MCB 186 CIRCADIAN BIOLOGY Slides Lecture 2 September 28, 2005 J. W. Hastings.
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MCB 1GENERAL
MICROBIOLOGY
I.Introduction to MicrobiologyA.Microbial World and YouB.Introduction to Applications: The Significance of MicrobesC. Historical Overview of Microbiology
• Techniques in MicrobiologyMicroscopes and MicroscopyIsolating and Cultivating of BacteriaI.Preparing Specimen for Microscope: Staining MethodsControlling Microbial Growth
Physical Methods of ControllingChemical Methods of Controlling
I.Microbial Diversity: Place of Microorganisms in the Living World Major Microbial Groups and their Basic Properties
Phylogeny: Classification of MicroorganismsBacteriaProtozoaAlgaeFungiVirus and Prions
IV.Biology of BacteriaA.Bacterial Metabolism B.Bacterial GeneticsDNA and chromosomesCentral DogmaMutation and Implications of Mutation: Antibiotic Resistance
V. Applications of MicrobiologyA. Medical Microbiology
Role of Microbes in Diseases Disease and Epidemiology
Principles of DiseaseEtiology of Infectious DiseasesClassification, Transmission, and Patterns of Infection
Role of Microbes in TherapyB. Microbial Ecology
Role of Microbes in Nutrient Cycling Role of Microbes in Soil HealthDegradation of Synthetic Chemicals in Soil and Water
C. Industrial Microbiology
MICRO/BIOLOGY
Microbiologydeals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification
size range: 20 nm- 5 mm
MICROORGANISMS
-microbes/ germs/ bugs
microorganisms
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Algae
Virus
bacteria- most thoroughly studied
- unicellular
- prokaryotic
-ex: E. coli
protozoa- unicellular
- eukaryotic
- obtain food by engulfing smaller microorganisms
- ex: amoeba
fungi-eukaryotic
-decomposers
-ex: bread mold/Rhizopus
algae- some unicellular, some multicellular
- photosynthetic
- distributed fresh water and oceans
-ex. blue-green algae
virus- acellular entities
- behave like living organism when they gain entry on living organisms
-ex: flu virus
Microbial World and You
MICROBES ARE EVERYWHERE and ARE RELEVANT TO ALL ASPECTS OF
HUMAN LIFE
Reasons why we study MICROBIOLOGY
1. Microorganisms have major impact on human health;
2. Microorganisms maintain the balance of nature;
3. Microorganisms are essential to many human endeavors;
4. Microbiology provides insights into life processes in all forms of life
- nearly 2,000 different microbes cause various types of diseases
- infectious diseases: **10 Billion new infections/year (according to World Health Organization) ** most common source of death at around 13 Million/ year
1. Microorganisms have major impact on human health
1. Microorganisms have major impact on human health
many are treatable with drugs or preventable by vaccines
hardest hit are the poor countries (1/3 live on $ 1/day)
1. Microorganisms have major impact on human health
there is a current increase in number of new (emerging) and older (reemerging)
diseasesSARS, AIDS, hepatitis C, viral
encephalitis
1. Microorganisms have major impact on human health
- new discovery: non infectious diseases involve microbial infection:
gastric ulcer Helicobacter pyloricervical cancer human pappiloma virusdiabetis Coxsacki virusschizophrenia borna agent virusfemale infertility Chlamydia
1st golden age: role of microorganisms in obvious and infectious diseases 2nd golden age: role of microorganisms in quiet but slowly destructive diseases
1. Microorganisms have major impact on human health
a. photosynthesisb. decomposition
2. Microorganisms are deeply involved in the flow of energy and food
- bacteria invented photosynthesis ** anoxygenic photosynthesis first then oxygenic photosynthesis, one that involves production of oxygen ** bacteria changed the earth’s anaerobic atmosphere to aerobic atmosphere, which eventually lead to the explosion of species diversity
- photosynthetic microorganisms account for 50% of all of earth’s photosynthesis, and serve as food to various organisms
2. Microorganisms are deeply involved in the flow of energy and food
-microorganisms are responsible for breakdown of dead matter and wastes
2. Microorganisms are deeply involved in the flow of energy and food: decomposition
- microorganisms have since been used to improve life and shape civilization: **Baker’s yeast for bread **brewer’s yeast for wine and beer **In ancient Egypt, molding loaves were applied directly to wounds (Penicillin)
- genetic engineering **interferon and growth hormones
3. Microorganisms are essential to many human endeavors
- bacteria are used as model organisms because a. bacteria have simple structures b. reproduce quickly
4. Microbiology provides insights into life processes in all forms of life
MICRO/BIOLOGY
scientific method
CLASS POLICIES- ATTENDANCE- ASSIGNMENTS AND ASSIGNMENTS- 3 EXAMINATIONS, drop the lowest- FINAL EXAM FOR STUDENTS WITH GRADES LOWER THAN 2.5- 55% LECTURE, 45% LABORATORY- CHEATING- CLASSROOM ETIQUETTE
CLASS POLICIES
2 Long Exams + finals** 60% Quizzes 15%
Assignments 15%Class and e-class Participation 10%