MB Dissertation MBA

Distributed actors collaborating in research, experimentation and innovation:

Collaboratories and Living Labs.

Submitted by: Michael Bassett

As part of the degree Master of Business Administration

School of Management University of Bath

Graduation Year: 2016

Supervisor: Michael Lewis

COPYRIGHT

Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright on this project rests with its author. This copy of the project has been supplied on the condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the project and no information derived from it may be published without the prior consent of the

author.

Restrictions on use

This project may be made available for consultation within the University library and may be photocopied or lent to other libraries for the purpose of consultation.

Word count: 21,914

Bucs ID: MB392 Student Reference Number: 119435618

1

Acknowledgements

This Dissertation is dedicated to the memory of Bob Gilmore, a sorely missed mentor and friend.

I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my Academic Advisor Mike Lewis for his support in the work toward this dissertation. In addition, I wish to express my appreciation to Rachel Freeman and Chris McMahon for their support and advice.

Special, heroic proofreading thanks to: Cheryl Pierce, Kevin Fitzgerald (Dr. Fitzcookie), Scott Bassett and Julia Hammid.

Finally, I would like to thank all of the interviewees and respondents for their time and effort in contributing toward the research for this project.

Bucs ID: MB392 Student Reference Number: 119435618

May, 2016

Distributed actors collaborating in research, experimentation and innovation: Collaboratories and Living Labs.

Abstract Two prominent approaches involving groups of distributed actors collaborating on research, experimentation and innovation are collaboratories and living labs. This dissertation finds that these two methods of working can be collapsed into a single category. The single category containing collaboratories and living labs can be visualised on a two dimensional coordinate system created for this dissertation called the Innovation Orientation and Geographical Distribution Plane (IO&GD Plane). This dissertation contains primary research in the form of case studies of seven different organisations (three collaboratories and four living labs). The hybrid categorisation arose from the recognition of relationships and commonalities between collaboratories and living labs, based on information from case studies. The dissertation concludes in a discussion of like characteristics amongst the organisations in the hybrid category, and potential for shared theoretical and practical outcomes, which may arise from situating the organisations in a single grouping.

Table of Contents

i

p. 01 Chapter 1: Introduction p.02 Research Question p.03 Scope and Limitations p.04 Structure of Dissertation p.05 Chapter 2: Literature Review p.05 Etymology: Lab, Collaboration and Living p.06 Collaboratory (including typology) p.09 Living Labs (including typology) p.16 Innovation Orientations p.16 Social Innovation p.19 Technical Innovation p.25 A Slight Return p.26 Chapter 3: Research Methodology p.26 Philosophical Considerations p.27 Precautions p.28 The Case Study Approach p.30 The Interviews p.34 Chapter 4: Visualising Relationships: Innovation Orientation and Geographical Distribution p.35 Innovation Orientation p.37 Geographic Distribution p.39 Locations p.43 Chapter 5: Case Studies p.43 Smart Village Living Lab: How it works p.47 Observations: SVLL p.48 NCIP-‐Hub: How it works p.52 Observations: NCIP-‐Hub p.53 Manchester Living Labs: How they work p.56 Observations: Manchester p.58 City Lab Coventry: How it Works p.62 Observations: CLC p.63 CSEP: How it Works p.66 Observations: CSEP p.67 City Observatory Living Lab: How it works p.71 Observations: COLL p.72 LIGO: How it Works p.75 Observations: LIGO p.77 Chapter 6: Conclusions p.81 Another recognition p.82 In closing p.85 References

TABLES & CHARTS p.19 Innovation Publications Chart (Fagerberg, Verspagen 2009. p.220)

p.34 Case Study Table p.38 IO&GD Plane

p.51 Image of NCIP-‐Hub Dashboard p.74 Innovative Technology Table, LIGO Caltech website p.80 IO&GD Plane including ENoLL

Michael(Bassett([email protected]((

( 1(

Introduction(

Scientific(endeavour(has(long(been(recognised(as(collective(effort(to(produce(and(refine(

human(knowledge.((Franck,(2002;(Rolin,(2008,(etc.)(Working(collaboratively(to(research,(

experiment(and(innovate(is(not(a(new(endeavour.((Beaver(&(Rosen,(1978,(etc.)1(However,(

a(new(dynamic(has(emerged(over(the(past(twenty(to(twentyNfive(years.(The(availability(

and(increasing(presence(of(digital(technology(has(eased(and(enhanced(scientific(

collaboration.(Distributed(actors(are(able(to(work(across(dispersed(geographical(

locations(for(the(purpose(of(collaborative(research,(experimentation(and(innovation.(

