McKinley McKinley Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

1877-18991877-1899

Samoa Samoa

A. The United States competed with The United States competed with Great Britain and Germany in the Great Britain and Germany in the Pacific over territories and Pacific over territories and marketsmarkets

B.B. 1878, a treaty gave the US rights 1878, a treaty gave the US rights to the main harbor in Pago Pago, to the main harbor in Pago Pago, SamoaSamoa

C.C. In 1889, the Germans sent In 1889, the Germans sent marines to protect their interests marines to protect their interests in Pago Pago, Samoa – the British in Pago Pago, Samoa – the British and Americans sent gunboats. and Americans sent gunboats.

D.D. Ten years later (1899) the US Ten years later (1899) the US retained the rights to Pago Pago retained the rights to Pago Pago after the three powers carved up after the three powers carved up the islandsthe islands

HawaiiHawaiiA.A. US wanted to expand trade across US wanted to expand trade across

the Pacific to China – Hawaii was a the Pacific to China – Hawaii was a vital linkvital link

Remember “Manifest Destiny”- Americans Remember “Manifest Destiny”- Americans believed God wanted them to spread out believed God wanted them to spread out and help take over the world, missionary… and help take over the world, missionary…

B.B. 1780s an American Merchant ship had 1780s an American Merchant ship had stopped in Hawaii and by the 1840s stopped in Hawaii and by the 1840s merchant and missionaries dominated the merchant and missionaries dominated the port of Honoluluport of Honolulu

C.C. Missionaries began cultivating Missionaries began cultivating sugarsugar and producing it for export to the USand producing it for export to the US

D.D. 1875 treaty between the US and Hawaii 1875 treaty between the US and Hawaii allowed Hawaiian sugar to enter the allowed Hawaiian sugar to enter the states duty-freestates duty-free

E.E. By 1898 the value of sugar estates in By 1898 the value of sugar estates in Hawaii was $40 million Hawaii was $40 million

F. By the 1880s, the US had asserted F. By the 1880s, the US had asserted control over the island – including naval control over the island – including naval rights at Pearl Harborrights at Pearl Harbor

G.G. 1890 McKinley Tariff – allowed 1890 McKinley Tariff – allowed all countries to ship sugar to the all countries to ship sugar to the US duty free and also gave US US duty free and also gave US producers of sugar a 2 cent producers of sugar a 2 cent subsidy subsidy

H.H. The McKinley Tariff crushed the The McKinley Tariff crushed the Hawaiian economyHawaiian economy

I.I. Queen Queen Liliuokalani – Liliuokalani – very strong very strong nationalist – nationalist – tried tried to limit foreign to limit foreign influence in influence in Hawaii Hawaii and and restore the restore the power of the power of the monarchymonarchy

Queen Liliuokalani

J.J. As a nationalist, she believed that Hawaii As a nationalist, she believed that Hawaii should remain in the hands of the native should remain in the hands of the native people. As a monarchist, she believed people. As a monarchist, she believed that she – not the that she – not the sugar planters sugar planters – should – should control the constitutional legislature.control the constitutional legislature.

K. K. 1893, the planters overthrew Queen Lil 1893, the planters overthrew Queen Lil – the US Marines were sent ashore to – the US Marines were sent ashore to protect American lives and propertyprotect American lives and property

L.L. Revolutionary government was Revolutionary government was headed by Sanford Dole – Queen Lil headed by Sanford Dole – Queen Lil surrendered her thronesurrendered her throne

M. M. President Cleveland supported the President Cleveland supported the investigation that condemned the US investigation that condemned the US involvement in the Hawaiian revolt involvement in the Hawaiian revolt and requested that Queen Lil be and requested that Queen Lil be restored to the thronerestored to the throne

N. Dole refused to N. Dole refused to step down – Hawaii step down – Hawaii remained a remained a republic from 1894 republic from 1894 -1898-1898

"The Hawaiian pear is "The Hawaiian pear is Now fully ripe and thisNow fully ripe and thisIs the golden hour forIs the golden hour for the United States tothe United States to pluck it." - pluck it." - Minister to theMinister to the Secretary of StateSecretary of State

February 1, 1893 February 1, 1893

Sanford B. Dole, on the left, continued as President of the new Territory of Hawaii until the Hawaiian Organic Act of 1900 established a permanent territorial government led by a governor.

