Two Types of Cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic.
MCB 720: Molecular Biology Biotechnology terminology Common hosts in biotechnology research...
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Transcript of MCB 720: Molecular Biology Biotechnology terminology Common hosts in biotechnology research...
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MCB 720: Molecular Biology
•Biotechnology terminology•Common hosts in biotechnology research
•Transcription & Translation•Prokaryotic gene organization & expression
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Terminology
• Biotechnology-production of goods and services using biological organisms, systems, and processes
• Recombinant DNA technology-a set of techniques for manipulating DNA, including: the identification and cloning of genes; the study of the expression of cloned genes; and the production of large quantities of gene product
• Genetic engineering-the process of transferring DNA from one organism into another that results in a genetic modification
• Molecular biotechnology-rDNA technology + biotechnology
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Selected developments in the history of molecular biotechnology
1944-Avery, MacLeod & McCarty determine DNA is the genetic material1953-Watson & Crick determine the structure of DNA1970-first restriction endonuclease isolated1973-Boyer & Cohen establish recombinant DNA technology1976-DNA sequencing techniques developed1980-U.S. Supreme Court rules that genetically modified micro-organisms can
be patented1981-first DNA synthesizers sold1988-PCR method published1990-Human genome project initiated1996-Complete DNA sequence of a eukaryote (yeast) determined1997-Nuclear cloning of a mammal (a sheep named Dolly)2000-Arabidopsis genome sequenced2001-Human genome sequenced2002-Complete human gene microarrays (gene chips) available
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Many scientific disciplines contribute to molecular biotechnology, which generates a
wide range of commercial products
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Common host organisms usedin molecular biotechnology
• E. coli• Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)• Insect cell lines• Plant cell lines• Animal cell lines
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Review protein secretion and protein targeting
• Signal peptide sequences• Consider gram negative
vs. gram positive bacteria• Consider eukaryotic cells• In eukaryotic cells, short
peptide sequences (or other modifications) tell a protein where to go
• See MCB Chapter 5-Protein sorting http://bcs.whfreeman.com/lodish5e/pages/bcs-main.asp?v=category&s=00010&n=05000&i=05010.01&o=|00510|00610|00520|00530|00540|00560|00570|00590|00600|00700|00710|00010|00020|00030|00040|00050|01000|02000|03000|04000|05000|06000|07000|08000|09000|10000|11000|&ns=0
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Central Dogma of Biology
DNA RNA Proteintranscription translation
reversetranscription
DNAreplication
$$$Molecular
Biotechnology
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Chemical structure of DNA & RNA
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Chemical structure of dsDNA
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Chemical structure of dsDNA
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Prokaryotic gene expression
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Prokaryotic gene expression
Regulation lac Operon.mov
• Alternatively, see:• http://www.whfreeman
.com/lodish4e/con_index.htm?99anm
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In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to the -10 and -35 regions of the promoter relative to
the start site of transcription (+1)
promoter operator