(e.g.(G.(Olson,(Zimmerman,(&(Bos,(2008;(etc.)(Two(prominent(approaches(to(this(kind(of(

work(are(collaboratories(and(living(labs.(This(paper(finds(that(these(two(methods(of(

working(can(be(collapsed(into(a(single(grouping.((

(

A(collaboratory(is(a(means(of(collaboration(facilitated(via(electronic(platform,(through(

which(geographically(dispersed(actors(engage(in(scientific(research(and(collaboration;(a(

way(to(facilitate(“globally(distributed(knowledge(work.”((Cogburn,(2003(p.86)(A(

collaboratory(may(also(entail(the(use(of(shared(of(scientific(instruments,(and(can(

facilitate(the(storage,(retrieval(and(dissemination(of(data.(Recently,(living(labs(have(

emerged(that(perform(these(functions(and(an(example(is(included(as(a(case(study(for(

this(paper.((

(

In(essence,(a(living(lab(is(a(research(methodology(in(which(people(use(various(kinds(of(

technologies((digital(and(otherwise)(while(acting(as(coNcreators(with(technologists,(

designers(and(other(specialists(in(finding(and/or(creating,(developing,(and(the(

refinement(of(innovative(technologies.(These(people(are(called(“users”(in(the(living(lab(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1(The(study(referenced(merely(looks(at(coNauthored(publications(listing(scientific(collaboration(found(in(the(historical(record.(The(earliest(example(found(by(the(researches(is(a(paper(published(in(1665(by(Hooke,(Oldenburg,(Cassini(and(Boyle((in(France).(It(seems(reasonable(to(assume(collaborative(work(in(scientific(endeavor(took(place(much(earlier(than(any(published(work(would(indicate.(


( 2(

paradigm.(As(we(will(see,(a(living(lab(can(manifest(itself(in(any(physical(space(that(

humans(occupy(or(pass(through;(homes,(campuses,(offices,(neighbourhoods,(villages,(

cities(and(counties(or(provinces.(Any(and(all(of(the(people(in(these(spaces(are(potential(

users(and(therefore(may(also(be(contributors(to(the(living(lab(method.(With(the(living(

lab(approach,(people(take(part(in(research((gathering(of(data),(experimentation((use(of(

technologies),(making(observations,(and(passing(on(what(they(have(found(to(the(

designers(and(technologists(who(will(incorporate(findings(in(future(iterations(or(new(

devices.((Mulder,(2012)(This(descriptor(teases(out(the(relationship(of(a(living(lab(to(

scientific(method:(Hypothesise,(experiment,(gather(data,(examine(and(repeat(the(

process(with(what(has(been(learned(in(mind.(((

(

Stepping(back(to(this(more(distanced(and(abstract(position(brings(the(relationship(

between(collaboratories(and(living(labs(into(stark(relief.(These(organisations(are(

engaged(in(the(same(kind(of(work:(Collaboratories(and(living(labs(are(organisations(in(

which(distributed(actors(collaborate(in(research,(experimentation(and(innovation.(This(

was(a(key(finding(from(the(research(performed(for(this(study.((

(

Research(Question(

The(main(trust(of(this(paper(is(to(examine(groups(of(distributed(actors(collaborating(in(

research,(experimentation(and(innovation.(Collaboratories(and(living(labs(were(chosen(

as(prominent(examples(of(this(kind(of(work,(and(thus(are(the(focus(of(this(study.(The(

basic(research(question(was(as(follows:(Distributed(actors(collaborating(in(research,(

experimentation(and(innovation:(collaboratories(and(living(labs.(What(are(they?(Where(

are(they(located?(How(do(they(work?(

(


( 3(

Many(writings(have(been(produced(dealing(with(living(labs(as(a(single(category(of(

organisation.((BergvallNKåreborn,(Holst,(&(Ståhlbröst,(2009;(Hirvikoski,(Schuurman,(&(

Stokes,(2016;(Lepik,(Krigul,(&(Terk,(2010;(Schuurman,(Marez,(&(Ballon,(2015;(Schuurman,(

2015;(etc.)(The(same(is(true(of(collaboratories(as(a(single(category(of(organisation.((Bos(

et(al.,(2007;(Finholt,(2003;(George(Chin(&(Lansing,(2004;(G.(M.(Olson(et(al.,(2002;(

Rosenberg,(1991;(Wulf,(1993;(etc.).(However,(there(does(not(appear(to(be(any(literature(

that(considers(the(two(approaches(in(relation(to(the(other(prior(to(this(dissertation.(

(

Scope(and(Limitations((

This(dissertation(offers(case(studies(as(an(overview(of(collaboratories(and(living(labs,(and(

established(patterns(and(similarities(amongst(the(varying(cases.(In(this,(the(scope(of(the(

paper(was(tightened(considerably,(to(encompass(representative(samples(of(

collaboratories(and(living(labs.(Given(this,(the(work(contained(within(is(not(intended(as(a(

deep(examination(of(detailed(design(principles,(organisational(structures,(

implementation(or(a(fineNgrain(examination(of(work(taking(place(in(the(particular(

organisations.(The(main(observations(arising(form(this(research(is(that(collaboratories(

and(living(labs(essentially(reside(in(a(single(category(of(organisation.(Further(research(

lies(ahead(concerning(other(types(of(organisations,(which(may(belong(in(the(same(

grouping(modelled(in(this(paper.(

(

Structure(of(this(dissertation(

In(order(to(answer(the(research(question,(the(structure(of(the(dissertation(is(in(six(

successive(chapters,(inclusive(of(this(introduction,(which(constitutes(the(first(chapter.(

Chapter(Two(is(a(literature(review(that(deals(with(the(question(of(“what(they(are,”(

discussing(nature(of(collaboratories(and(living(labs.(The(Literature(Review(splits(into(


( 4(

subsections,(beginning(with(the(etymological(background(of(the(terms(“lab”(

“collaboration”(and(“living.”(This(is(followed(by(subsections(discussing(the(literature(

surrounding(collaboratories,(living(labs,(social(innovation,(and(technical(innovation.(The(

literature(review(ends(with(brief(mention(of(Open(Science.(Chapter(Three(describes(the(

