McIntosh High School Science · Web viewPhysical science deals with _____. Sometimes, a scientific...
Transcript of McIntosh High School Science · Web viewPhysical science deals with _____. Sometimes, a scientific...
Physical Science Notes—Chapter 1
Science is a method for ___________________.
• It is a process that uses ____________________________ to gain ______________________ about events in nature.
Nature follows a ____________________________.
Many rules, such as those concerning how the human body works, ______________________.
• Other rules, such as the fact that Earth rotates about once every 24 h, _________________________.
• Scientists ask questions to _________________________________________.
Science can be classified according to _______________________________.
• Life science deals with _______________________.
• Earth science investigates ____________________.
• Physical science deals with _________________________________.
• Sometimes, a scientific study will ______________________________________.
• One scientist, for example, might study the motions of the human body to understand how to build better artificial limbs.
Scientific explanations help you ______________________________________.
• As more is learned about the natural world, some of the earlier explanations might be found to be _____________________________ or new technology might provide _______________________.
Scientists learn new information about the natural world by _________________________________, which can be done in many different ways.
• Some investigations involve simply _________________________________ and recording the observations.
• Other investigations involve _____________________________ that test the effect of one thing on another.
• Some investigations involve building a model that resembles something in the natural world and then ________________________________________________________.
An organized set of investigation procedures is ____________________________________.
• _____________________________ found in scientific methods are shown.
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• Many scientific investigations begin when someone ________________________________________ and wonders ___________________________ it occurs.
• Then the question of ______________________________ is the problem.
Before testing a hypothesis, it is useful to learn as much as possible about the _____________ ________________________________.
A hypothesis is a _________________________________ using what you know and what you observe.
• Some hypotheses can be tested by ___________________________.
• Others can be tested by ___________________________ and relating it to _____________________________________________.
• One common way to test a hypothesis is to _________________________________.
• An experiment tests the effect of one thing on another _______________________________.
• A variable is a quantity that can have __________________________________.
• You might set up an experiment to determine which of three fertilizers helps plants to grow the biggest.
• Possible factors include plant type, amount of sunlight, amount of water, room temperature, type of soil, and type of fertilizer.
• In this experiment, the amount of growth is the ___________________________________ because its value _________________________________ the changes in the other variables.
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• The variable you change to see ________________________________________________ is called the independent variable.
• A factor that __________________________ when other variables change is called a constant.
• You might set up four trials, using the same soil and type of plant.
• Each plant is given the same amount of sunlight and water and is kept at the same temperature. These are ________________________.
• The fourth plant ____________________________.
• This plant is a ________________. A control is the ___________________________________ can be compared.
• Suppose that after several days, the three fertilized plants grow between 2 and 3 cm.
• If the unfertilized plant grows 1.5 cm, you might infer that the growth of the fertilized plants was _________________________________.
• Analyzing the Data
• An important part of every experiment includes ______________________________ and _________________________________________ into easy-to-read tables and graphs.
• _________________________ the data and _____________________________ the observations is an important step.
• If the data are not organized in a logical manner, ____________________________ can be drawn.
• Drawing Conclusions
• Based on the analysis of your data, you decide whether or not your hypothesis is ________________________________.
• For the hypothesis to be considered valid and widely accepted, the experiment must result in __________________________________________________ it is repeated.
• A bias occurs when what the scientist expects __________________________________ are viewed.
• This expectation might cause a scientist to select a result from one trial over those from other trials.
• Scientists can lessen bias by running __________________________________ and by keeping _______________________________ of each observation made.
• Valid experiments also must have data that are measurable.
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• For example, a scientist performing a global warming study must base his or her data on ____________________________ of global temperature.
• The experiment must be ______________________________.
• Findings are supportable when other scientists perform the ______________________ _________________________________
• Visualizing with Models
• Sometimes, scientists cannot _______________________ that they are testing.
• They might be observing something that is _____________________________ _________________ to see completely.
• A model represents an _______________________________ to help people better understand it.
• Today, many scientists use ________________________ to build models.
• NASA experiments involving space flight would not be practical _____________________.
• Another type of model is a ____________________________.
• Scientific Theories and Laws
• A scientific theory is an explanation of things or events based on ________________________ _______________________________. It is not a guess.
• Just because a scientific theory has data supporting it does not mean ______________________________________________.
• A scientific law is a statement about what happens in nature and that _____________________________________________________.
• Laws tell you what will happen under certain conditions, but they ____________________ ______________________ something happens.
• ___________________ is an example of a scientific law.
• A theory can be used to _____________________________________.
• Even so, there are few theories in science and even fewer laws.