O. O. (8) (8) Hawaii will be annexed under Hawaii will be annexed under President McKinley President McKinley on July 7, 1898on July 7, 1898

Fun fact for the day!Fun fact for the day!Hawaii becomes A state on August 21, 1959

Notice McKinley has Cuba, Puerto Rico, The Philippines and Sandwich Islands(Roosevelt will add Panama)

ChinaChinaA. China provided an additional market for A. China provided an additional market for

the US to sell to during the age of New the US to sell to during the age of New ImperialismImperialism

B. Japan defeated China in 1895 – Japan B. Japan defeated China in 1895 – Japan encouraged European tries to takeencouraged European tries to take

advantageadvantageof China’s of China’s

weakenedweakenedposition.position.

C.C. Each nation Each nation sought to sought to establish a establish a “sphere of “sphere of influence” – an influence” – an area in which area in which that country’s that country’s commercial and commercial and military interests military interests dominatedominate

(10) (10) 1899, 1899, Secretary of Secretary of State John Hay State John Hay circulated the first of circulated the first of two two “open door” “open door” notes to imperial notes to imperial powers powers asked them to asked them to open free trade in open free trade in ChinaChina

Secretary of State John Secretary of State John HayHay

E. Three part process: (1) requested E. Three part process: (1) requested that all ports in their spheres be that all ports in their spheres be open to trade (2) requested that open to trade (2) requested that China be allowed to collect tariffs China be allowed to collect tariffs and duties (3) requested equal and duties (3) requested equal harbor, railroad and tariff rates be harbor, railroad and tariff rates be equal in their spheres equal in their spheres

(10 cont.) (10 cont.) Boxer Rebellion in China Boxer Rebellion in China

A. A. Group of Chinese nationalists Group of Chinese nationalists (known as the Boxers) blamed (known as the Boxers) blamed the the US (Westerners and foreigners) US (Westerners and foreigners) for for China’s troublesChina’s troubles

B. Spring of 1900, the Boxers killed B. Spring of 1900, the Boxers killed over 200 foreign missionaries and over 200 foreign missionaries and traders in Chinatraders in China

C. Foreign countries C. Foreign countries responded by responded by sending in troops sending in troops to Beijing – along to Beijing – along the way, these the way, these troops plundered troops plundered the countryside the countryside and killed civiliansand killed civilians

E.E. Sec. of State John Hay issued a 2nd Sec. of State John Hay issued a 2nd Open Door Note requesting foreign Open Door Note requesting foreign powers to respect China’s powers to respect China’s territorial/administrative rights and territorial/administrative rights and continue open tradecontinue open trade

F. China remained sovereign but had to F. China remained sovereign but had to pay European powers $333 million for pay European powers $333 million for damagesdamages

(5) (5) Spanish American War- 1898Spanish American War- 1898An armed military conflict between An armed military conflict between SpainSpain and the and the United StatesUnited States that took place from that took place from April to August 1898April to August 1898.. The war began due to American demands that Spain The war began due to American demands that Spain

peacefully resolve the Cuban fight for peacefully resolve the Cuban fight for independence. However, strongindependence. However, strong expansionistexpansionist sentiment sentiment in the United States may have alsoin the United States may have also made made the US target Spain's other remaining overseas the US target Spain's other remaining overseas territories: Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and territories: Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and the Caroline Islands.the Caroline Islands.

Spanish American War - 1898Spanish American War - 1898Some Some causescauses of American involvement…of American involvement…

1. 1. Cuban Revolution-Cuban Revolution- Cuba’s fight for freedom from Cuba’s fight for freedom from Spanish oppressionSpanish oppression

2. 2. Mistreatment of Women-Mistreatment of Women- the reported atrocities the reported atrocities committed against Cuban women from Spanish “overseers” committed against Cuban women from Spanish “overseers” in Cubain Cuba

3. DeLome letter-DeLome letter- The Spanish diplomat's controversial The Spanish diplomat's controversial letter was critical of U.S. President McKinley and the letter was critical of U.S. President McKinley and the prospects for peace . It was leaked to the U.S. press, forcing prospects for peace . It was leaked to the U.S. press, forcing the recall of the highly capable minister. the recall of the highly capable minister.