Research(Methodology(undertaken(for(this(dissertation:(a(qualitative(approach(was(

chosen,(and(primary(research(was(conducted(with(case(studies(via(interview(and/or(

questionnaire(by(email((or(some(combination).(The(justification(for(this(approach(is(

discussed(and(data(collection(techniques(are(laid(out.(Chapter(Four(presents(a(model(to(

depict(relationships(amongst(organisations(that(serve(as(case(studies.(The(model(is(titled(

the(Innovation(Orientation(and(Geographical(Distribution(Plane((IO&GD(Plane).(A(table(

is(also(presented(to(clarify(the(rationale(for(the(placement(of(organisations(in(the(IO&GD(

Plane.(Locations(of(the(organisations(surveyed(as(case(studies(are(also(discussed(in(this(

chapter.(Chapter(Five(contains(information(gathered(from(individual(case(studies,(and(

connecting(tissue(between(each(case(study(discussing(the(relationships(between(all(of(

the(sample(organisations.(Chapter(Six(is(the(concluding(chapter,(which(summarises(the(

findings(across(all(of(the(case(studies,(illustrating(contributions,(and(discussing(

limitations(of(the(study(and(opportunities(for(future(research.((

(

(

*(

(

(

(

Literature(Review(


( 5(

This(chapter(is(a(review(of(literature(relevant(to(the(research(area(of(this(paper.(The(first(

section(discusses(the(etymology(of(terms(“laboratory”,(“collaboration”(and(“living”(

relating(them(back(to(living(labs(and(collaboratories.(This(is(followed(by(a(look(at(

literature(concerning(living(labs(and(collaboratories,(with(each(section(ending(with(

typologies.(Following(on,(there(is(a(survey(of(literature(concerning(innovation,(which(will(

be(intrinsic(to(mapping(the(relationships(and(similarities(between(living(labs(and(

collaboratories((research,(experimentation,(innovation(and(scientific(collaboration).((

(

Etymology:(Lab,(Collaboration(and(Living(

Among(the(shared(attributes(of(Living(Labs(and(collaboratories(is(the(use(of(the(

shortened(term(“lab”(in(lieu(of(“laboratory.”(When(surveying(the(term(from(an(

etymological(perspective(it(becomes(clear(why(“lab”(may(evoke(connotations(related(to(

research,(innovation(and(scientific(collaboration.(“Laboratory”(can(be(traced(from(circa(

1600(to(the(Latin(root(“laborare,”(which(refers(to(“labour.”2(According(to(the(Oxford(

Dictionary,(the(current(English(definition(for(the(noun(form(of(“laboratory”(is(“A(room(or(

building(equipped(for(scientific(experiments,(research,(or(teaching,(or(for(the(

manufacture(of(drugs(or(chemicals.”3((

(

“Collaboratory”(is(a(combination(of(the(word(“collaborate”(with(“lab.”((Wulf,(1993)(The(

Oxford(Dictionary(traces(the(origins(of(the(term(“collaboration”(from(the(Latin(root(

“collaborare”(in(the(midNseventeenth(century.4(The(modern(English(definition(covers(

both(“the(action(of(working(together”(and(“something(produced(in(collaboration(with(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((2(“laboratory.”(2016.(2016.(http://oxforddictionaries.com(2016.(Viewed(March(16,(2016(11:00.(3(Ibid.((4(“collaboration.”(2016.(http://oxforddictionaries.com(2016.(Viewed(March(16,(2016(11:00.(


( 6(

someone.”5(In(this,(the(coining(of(the(term(“collaboratory”(is(intended(for(the(purpose(

of,(and(successfully(conveys(a(means(equipped(for(collaborative(scientific(experiments.((

(

The(use(of(the(adjective(“living”(indicates(a(thing(having(life,(or(being(alive((as(in(living(

creature)(The(word(“living”(also(indicates(“active,(functioning.”6(((

(

We(can(view(the(moniker(“living(lab”(as(involving(a(poetic(allusion(intended(to(evoke(

“being(alive”(and(perhaps(more(literally(referring(to(the(“active(functioning”(of(a(place(

for(scientific(experiments,(research(and/or(teaching.(

(

Collaboratory(

The(term(“collaboratory”(produced(over(521,000(returns(in(a(Google(search(in(August(

2015.(The(term(has(been(used(to(name(a(wide(array(of(things(and(activities.(However,(

the(object(of(study(for(this(paper(falls(under(a(range(of(definitions(specifying(a(

collaboratory(as(an(electronic(platform(for(the(facilitation(of(collaborative(scientific(

research(amongst(researchers(who(are(geographically(dispersed.((

(

In(1989,(Wulf(offers(the(earliest(definition(of(a(collaboratory(as:((

…"a"center"without"walls,"in"which…"researchers"can"perform"their"research"without"regard"to"physical"location"–"interacting"with"colleagues,"accessing"instrumentation,"sharing"data"and"computational"resources,"[and]"accessing"information"in"digital"libraries."(Wulf,"1989)""

