It is useful for providing wireless coverage of building or campus areas. Thisis a topology used when there are many access points in a single location.By deploying multiple Access Points (APs) with overlapping coverage areas,organizations can achieve broad network coverage. . A laptop or other mobiledevice may move from AP to AP while maintaining access to the resources of the LAN. Each client is equipped with wireless network interface card (NIC)that consists of the radio transceiver and the logic to interact with the clientmachine and software. While the AP is essentially a radio transceiver on oneside and the wired backbone on the other.  ADHOC NETWORKSummer TrBlurtit

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aining Report On Computer Networking

  This topology is used when we have to interconnect mobile devices that are inthe same area (e.g., in the same room). In this architecture, client stations aregrouped into a single geographic area and can be Internet-worked without access to the wired LAN (infrastructure network). The ad hoc configuration is similar to a peer-to-peer office network in which no node is required to functionas a server. In ad hoc there is no need of any AP as all devices are wirelesslyconnected to each other. Summer Training Report On Computer Networking

  Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) ISDN’s primary goal is the integration of voice and nonvoice services.ISDN is actually a set of communication protocols proposed by telephone companies tha t a l lows them to ca r ry a g roup o f d ig i t a l se rv ices tha t simultaneously convey data, text, voice, music, graphics, and video to end users,and it was designed to achieve this over the telephone systems already in place.There are two types of channels:1 ) B c h a n n e l 2 ) D c h a n n e l B channelBearer channels (B channels) are used to transport data. B channels are calledbearer channels because

they bear the burden of transporting the data. B channels operate at speeds of up to 64 kbps.D channelD channels are used for signaling. They are used to establish the session beforethe data is actually transfer. ISDN INTERFACESTypes of ISDN interfaces:1) Basic Rate Interface (BRI)2) Primary Rate Interface (PRI).Both BRI and PRI provide multiple digital bearer channels over which temporaryconnections can be made and data can be sent. BRI: ISDN Basic Rate Interface(BRI, also known as 2B+1D) service providestwo B channels and one D channel. The BRI B-channel service operates at 64Kbps and carries data, while the BRI D-channel service operates at 16Kbpsand usually carries control and signaling information. PRI: According to American standards , the ISDNPrimary Rate Interface(PRI,also known as 23B+D1) service delivers 23 64Kbps B channels and one 64KbpsD channel for a total bit rate of up to 1.544Mbps.And according to European standards, ISDN provides 30 64Kbps B channels and one 64Kbps D channel for a total bit rate of up to 2.048Mbps. ISDN Function Groups and Reference PointsSummer Training Report On Computer Networking

  • Function group —A set of functions implemented by a device and software•Reference point —The interface between two function groups, including cablingdetailsRouter A is ordered with an ISDN BRI U reference point, referring to the I.430 reference point defining the interface between the customer premises and theISP.Router B is bought with an ISDN BRI S/T interface, implying that it must be cabled to a

function group NT1 device. An NT1 function group device must beconnected to the ISP line through a U reference point; the S/T interface definesthe connection to Router B. Router B is called a TE1 (Terminal Equipment 1) function group device.Non-ISDN equipment is called a TE2 (Terminal Equipment 2) device and is attached using the R reference point to a terminal adapter (TA) function groupdevice.Alternatively, a TE1 can connect using an S reference point to an NT2 functiongroup, Summer Training Report On Computer Networking

  Function Groups:1) TE1 (Terminal Equipment 1)ISDN-capable four-wire cable. Understandssignaling and 2B+D. Uses an S reference point.2)TE2 (Terminal Equipment 2):

Equipment that does not understand ISDNprotocols and specifications (no ISDN awareness). Uses an R reference point,typically an RS-232 or V.35 cable, to connect to a TA3)TA (Terminal adapter):Equipment that uses R and S reference points. Canbe thought of as the TE1 function group on behalf of a TE2.4)NT1 (Network Termination): Connects with a U reference point (two-wire) tothe ISP. Connects with T or S reference points to other customer premises equipment. Reference Points:Rbetween TE2 and TA. Sbetween TE1 or TA and NT2. Tbetween NT2 and NT1. Ubetween NT1 and ISP..Summer Training Report On Computer Networking