WAR FEVER WAR FEVER ESCALATESESCALATES

(4) (4) DeLome letter-DeLome letter- The The Spanish diplomat's Spanish diplomat's controversial letter was critical controversial letter was critical of U.S. President McKinley of U.S. President McKinley and and the prospects for peace . the prospects for peace . It was It was leaked to the U.S. preleaked to the U.S. press, forcing ss, forcing the recall of the highly capable the recall of the highly capable ministerminister

• Newspaper publishers William Newspaper publishers William Randolph Randolph Hearst Hearst ((New York Journal) New York Journal) and Joseph and Joseph Pulitzer Pulitzer ((New York New York WorldWorld)) exaggerated Spanish exaggerated Spanish atrocities and brutality in “Headline atrocities and brutality in “Headline Wars”Wars” Political cartoon: Pulitzer (left) and Hearst

escalating and instigating war between the U.S. and Spain

4. 4. Yellow Journalism-Yellow Journalism- Newspapers like the New Newspapers like the New York Journal and the New York World relied on York Journal and the New York World relied on sensationalist headlines to sell newspapers- the Cuban sensationalist headlines to sell newspapers- the Cuban Revolution was an excellent chance to sell papers… Revolution was an excellent chance to sell papers… remember: remember: "Everything is quiet. There is no trouble. "Everything is quiet. There is no trouble. There will be no war. I wish to return." The publisher's There will be no war. I wish to return." The publisher's reply is alleged to have been: "Please remain. You reply is alleged to have been: "Please remain. You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war."furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war."

5.5. Explosion of the Explosion of the USS MaineUSS Maine -- The American battleship that mysteriously exploded in Havana Harbor (while protecting US interests’ in Cuba) causing outrage and the eventual entrance of America into Cuba’s revolution against Spain

((3) 3) February 15, 1898 February 15, 1898 U.S.S. MaineU.S.S. Maine explodes explodes In Havana Harbor, CubaIn Havana Harbor, Cuba

(a) (a) The explosion demolished the ship, killing 266 crewmen. An inquest ruled that the explosion was caused by sabotage. Later investigations suggested that an accidental fire in the coal storage bunker ignited the gunpowder magazines.

(b) (b) The explosion was a cause of the Spanish-American War The explosion was a cause of the Spanish-American War and reason for and reason for the rallying cry, "Remember the the rallying cry, "Remember the MaineMaine!, To hell with Spain!"!, To hell with Spain!"

The episode focused national The episode focused national attention on the crisis in Cuba attention on the crisis in Cuba but was not cited by President but was not cited by President McKinley as a cause. McKinley as a cause. (c) Some who were already inclined (c) Some who were already inclined to go to war with Spain over their to go to war with Spain over their perceived atrocities and loss of control perceived atrocities and loss of control in Cuba may have seen this as the last in Cuba may have seen this as the last straw. straw.

Cuba - 90 miles from FLCuba - 90 miles from FL

II. March 29, 1898II. March 29, 1898The United States Government issued an ultimatum to the The United States Government issued an ultimatum to the Spanish Government to Spanish Government to terminate its presence in terminate its presence in CubaCuba.. Spain did not accept the ultimatum. Spain did not accept the ultimatum.

III. April III. April 4, 1898 4, 1898 The The New York JournalNew York Journal issued a million copy press run dedicated to theissued a million copy press run dedicated to the

war in Cuba. war in Cuba. The newspaper called for the The newspaper called for the immediate U.S. entry into war with Spain.immediate U.S. entry into war with Spain.

IV. IV. April 19, 1898April 19, 1898The U.S. Congress by vote of 311 to 6 in the House and 42 to 35 in The U.S. Congress by vote of 311 to 6 in the House and 42 to 35 in

the Senate voted for war with Spain.the Senate voted for war with Spain.(9) (9) The Teller The Teller AmendmentAmendment, passed at this time disclaimed any intention , passed at this time disclaimed any intention by by the U.S. to control Cuba except in a pacification the U.S. to control Cuba except in a pacification role and promised to leave the island as soon as role and promised to leave the island as soon as the war was over. the war was over.

V. V. April 25, 1898April 25, 1898War was formally declared between Spain and the United War was formally declared between Spain and the United States and States and McKinley ordered a blockade of Cuba.McKinley ordered a blockade of Cuba. The U.S. fleet left Florida for Havana to begin the Cuban The U.S. fleet left Florida for Havana to begin the Cuban blockade at the principal ports .blockade at the principal ports . McKinley called for McKinley called for 125,000 volunteers.125,000 volunteers.