(

Building(on(Wulf(in(1991,(Rosenberg(offers(a(descriptor(of(collaboratories(as(“…(

experimental(and(empirical(research(environments…”(where(scientists(“…(design(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((5(Ibid.(The(English(term(also(carries(the(meaning(“traitorous(cooperation(with(an(enemy.”(6(“living.”(MerriamNWebster.com.(2016.(http://www.merriamNwebster.com(Viewed(16(March,(2016.(14:16((&(‘living.”(Oxforddictionaries.com.(2016.(http://www.oxforddictionaries.com(Viewed(12(March,(2016.((


( 7(

systems,(participate(in(collaborative(science,(and(conduct(experiments(to(evaluate(and(

improve(the(systems”((Rosenberg,(1991(p.83)((

(

Wulf(returns(to(the(topic(in(1993,(saying:(((

The"physical"infrastructure"of"the"collaboratory"is"the"worldwide"collection"of"networked"computers"augmented"by"instrumentation"interfaced"to"the"network"(such"as"that"at"Sondre"Stromfiordin"Greenland)."The"essence"of"the"collaboratory"however,"is"not"this"physical"infrastructure."Rather,"it"is"the"software"that"enables"scholars"to"use"remote"libraries,"collaborate"with"remote"colleagues,"interact"with"remote"instruments,"analyze"data"and"test"modelsIall"with"nearly"the"facility"they"now"enjoy"locally."(Wulf,"1993"p.854)"""

In(1998,(Bly(offered(a(definition(of(collaboratory(as:((

…"a"system"which"combines"the"interests"of"the"scientific"community"at"large"with"those"of"the"computer"science"and"engineering"community"to"create"integrated,"toolIoriented"computing"and"communication"systems"to"support"scientific"collaboration…"(Bly,"1998,"p.31)""

In(2003,(in(the(context(of(an(evaluation(of(collaboratories,(Sonnenwald(et(al.(tell(us((

…"scientific"collaboratories"provide"remote"access"to"scientific"data,"specialised"instruments"and"documents,"was"well"as"group"work"and"information"and"communication"tools"to"support"collaboration"among"scientists."(Sonnenwald,"Whitton,"&"Maglaughlin,"2003)""

The(bulk(of(other(literature(dealing(with(collaboratories(fitting(the(definitions((above)(

and(typology((below)(addresses(an(array(of(concerns(including;(organisation(and(

operations(of(collaboratories,(socioNtechnical(considerations(arising(around(

collaboratory(work,(deteriorating(user(bases(of(collaboratories(over(time,(and(other(

issues.7(A(webpage(dedicated(to(keeping(track(of(collaboratories(and(surrounding(

literature(was(kept(fresh(until(2010,(when(updates(were(discontinued((link(provided(in(

footnote).8(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((7(Science(of(Collaboratory(website(bibliographical(list(for(writings(concerned(with(collaboratories:(http://soc.ics.uci.edu/Resources/biblist.php(Viewed(14:00,(April(22,(2016.(8(Please(see(PDF(of(an(email(exchange(with(Emily(Navarro(in(appendix(titled(“Suggestions(for(info(on(collaboratories?”(dated(15,(April(2016.(


( 8(

(

In(2007,(Bos(et.(al.(produced(a(typology(which(includes(seven(categories(of(

collaboratories:(Shared(Instrument,(Community(Data(Systems,(Open(Community(

Contribution(System,(Virtual(Community(of(Practice,(Virtual(Learning(Community,(

Distributed(Research(Centre,(and(Community(Infrastructure(Project.((Bos(et(al.,(2007(

p.658)(Definitions(are(offered(for(each(category,(along(with(examples(of(collaboratories(

occupying(each(category,(and(a(synopsis(of(technical(and(organisational(issues(at(play(in(

the(category.((Bos(et(al.,(2007b)((

Shared"Instrument"[the]"main"function"is"to"increase"access"to"a"scientific"instrument."…often"provide"remote"access"to"expensive"scientific"instruments"such"as"telescopes,"which"are"often"supplemented"with"videoI"conferencing,"chat,"electronic"lab"notebooks,"or"other"communications"tools."(Ibid.(p.659)""Community"Data"Systems""…"an"information"resource"that"is"created,"maintained,"or"improved"by"a"geographicallyIdistributed"community."The"information"resources"are"semiIpublic"and"of"wide"interest…"(Ibid.(p.660)""Open"Community"Contribution"System""…"an"open"project"that"aggregates"efforts"of"many"geographically"separate"individuals"toward"a"common"research"problem."It"differs"from"a"Community"Data"System"in"that"contributions"come"in"the"form"of"work"rather"than"data."It"differs"from"a"Distributed"Research"Center"in"that"its"participant"base"is"more"open,"often"including"any"member"of"the"general"public"who"wants"to"contribute."(Ibid."p.660)""Virtual"Community"of"Practice"…"a"network"of"individuals"who"share"a"research"area"and"communicate"about"it"online."Virtual"Communities"of"Practice"are"different"from"Distributed"Research"Centers"in"that"they"are"not"focused"on"actually"undertaking"joint"projects."The"term"‘‘community"of"practice’’"is"taken"from"Wegner"and"Lave"(1998)."(Ibid.(p.662)"""Virtual"Learning"Community"…"[the]"main"goal"is"to"increase"the"knowledge"of"participants"but"not"necessarily"to"conduct"original"research."This"is"usually"formal"education,"i.e.,"provided"by"a"degreeIgranting"institution,"but"can"also"be"inIservice"training"or"professional"development."(Ibid.(p.663)""


