MDGs, Development Challenges and Opportunities A Regional Profile
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MDGs, Development Challenges and Opportunities
A Regional Profile
Jean-Etienne ChapronStatistical Division
UN Economic Commission For Europe
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Millennium Development Goals
Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger
Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women
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Millennium Development Goals
Goal 4. Reduce child mortalityGoal 5. Improve maternal healthGoal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and
other diseasesGoal 7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityGoal 8. Develop a global partnership for
development
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Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger
% of Population below $1 (1993PP) a dayCountry Year %
Albania 1998 17
Bosnia & Herzegovina
n.a. n.a.
Bulgaria 1998 < 2
Croatia 1998 < 2
FYROM n.a. n.a.
Romania 1994 3
Yugoslavia n.a. n.a.Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database
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Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger
• Is the $1 threshold relevant in Southeast European countries ?
• The use of national poverty lines is recommended.
• The Albanian case shows that incidence of poverty is very different in urban and rural areas.
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Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger
% of underweight children under 5 years of age (1995 – 2000)
Albania 14 %
Bosnia & Herzegovina 4 %
Bulgaria n.a.
Croatia 1 %
FYROM 6 %
Romania 6 %
Yugoslavia 2 %
Source: UNSD MDG Indicators Database
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Millennium Development Goals
Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger
Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women
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Goal 2. Achieve universal primary educationGross enrolment ratio in primary education (2000)
Albania 100 %
Bosnia & Herzegovina n.a.
Bulgaria 95 %
Croatia (1998) 77 %
FYROM 94 %
Romania 93 %
Yugoslavia n.a.Source: UNESCO (UNSD MDG database for Croatia)
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Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education
Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5
Albania (1994) 82 %
Bosnia & Herzegovina n.a.
Bulgaria (1993) 93 %
Croatia (1993) 98 %
FYROM (1995) 95 %
Romania n.a.
Yugoslavia n.a.
Source: UNSD MSG indicators database
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Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education
• Southeast European countries are very close to the achievement of universal primary education.
• The development challenge might be elsewhere. See the following table on secondary level.
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Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education
Net enrolment ratio at secondary level
1995 2001
Albania n.a. 49 %
Bosnia & Herzegovina n.a. n.a.
Bulgaria 61 % 63 %
Croatia n.a. 88 %
FYROM 53 % 57 %
Romania 66 % 48 %
Yugoslavia n.a. n.a.
Source: UNECE Gender statistics database
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Millennium Development Goals
Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty & hunger
Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women
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Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women
Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary, and tertiary education
Primary Secondary TertiaryAlbania(1995) 0.93 0.95 1.30
Bosnia & Herzeg. n.a. n.a. n.a.Bulgaria(1998) 0.93 0.93 1.47Croatia(1998) 0.94 0.99 1.12
FYROM(1998) 0.93 0.92 1.23Romania (1998) 0.94 0.97 1.12
Yugoslavia(1998) 0.94 0.97 1.15Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database
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Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women
Share of women in non-agricultural employment
1995 2000
Albania n.a. n.a.Bosnia & Herzeg. n.a. n.a.
Bulgaria 41 % 44 %
Croatia n.a. 45 %
FYROM n.a. n.a.
Romania 41 % 44 %
Yugoslavia n.a. n.a.Source: UNECE Gender statistics database
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Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women
Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament (2002)
Albania 6 %
Bosnia & Herzegovina 7 %
Bulgaria 26 %
Croatia 21 %
FYROM 7 %
Romania 11 %
Yugoslavia 7 %
Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database
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Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women
• The elimination of gender disparity in education is almost achieved in Southeast Europe.
• In the context of significant unemployment, the share of women in non-agricultural employment has not decreased.
• It is necessary to add information on the nature of jobs of women, and the level of their wages in comparison to men.
• The participation of women in political power is fairly limited in all seven countries.