• Science can help you explain many things about the world, but science ____________________ ______________________________.
• Most questions about emotions and values are not ____________________________.
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• They _____________________ be tested.
• Technology is the _________________________________ to help people.
• For example, when a chemist develops a new, lightweight material that can withstand great amounts of heat, ________________________________.
• When that material is used on the space shuttle, _________________________________.
Section 2: Units and Standards
• A standard is an exact quantity that people _______________________________ measurements.
• For a measurement to make sense, it must include a ______________________________.
• The ______________________________ of measurement is commonly used in the United States
• Most other nations use the ______________________________¾a system of measurement based on multiples of ten.
International System of Units
• All SI standards are __________________________________ by scientists throughout the world.
• Each type of SI measurement has a ____________________________.
• The _______________ is the base unit of ________________.
Every type of quantity measured in SI has a _________________________________________.
• All other SI units are obtained ____________________________________.
SI Prefixes
• The SI system is easy to use because it is based on _______________________________.
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• Prefixes are used with the names of the units to ______________________________________ should be used with the units.
Converting Between SI Units
• A conversion factor is a ______________________________ and is used to change one unit to another.
• To convert units, you multiply by the _______________________________________.
• Use the conversion factor with new units (mL) in the numerator and the old units (L) in the denominator.
Measuring Distance
• In scientific measurement length is the _____________________________.
• The SI base unit of length is the ________________________.
• ___________________ and ________________________ are used to measure length.
• The size of the unit you measure with will depend on _____________________________ being measured.
Measuring Volume
• The __________________________________ is called its volume.
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• If you want to know the volume of a solid rectangle, such as a brick, you measure its __________________________________________ and _____________________ the three numbers and their units together (V = 1 x w x h).
• For a brick, your measurements probably would be in __________________________.
• The volume would then be expressed in ______________________________.
Measuring Liquid Volume
• In measuring a liquid’s volume, you are indicating the _______________________________ that holds that amount of liquid.
• The most common units for expressing liquid volumes are ______________________________.
• Sometimes, liquid volumes such as doses of medicine are expressed in _____________________.
Measuring Matter
• Mass is a measurement of the _____________________________ in an object.
Density
• The _________________________________ of an object can be used to find the density of the material the object is made of.
• You find density by dividing an object’s __________________________________________.
Derived Units
• The measurement unit for density, g/cm3 is __________________________________ of SI units.
• A unit obtained by combining different SI units is called a _____________________________.
• An ______________________________________ also is a derived unit.
Measuring Time and Temperature
• Time is the _____________________________ two events.
• The SI unit for time is the _______________________________.
• For most scientific work, temperature is measured on the _________________________________.
• On this scale, the _______________________ of water is 0°C, and the _______________________ of water is 100°C.
• Between these points, the scale is divided into __________________________ divisions. Each one represents 1°C.
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• The SI unit of temperature is the ________________________.
• Zero on the Kelvin scale (0 K) is the __________________________________, also known as absolute zero.
• Absolute zero is equal to _______________________________________the freezing point of water.
• Kelvin temperature can be found by adding ___________________________________. So, on the Kelvin scale, water freezes at 273 K and boils at 373 K.
• The temperature measurement you are probably most familiar with is the ________________________________, which was based roughly on the temperature of the human body, 98.6°.
Section 1.3: A visual Display
• A graph is a _____________________________________________________.
• This is a graph that shows a girl walking her dog.
• The horizontal axis, ______________________, measures time.
• Time is the __________________________ because ______________________________, it affects the measure of another variable.
• The __________________________ that the girl and the dog walk is the other variable.
• It is the __________________________ and is measured on the vertical axis, or _______________.
Different kinds of graphs¾line, bar, and circle¾are appropriate for displaying different types of information.
• A line graph can show any relationship where the dependent _______________________________________ in the independent variable.
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• Line graphs often show how a relationship between variables ______________________________.
• You can show _______________________________________________ as long as the relationship between the variables is identical.
• The most important factor in making a line graph is always using _______________________ ____________________________________.
• The y-axis always is used for the _________________________________.
Bar Graphs
• A bar graph is useful for comparing information _________________________________. For example, suppose you counted the number of students in every classroom in your school on a particular day and organized your data in a table.
• You could show these data in a _____________________ like the one shown.
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• As on a line graph, the _______________________________________ is plotted on the x-axis and the ________________________________ is plotted on the y-axis.
Circle Graphs
• A circle graph, or pie graph, is used to show how down _________________________________.
• The circular pie represents the __________________.
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• The slices represent _________________________ and usually are represented as ________________________________ of the total.
• To create a circle graph, you start with the total of what you are analyzing.
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