( 9(

Distributed"Research"Center"This"collaboratory"functions"like"a"university"research"center"but"at"a"distance."It"is"an"attempt"to"aggregate"scientific"talent,"effort,"and"resources"beyond"the"level"of"individual"researchers."These"centers"are"unified"by"a"topic"area"of"interest"and"joint"projects"in"that"area."Most"of"the"communication"is"humanItoIhuman."(Ibid.(p.664)""Community"Infrastructure"Project"Community"Infrastructure"Projects"seek"to"develop"infrastructure"to"further"work"in"a"particular"domain."By"infrastructure"we"mean"common"resources"that"facilitate"science,"such"as"software"tools,"standardized"protocols,"new"types"of"scientific"instruments,"and"educational"methods."Community"Infrastructure"Projects"are"often"interdisciplinary,"bringing"together"domain"scientists"from"multiple"specialties,"private"sector"contractors,"funding"officers,"and"computer"scientists."(Ibid.(p.666)"

(

Living!Labs!!

A(living(lab(is(a(framework(in(which(people(using(digital(technology((users)(are(treated(as(

coNcreators(in(the(development(and(application(of(the(technology.(Living(labs(can(exist(

across(an(array(of(physical(spaces:(Any(place(that(people(inhabit(or(move(through,(such(

as(a(home,(office,(campus,(neighbourhood(or(even(an(entire(city(can(serve(as(a(living(lab.(

The(central(approach(of(a(living(lab(is(to(bring(digital(technology(into(the(contexts(users(

already(inhabit.(Often,(the(living(lab(setting(enables(users(to(manipulate(the(tech(in(situ,(

while(also(influencing(its(development(in(conversation(with(the(technologists(and(

designers(of(the(tech.(The(living(lab(may(even(facilitate(user(appropriation(of(the(

technology(N(to(incorporate(it(into(own(digital(tools(and(environment.(It(is(an(

experimental(paradigm(for(users(and(researchers,(essentially(uniting(them(as(designers(

and(technologists;(this(is(essentially(a(collaborative(research(and(experimentation(

approach.((

(

A(practical(predecessor(of(living(labs(has(been(noted(as(a(project(from(the(early(1990s(in(

which(Drexel(University(students(and(staff(worked(on(real(world(public(problems(in(


( 10(

Philadelphia(such(as;(traffic(flows,(people(moving,(trash(removal,(etc.((Bajgier,(et(al.(

1991;(Leminen,(Westerlund,(&(Nyström,(2012)(!

(

However,(The(core(conceptual(foundation(and(coining(of(the(term(“living(lab”(is(

attributed(to(Professor(William((Bill)(Mitchell.9(At(MIT,(Working(with(Sandy(Pentland(and(

Kent(Larson,(Mitchell(founded(this(first(permutation(of(a(living(lab(in(a(purposeNbuilt(

space(where(participants((students)(voluntarily(resided(on(a(temporary(basis.(

(Schuurman,(2015)(The(project(was(a(user(centred(research(approach(to(smart/future(

housing.(Everyday(activities(were(carried(out(in(this(living(space,(in(which(technology(

and(data(capture(tools(were(constantly(running.(The(data(was(used(to(examine(

performance(of(embedded(technologies,(which(were(tested(and(adapted(for(better(

integration(into(the(environment(of(a(home.((Svensson,(Eriksson,(&(Ebbesson,(2010(p.2)(

This(original(Living(Lab(was(about(fostering(a(platform(where(users(are(central(to(the(

method(of(research;(to(detect,(prototype(and(refine(solutions(to(complex,(evolving,(realN

life(situations.((

(

Pentland,(Larson(and(Mitchell(assembled(the(first(research(consortium(dedicated(to(

Living(Labs.(Since(the(founding(of(the(MIT(Lab(and(consortium((now(titled(“The(City(

Science(Initiative(at(the(MIT(Media(Lab”),(a(number(of(living(lab(definitions(and(

descriptors(have(been(developed.((Kusiak,(2007:(Commission(European,(2009,)(The(

Living(Labs(MIT(website(states:(

The"convergence"of"globalization,"changing"demographics,"and"urbanization"is"transforming"almost"every"aspect"of"our"lives."We"face"new"choices"about"where"and"how"we"work,"live,"travel,"communicate,"and"maintain"health."Ultimately,"our"societies"are"being"transformed."MIT"Living"Labs"brings"together"interdisciplinary"experts"to"develop,"

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((9(Bill(Mitchell(referred(to(as(“father(of(Living(Labs”(at(ENoLL(in(an(obituary(notice(here:(http://www.openlivinglabs.eu/news/billNmitchellNfatherNlivingNlabNconceptNpassedNawayNweekend((


( 11(

deploy,"and"test"I"in"actual"living"environments"I"new"technologies"and"strategies"for"design"that"respond"to"this"changing"world."Our"work"spans"in"scale"from"the"personal"to"the"urban,"and"addresses"challenges"related"to"health,"energy,"and"creativity."(MIT(Living(Labs([website](n.d.)"

