McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 24 Colonialism and Development Anthropology:...
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Transcript of McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1 24 Colonialism and Development Anthropology:...
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
124
Colonialism and Development
Anthropology:The Exploration of Human Diversity
11th Edition
Conrad Phillip Kottak
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2 Colonialism and DevelopmentColonialism and Development
• Colonialism
• Development
• The Second World
• Development Anthropology
• Strategies for Innovation
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3 ColonialismColonialism
• Colonialism—political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time
• Imperialism—policy of extending the rule of a nation or empire over other nations
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4 ColonialismColonialism
• European colonialism had two broad phases
– 1492 to 1852– 1850 to just after end of World War II
Second period more imperialistic
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5 ColonialismColonialism
– British empire covered a fifth of world’s land surface and ruled a fourth of its population
• Driven by need for economic expansion• Peaked about 1914
• British Colonialism
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6 ColonialismColonialism
• British Colonialism– First phase of British colonialism
concentrated in the New World, West Africa, and India
Came to a close with the American Revolution
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
7 ColonialismColonialism
• British Colonialism– During the second period of colonialism,
Britain eventually controlled most of India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and large portions of eastern and southern Africa
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
8 ColonialismColonialism
• British Colonialism– British colonial efforts justified by what
Kipling called “white man’s burden”• Asserted native peoples not capable of
governing themselves• Native peoples needed the white British
colonialist to provide and maintain order
After World War II, British Empire began to fall apart
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
9 ColonialismColonialism
• Map of the British Empire in 1914– Insert Figure 24.1
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10 ColonialismColonialism
– French colonialism driven by state, church, and military, rather than by business interests
• French Colonialism
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11 ColonialismColonialism
• First phase, starting in early 1600’s, focused in Canada, the Louisiana Territory, the Caribbean, and West Africa
• Second phase (1870 to World War II) included most of North Africa and Indochina
• French Colonialism– Like Great Britain, French Colonialism had
two phases
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
12 ColonialismColonialism
• French Colonialism– Ideological legitimization for French
colonialism was mission civilisatrice (similar to “white man’s burden”)
Spread French culture, language, and religion throughout the colonies
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13 ColonialismColonialism
• Indirect rule—practice of governing through native political structures and leaders
• Direct rule—practice of imposing new governments upon native populations
• French Colonialism– French used two forms of colonial rule
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
14 ColonialismColonialism
• Map of the French Empire at Its Height around 1914– Insert Figure 24.2
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
15 ColonialismColonialism
• Colonialism and Identity– Whole countries, along with social groups
and divisions within them, were colonial inventions
For example, many modern political boundaries in West Africa based on linguistic, political, and economic contrasts that are the result of European colonial policies
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
16 ColonialismColonialism
• Small West African Nations Created by Colonialism– Insert Figure 24.3
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
17 ColonialismColonialism
• Postcolonial Studies– Postcolonial—study of interactions
between European nations and the societies they colonized
Term also used to signify a position against imperialism and Eurocentrism
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
18 ColonialismColonialism
– Settler countries large numbers of European colonists and sparser native populations
– Nonsettler postcolonies characterized by large native populations and only a small number of Europeans
– Mixed postcolonies have sizable native and European populations
• Postcolonies can be divided into settler, nonsettler, and mixed
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19 DevelopmentDevelopment
• British Empire — white man’s burden• French Empire — mission civilisatrice
Economic development plans — industrialization, modernization, westernization, and individualism are desirable evolutionary advances that will bring long-term benefits to natives
• Intervention philosophy—ideological justification for outsiders to guide local peoples in specific directions
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
20 DevelopmentDevelopment
– New form of old economic liberalism laid out in Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations
• Free trade best way for nation’s economy to develop
• No restrictions on manufacturing• No barriers to commerce• No tariffs
• Neoliberalism
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
21 DevelopmentDevelopment
– Neoliberalism places more emphasis on “individual responsibility” than on “common good”
In exchange for loans, governments of Postsocialist and developing nations required to accept neoliberal premise that deregulation leads to economic growth
• Neoliberalism– Neoliberalism is revival of economic
liberalism after the fall of Communism
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
22 The Second WorldThe Second World
– Includes former Soviet Union and the socialist and once socialist countries of Eastern Europe and Asia
• Second World refers to Warsaw Pact nations
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23 The Second WorldThe Second World
– Two meanings of communism• Small-c communism—social system in which
property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good.