(14) (14) April 30 /May 1, 1898April 30 /May 1, 1898U.S. Commodore George U.S. Commodore George Dewey was told to attack theDewey was told to attack the Spanish in Spanish in Manila Bay, Manila Bay, Philippines.Philippines. (a)(a) He sailed from China late the night of April 30, He sailed from China late the night of April 30,

and the following morning he gave the order to attack at first light, by sayingand the following morning he gave the order to attack at first light, by saying the now famous words "You may fire when you are ready." Within 6 hours, onthe now famous words "You may fire when you are ready." Within 6 hours, on May 1, he had sunk or captured the entire Spanish Pacific fleet, with the loss of only May 1, he had sunk or captured the entire Spanish Pacific fleet, with the loss of only

one life on the American side.one life on the American side.

(b) News of the victory in the (b) News of the victory in the Battle of Manila BayBattle of Manila Bay made Dewey a made Dewey a

great hero in the U.S. Dewey's swift easy victory encouraged McKinleygreat hero in the U.S. Dewey's swift easy victory encouraged McKinley

toto place the Philippines under U.S. control.place the Philippines under U.S. control.

Spain also Spain also owns territory owns territory in Pacific… a in Pacific… a good place for good place for our “land our “land birds” to land birds” to land on!!on!!

VII. VII. GuamGuam, one of the Mariana Islands in the western , one of the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific, surrendered to Captain Henry Glass on the U.S.S. Pacific, surrendered to Captain Henry Glass on the U.S.S. Charleston. The Spanish commander on the island Charleston. The Spanish commander on the island obviously had not heard of the outbreak of the war, and obviously had not heard of the outbreak of the war, and there was no ammunition on the island.there was no ammunition on the island.

VIII. VIII. (6) (6) Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough Riders Riders … … El CaneyEl Caney and and the battle of the battle of San Juan San Juan HillHill, Spanish outposts to Santiago de Cuba, were stormed , Spanish outposts to Santiago de Cuba, were stormed and taken over by U.S. troops. There were heavy and taken over by U.S. troops. There were heavy casualties on both sides. This is the famous battle won by casualties on both sides. This is the famous battle won by Roosevelt andRoosevelt and the turning point to the turning point to the fighting in the fighting in Cuba- the US is winningCuba- the US is winning

July 3, 1898July 3, 1898 - - (15) (15) THE NAVAL BATTLE OF THE NAVAL BATTLE OF SANTIAGOSANTIAGO

The U.S. Navy's defeat of the Spanish The U.S. Navy's defeat of the Spanish Navy marked the end of centuries-long Navy marked the end of centuries-long Spanish power in the western Spanish power in the western hemispherehemisphere.. 1,8001,800 Spaniards died Spaniards died in the battle, in the battle, in contrast to in contrast to one American deathone American death and one and one American wounded sailor. All of the Spanish ships American wounded sailor. All of the Spanish ships were beached, either burning or sinking. Two weeks were beached, either burning or sinking. Two weeks later the Spanish forces defending Santiago later the Spanish forces defending Santiago surrendered and the Spanish-American war ended. surrendered and the Spanish-American war ended.

U.S. WINS; SIGNS TREATY OF PARISU.S. WINS; SIGNS TREATY OF PARIS

• The U.S. and Spain signed The U.S. and Spain signed an armistice on August 12, an armistice on August 12, 1898, ending what 1898, ending what Secretary of State John Secretary of State John Hay called Hay called “a splendid “a splendid little war”little war”

• The war lasted only 16 weeks The war lasted only 16 weeks • Cuba Cuba was nowwas now independent independent• U.S. receives Guam, Puerto U.S. receives Guam, Puerto

Rico, and “bought” the Rico, and “bought” the Philippines for $20 million Philippines for $20 million

Treaty of Paris, 1898

(7) (7) Treaty of Peace in ParisTreaty of Peace in ParisDecember 10, 1898December 10, 1898

Representatives of Spain and the United Representatives of Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Peace in Paris. States signed the Treaty of Peace in Paris. (1)(1)Spain freed Cuba,

(2)Spain gave up Puerto Rico and Guam to the US,

(3)and Spain sold the Philippine Islands, for $20,000,000 to the US.