(

On(the(basis(of(his(work(at(MIT(work,(Mitchell(served(as(an(expert(advisor(for(European(

user(driven(project(concerning(innovation(titled(“Intelligent(Cities(–(Intelcities”((ICI).(The(

Intelcities(project(ran(from(2002(to(2005,(and(was(the(direct(predecessor(of(the(

European(Network(of(Living(Labs((ENoLL),(founded(in(2006.(((Hirvikoski(et(al.,(2016)(

(

Early(European(permutations(of(living(labs(differed(from(the(purposeNbuilt(approach(at(

MIT.(The(actual(homes(of(users(became(the(lab(where(data(was(captured(and(new(

technologies(and(techniques(were(tested(and(refined.(This(European(shift(for(Living(Labs(

has(been(traced(back(to(three(tributaries(of(user(involvement(and(ICT(innovation:(

participatory(design((1960s(and(70s),(socially(based(IT(experiments((1980s),(and(the(

Digital(City(paradigm(of(the(1990s.((Ibid.(p.2)((

(

In(a(2016(document(published(by(ENoLL(tilted(“Introducing(ENoLL(and(its(Living(Lab(

Community”(Hirvikoski,(Schuurman,(&(Stokes(argue(that(the(European(permutation(of(

the(Living(Lab(is((

"“…"a"set"of"methods"and"a"milieu"for"leveraging"userI"technology"reactions"and"interactions"in"the"innovation"process…”"(Hirvikoski,(Schuurman,(&(Stokes,(2016(p.17)""

(

The(writing(lists(five(core(attributes(in(Living(Labs(found(in(both(the(predecessors(of(

living(labs(and(the(European(home(labs.(These(are;(active(user(involvement,(realNlife(

settings,(multiNstakeholder(participation,(multiNmethod(approaches,(and(coNcreation.(

(Ibid.)(


( 12(

(

In(a(2008(literature(review(of(Living(Labs(for(ICT,(Følstad(divides(emergent(types(of(Living(

Labs(in(two(basic(categories;(Contextualized(coNcreation(and(Testbed(association.(

(Følstad,(2008)(In(both(categories(Følstad(notes(an(emphasis(of(approaches(involving(

users(as(a(key(part(of(the(innovation(process.(User(innovation(remains(a(key(aspect(of(

approach,(even(where(Følstad(identifies(divergences(between(different(types(and(sizes(

of(living(labs.((Følstad,(2008(p.118)((

(

BergvallNKareborn(et.(al.(describe(a(living(lab(as(similar(in(nature(to(other(open(

innovation(approaches(such(as(crowdsourcing(and(the(involvement(of(lead(users.(The(

living(lab(is(intended(“…(to(open(company(boundaries(toward(their(environment(and(

harvest(creative(ideas(and(work(capabilities(existing(among(different(stakeholder(groups,(

such(as(customers,(competitors,(providers,(and(the(public(in(general.”((BergvallN

Kareborn(et.(al.(2009(p.1)((Further(on,(a(Living(Lab(is(described(as((

"“…"a"gathering"of"public–private"partnerships"in"which"businesses,"researchers,"authorities,"and"citizens"work"together"for"the"creation,"validation,"and"test"of"new"services,"business"ideas,"markets,"and"technologies"in"realIlife"contexts."The"purpose"of"a"Living"Lab"is"to"create"a"shared"arena"in"which"digital"services,"processes,"and"new"ways"of"working"can"be"developed"and"tested"with"user"representatives"and"researchers."Hence,"a"Living"Lab"is"an"environment"in"which"people"and"technology"are"gathered"and"in"which"the"everyday"context"and"user"needs"stimulate"and"challenge"both"research"and"development,"since"authorities"and"citizens"take"active"part"in"the"innovation"process.”"(BergvallNKareborn(et.(al.(2009(p.1)"

(

However,(The(European(Commission(and(The(European(Network(of(Living(Labs(have(put(

forth(a(definition(Living(Labs(which(closely(aligns(with,(but(nevertheless(differs(from(

BergvallNKareborn(et.(al.((

(


( 13(

The(European(Commission((EC)(defines(Living(Labs(as(PublicNPrivateNPeople(Partnerships(

(PPPP).((European(Commission(online)(Developing(on(the(EC’s(approach,(the(European(

Network(of(Living(Labs((ENoLL)(define(a(Living(Lab(as(“…(a(realNlife(test(and(

experimentation(environment(where(users(and(producers(coNcreate(innovations.”(

(EnoLL(online)(Here,(four(primary(activities(of(a(Living(Lab(are(put(forth;(CoNCreation(

(users(and(producers(coNdesigning),(Exploration((identifying(emerging(usages,(

behaviours(and(market(opportunities),(Experimentation((live(testing(by(and(in(

communities(of(users),(and(Evaluation((concept(assessment,(considering(products(and(

services(against(socioNergonomic,(socioNcognitive(and(socioNeconomic(criteria).((ENoLL(

online)((

(

The(EC/ENoLL(approach(constitutes(a(subtle(shift.(There(is(an(apparent(commercial(

assumption(underpinning(the(BergvallNKareborn(et.(al.(definition,(which(deploys(terms(

such(as(“company(boundaries,(“(“customer,”(and(“competitors.”((BergvallNKareborn(et.(

al.(2009(p.1)(

(

The(EC/ENoLL(definition(has(a(very(different(emphasis(as(indicated(by(the(use(of(the(

descriptor(“PublicNPrivateNPeople(Partnerships,”(and(the(later(deployment(of(the(terms(