• Large C-Communism—political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union from 1917 to 1991
• Communism
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
24 The Second WorldThe Second World
– All Communist systems were authoritarian
• Communism– By the year 2000, only 5 Communist states
left, compared with 23 in 1985
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25 The Second WorldThe Second World
• Communist party monopolized power• Relations with party highly centralized and
strictly disciplined• Nations had state owners of the means of
production• Regimes cultivated a sense of belonging to an
international movement
• Communism– Many were totalitarian and demanded total
submission of individual to state
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
26 The Second WorldThe Second World
– Common problems of transition:• Rise of nationalism in form of ethnic-religious
minorities• Corruptions• Unemployment and poverty• Difficulties establishing new values, social
relations, and groups
• States that once had planned economies now following neoliberal agenda
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
27 The Second WorldThe Second World
– Neoliberal economists assumed dismantling Soviet Union’s planned economy would raise GDP and living standards
• Postsocialist Transitions
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
28 The Second WorldThe Second World
• Since fall of Soviet empire in Tajikistan, Islam replacing socialist ideology
• Yugoslavia breakup more violent and created a series of secessions
• Postsocialist Transitions– Postsocialist Russia has faced many
problems
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
29 The Second WorldThe Second World
• Postsocialist Transitions• Corruption—abuse of public office for private
gain—common problem in postsocialist countries
– Alexei Yurcahak describes official-public and personal-public spheres within contemporary Russian state
What is legal (official-public) and what is considered morally correct don’t necessarily correspond
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
30 The Second WorldThe Second World
• Postsocialist Transitions– Postsocialist and developing nations
include promotion of civil society—voluntary collective action around shared interests, goals, and values
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
31 The Second WorldThe Second World
• Former Soviet Socialist Republics of Central Asia, including Tajikistan– Figure 24.4
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
32 Development AnthropologyDevelopment Anthropology
– Development anthropologists do not just carry out development policies plan by others; they also plan and guide policy
• Branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, economic development
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
33 Development AnthropologyDevelopment Anthropology
• Local-level research often reveals inadequacies in the measures that economists use to assess development and a nation’s economic health
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
34 Development AnthropologyDevelopment Anthropology
– Green revolution has increased food supplies and reduced food prices
• The Greening of Java
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
35 Development AnthropologyDevelopment Anthropology
• The Greening of Java– Emphasis on front capital and advanced
technological and chemical farming allowed bureaucratic and economic elites of Java to strengthen their position at expense of poorer farmers
Ann Stoler’s analysis of the green revolution’s impact on Java suggested that it differentially affected such things as gender stratification, depending on class
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
36 Development AnthropologyDevelopment Anthropology
• Commonly stated goal of development projects is increased equity, which means reduction in poverty and more even distribution of wealth
• Goal frequently thwarted by local elites acting to preserve or enhance their positions
• The Greening of Java– Equity
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
37 Development AnthropologyDevelopment Anthropology
• Location of Java (yellow) in Indonesia (orange)– Insert Figure 24.5
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
38 Strategies for InnovationStrategies for Innovation
• Kottak found culturally compatible economic development projects twice as successful financially as incompatible development projects
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
39 Strategies for InnovationStrategies for Innovation
– Be culturally compatible– Respond to locally perceived needs’– Involve men and women in planning and
carrying out changes that affect them– Harness traditional organizations– Be flexible
• To maximize social and economic benefits, projects must:
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
40 Strategies for InnovationStrategies for Innovation
– Development projects that require too much change
• Projects that failed were usually economically and culturally incompatible
• Project problems have arisen from inadequate attention to, and consequent lack of, fit with local culture
• Overinnovation
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
41 Strategies for InnovationStrategies for Innovation
– Tendency to view “less-developed countries” as more alike than they are
• Many development projects incorrectly assume that nuclear family is basic unit of production and land ownership
• Many development projects also incorrectly assume cooperatives based on models from former Eastern bloc will be readily incorporated by rural communities
• Underdifferentiation
McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
42 Strategies for InnovationStrategies for Innovation
– Best models for economic development found in target communities
Realistic development promotes change, not overinnovation, by preserving local systems while making them work better
• Third World Models