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Millennium Development Goals
Goal 4. Reduce child mortalityGoal 5. Improve maternal healthGoal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and
other diseasesGoal 7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityGoal 8. Develop a global partnership for
development
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Goal 4. Reduce child mortalityUnder-five mortality rate per 1,000 live births (2000)
1992 2000
Albania 47 31
Bosnia % Herzegovina n.a. 18
Bulgaria 21 16
Croatia 14 9
FYROM 32 26
Romania 31 22
Yugoslavia 25 20
Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database & WHO
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Goal 4. Reduce child mortalityInfant mortality rate per 1,000 live births
1992 2000
Albania 32 27
Bosnia % Herzegovina 22 15
Bulgaria 16 15
Croatia 12 8
FYROM 31 22
Romania 23 19
Yugoslavia 22 17
Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database & WHO
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Goal 4. Reduce child mortality
• Under-five and infant mortality have been significantly reduced in the recent years in Southeast European countries.
• There is still a gap between Southeast Europe and Western Europe.
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Millennium Development Goals
Goal 4. Reduce child mortalityGoal 5. Improve maternal healthGoal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and
other diseasesGoal 7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityGoal 8. Develop a global partnership for
development
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Goal 5. Improve maternal healthMaternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births(1995)
Albania 31
Bosnia & Herzegovina 15
Bulgaria 23
Croatia 18
FYROM 17
Romania 60
Yugoslavia 15
Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database
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Millennium Development Goals
Goal 4. Reduce child mortalityGoal 5. Improve maternal healthGoal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and
other diseasesGoal 7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityGoal 8. Develop a global partnership for
development
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Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
New AIDS cases reported
1979-90 1991-1999
Albania - 11Bosnia & Herzeg. 1 51
Bulgaria 10 196
Croatia 31 124
FYROM 2 49
Romania 1166 4923
Yugoslavia 119 9824
Source: UNAIDS & WHO
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Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis per 100,000 population (2000)
Prevalence Death rate
Albania 21 1
Bosnia & Herzeg. 50 4
Bulgaria 33 4
Croatia 42 5
FYROM 38 6
Romania 93 10
Yugoslavia 32 5
Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database
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Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
• Southeast European countries are experiencing a dramatic increase of HIV/AIDS epidemic, similarly to Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
• However, statistics of reported new cases are subject to social and cultural bias, which may impact the reliability of growth rates.
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Millennium Development Goals
Goal 4. Reduce child mortalityGoal 5. Improve maternal healthGoal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and
other diseasesGoal 7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityGoal 8. Develop a global partnership for
development
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Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability
CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons)
1997 2000
Albania 0.5 0.9Bosnia & Herzeg. 2.0 3.9
Bulgaria 6.1 5.2
Croatia 3.7 4.1
FYROM 4.7 4.1
Romania 4.9 3.9
Yugoslavia 4.9 4.1
Source: IEA statistics, OECD
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Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability
Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source (2000)
Total Urban Rural
Albania 97 % 99 % 95 %Bosnia & Herzeg. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Bulgaria 100 % 100 % 100 %
Croatia n.a. n.a. n.a.
FYROM n.a. n.a. n.a.
Romania 58 % 91 % 16 %
Yugoslavia 98 % 99 % 97 %Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database
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Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability
Proportion of urban population with access to improved sanitation (2000)
Albania 99 %
Bosnia & Herzegovina n.a.
Bulgaria 100 %
Croatia n.a.
FYROM n.a.
Romania 86 %
Yugoslavia 100 %
Source: UNSD MDG Indicators database
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Millennium Development Goals
Goal 4. Reduce child mortalityGoal 5. Improve maternal healthGoal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and
other diseasesGoal 7. Ensure environmental sustainabilityGoal 8. Develop a global partnership for
development
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Goal 8. Develop a global partnership for development
• The majority of targets associated to this goal are specific to least developed countries, Africa, landlocked countries, and small island developing countries.
• Strategies for decent and productive work for youth will be adressed by ILO in the future years. Some aspects may be relevant to Southeast European countries.