“users”((perhaps(replacing(“customer”),(“producers”((replacing(“companies”)(and(“coN

create”((rather(than(“harvesting(creative(ideas”).(((EC(online,(ENoLL(online(and(BergvallN

Kareborn(et.(al.(2009(p.1)(These(two(positions(constitute(distinct(conceptions(of(a(Living(

Lab.((

(

Leminen(et.(al.((2012)(present(a(typology(of(Living(Labs(with(four(categories(based(in(a(

network(perspective.(The(categories(were(defined(around(the(notion(that(a(particular(


( 14(

actor(drives(the(activities(of(the(Living(Lab.(The(categories(are(as(follows:(UtilizerNdriven,(

EnablerNdriven,(ProviderNdriven,(UserNdriven.((

UtilizerIdriven"Living"Labs"Utilizers"are"companies"that"launch"and"promote"living"labs"to"develop"their"businesses."The"focus"in"utilizer"driven"living"labs"is"on"developing"and"testing"firm"products"and"services."Consequently,""living"labbing""creates"value"predominantly"for"utilizers,"because"the"whole"network’s"operation"is"based"on"reaching"objectives"and"resulting"in"concrete"outcomes"that"will"facilitate"the"utilizers’"operations."Utilizers"use"living"labs"as"a"strategic"tool"to"collect"data"on"users"or"user"communities"of"their"products"or"services."User"information"on"use"experiences,"trends,"or"even"competitors"is"collected"to"support"the"firms’"business"development"in"both"the"short"term"and"the"long"term."(Leminen(et.(al.(2012(p.8N9)((

(The(above(category(would(likely(hold(a(living(lab(fitting(closely(under(the(BergvallN

Kareborn(et.(al.(definition((above).((

EnablerIdriven"Living"Labs""Enablers"include"various"publicIsector"actors,"nonIgovernmental"organizations,"and"financiers,"such"as"towns,"municipalities,"or"areaIdevelopment"organizations."Living"labs"initialized"by"enablers"are"typically"publicIsector"projects"that"pursue"societal"improvements."Development"work"builds"on"regional"or"societal"needs."For"example,"enablerIdriven"living"labs"aim"at"developing"a"specific"region"or"city"area"in"terms"of"reducing"local"unemployment"or"by"solving"diverse"social"and"structural"problems."The"enabler"has"the"largest"interest"in"these"kinds"of"living"labs,"and"the"activities"strive"at"results"that"are"far"reaching,"such"as"the"development"of"rural"areas."Activating"collaboration"among"the"key"actors"may"be"a"key"outcome"by"itself,"because"regional"development"necessitates"multiIparty"cooperation"for"an"extended"period"of"time."(Leminen(et.(al.(2012(p.9)""ProviderIdriven"Living"Labs"ProviderIdriven"living"labs"are"launched"as"a"result"of"actions"by"various"developer"organizations"such"as"educational"institutes,"universities,"or"consultants."The"openIinnovation"network"in"provider"driven"living"labs"organizes"itself"around"those"providers."They"aim"at"promoting"research"and"theory"development,"augmenting"knowledge"creation,"and"finding"solutions"to"specific"problems."(Leminen(et.(al.(2012(p.9)""UserIdriven"Living"Labs"UserIdriven"living"labs"are"established"by"user"communities"and"focus"on"solving"users’"everydayIlife"problems."The"aim"is"to"solve"specific"problems"in"a"way"that"is"consistent"with"the"values"and"requirements"of"users"and"user"communities."UserIdriven"living"labs"build"upon"a"


( 15(

significant"problem"or"a"specific"community"of"interest,"such"as"a"local"housing"community"or"a"hobby"group,"and"they"stress"their"development"needs."Value"is"(coI)created"mainly"for"the"user"community,"but"the"companies"and"society"in"general"also"benefit"indirectly."UserIdriven"living"labs"are"longlived,"because"they"are"built"around"the"user"community"(Leminen(et.(al.(2012(p.9N10)"

(

Innovation!Orientations!

The(economist(Joseph(Schumpeter(is(recognised(as(perhaps(the(earliest(theorist(and(

researcher(to(be(concerned(with(innovation.((Martin,(2008:(Fagerberg(&(Verspagen,(

2009:(Godin,(2010:(Anderson,(2012,(etc.)(Fagerberg(and(Verspagen(discuss(

Schumpeter’s(work(“The(Theory(of(Economic(Development”(as(primarily(concerned(with(

innovation(as(central(to(economic(forces.((Schumpeter,(1961)(In(short,(Schumpeter(

treated(innovation(as(the(main(driver(in(the(cycle(of(economic(expansion.((

!

Social!Innovation!

