forms of the regular past tense morpheme of English. walked /wkt / heaved /hivd/

cracked /kkt/ wheezed /wizd/

flipped /flIpt/ fined /fajnd/

hissed /hIst/ flitted /flItd/

Huffed /hft/ butted /btd/

hushed /ht/ padded /pdd/

munched /mntt / loaded /lodd/

drubbed /dbd/ collided /klajdd/

dragged /dgd/ allowed /lawd/

jogged /d agd/ Sowed /sod/

fudged /fd d/

a) List the alternate forms of the past tense morpheme. b) Which alternate makes the best underlying form? Why? c) State in words the conditioning factors that account for the presence of the alternate forms of the past tense morpheme. For the Student Linguist BAMBI FICATION Well, of course, language is productive. You cant possibly read this hapterwithout being completely convinced of how very easy it s to make up new words. Morphological productivity is mildly interesting when youre creating transparent new words, such as when you have a verb like fax and create a new verb like re fax (fax again) or speed-flux (fax fast) or an adjective like flaxable (can be faxed), but its not exactly earth-shattering. What amazes me, though, is running across a new word, knowing its a perfectly good word in English, knowing exactly how to pronounce it, and not having a clue about what it means. Im not talking about knowing frete could be a word because it doesnt break any phonological rules of English. Im talking about a word whose meaning remains mysterious even though that word can be broken down into recognizable, meaningful parts. Take the word Brazilification, which appears in Douglas Couplands novel Generation X. Brazilification.