Schumpeter’s(writings(on(innovation(carried(implications(concerning(innovation(in(the(

social,(as(well(as(the(technical(sphere.((Hillier,(Moulaert,(&(Nussbaumer,(2004;(Mcneill,(

2012;(Sanders,(2008;(etc.)(This(thread(of(Schumpeter’s(thinking(can(be(traced(into(areas(

of(study(including;(diffusion(of(inventions(through(societies,(strategic(approaches(to(

foster(innovation,(and/or(the(study(of(multiNagent(systems((artificial(intelligence(work,(

with(applications(in(areas(such(as(logistics,(transportation,(graphics,(defence,(etc.).(

(Hillier(et(al.,(2004(p.11)(Freeman(observed(the(interplay(of(social(and(policy(spheres(

with(technical(innovation.((Fagerberg,(Fosaas,(Bell,(&(Martin,(2011;(Freeman(&(Soete,(

1997;(etc.)((

(

The(focus(on(social(innovation(is(increasingly(intense,(and(is(reflected(in(the(following;(

institutions((e.g.(Said(School(Oxford,(Kennedy(School(Harvard,(etc.),(periodicals((e.g.(


( 16(

Stanford"Social"Innovation"Review),(and(an(increasingly(large(body(of(academic(literature(

(Groot(&(Dankbaar,(2014;(B.(Sanders,(2008,(etc.).((

(

A(working(paper(on(social(innovation(from(Oxford’s(Said(School(of(Business(points(out(

that(“radical(innovation”(underpins(many(of(the(social(policies(and(means(of(service(

delivery(we(see(in(our(era.((Mulgan,(Tucker,(Ali,(&(Sanders,(2007(p.10)(Historical(

examples(of(social(innovation(given(include;(national(heath(services,(the(advent(of(trade(

unions(and(cooperatives((collective(insurance(to(address(illness(and(poverty,(and(the(

introduction(and(adoption(of(kindergarten.(Mulgan(et(al.(offer(examples(of(social(

innovation(from(various(spheres;(civic((microNcredit,(building(societies,(reading(clubs,(

etc.),(social(movements((ex.(antiNslavery(movement(and(methods(associated(with(it,(

NGOs,(etc.),(governments/states((systems(of(schools,(welfare(states,(credit(banks(for(

farmers),(in(media((community(television(and(radio),(religion.((And,(they(discuss(the(

intertwined(nature(of(technical(and(social(innovation:((

Improvements"in"healthcare"depended"on"innovations"in"medicine"(including"antibiotics)"and"surgery"(from"sterilisation"to"keyhole"surgery)"but"also"on"a"host"of"other"innovations"including:"public"health"systems"to"provide"clean"water"and"sewers;"changing"home"habits"to"promote"cleanliness"in"kitchens"and"new"methods"of"measurement."(Ibid.(p.12)"

(

We(should(also(be(conscious(of(the(notion(that(social(innovation(may(come(from(normal,(

profit(oriented(business(entrepreneurship(and(that(fresh(ideas,(products(or(services(may(

be(used(as,(or(foster(social(innovation(without(having(been(intended(for(this(purpose.(

(Groot(&(Dankbaar,(2014)(

(


( 17(

The(Stanford(Journal"of"Social"Innovation(offers(the(following(definition(of(social(

innovation(that(has(been(adopted(for(the(sample(framework(presented(later(in(the(

discussion:((

A"novel"solution"to"a"social"problem"that"is"more"effective,"efficient,"sustainable,"or"just"than"existing"solutions"and"for"which"the"value"created"accrues"primarily"to"society"as"a"whole"rather"than"private"individuals."(Phills,(Deiglmeier,(&(Miller,(2008)""

Research(in(Social(Innovation(has(been(performed(with(Living(Labs(serving(as(case(

studies.((EdwardsNSchachter,(Matti,(&(Alcántara,(2012)(and(it(can(be(argued,(particularly(

in(the(case(of(Living(Labs(under(the(ENoLL(banner,(there(is(a(social(innovation(thrust(to(

all(Living(Labs.(In(addition,(Social(Innovation(clearly(underpins(the(work(of(many(

collaboratories,(including(two(dealt(with(as(samples(for(this(paper((CSEP(&(NCIP(Hub).((

(

Before(moving(on(to(technical(innovation,(some(thought(should(be(given(questions(

around(social(innovation(itself(and(the(kinds(of(distributed(collaborative(research,(

experimentation(and(innovations(that(may(lend(themselves(to(it.((

(

It(is(clear(from(the(above(that(social(innovation(generally(relates(to(collective,(

organisational(approaches(to(societal(problems(and(or(concerns.(In(this,(we(can(keep(a(

clear(delineation(in(mind(between(social(organisational(structures(and(approaches,(and(

technical(innovations(intended(to(produce(positive(social(outcomes.(However,(with(this(

delineation(in(mind,(we(should(also(give(consideration(to(the(fact(that(all"of"the"case"

studies"presented"in"this"paper"are,"in"fact,"organisational"approaches"to"achieve"

particular"outcomes."Many"(if"not"all)"of"these"organisations"are"pursuing"outcomes"that"

are"explicitly"or"implicitly"intended"to"manifest"themselves"in"addressing"issues"in"the"

social"sphere."In(this,(we(can(view(the(organisations(reviewed(for(this(study(as(residing(


( 18(

on(a(gradient(between(social(and(technical(innovation;(some(more(overtly(oriented(

toward(contending(with(social(issues(than(other.(Therefore,(each(organisation(will(reside(

someone(on(a(gradient(between(social(and(technical(innovation.((

(

Technical!Innovation!

(Fagerberg(and(Verspagen(show(that(despite(Schumpeter’s(longNterm(concern(with(the(

topic(of(innovation(in(the(early(twentieth(century,(scholarship(in(this(area(began(to(

develop(later;(from(about(1960.((Fagerberg(&(Verspagen,(2009)(From(that(time,(interest(

developed(gradually,(becoming(intense(during(the(1990s.((Ibid.(p.219)(The(chart(below(

depicts(the(pattern(described(by(Fagerberg(and(Verspagen.(It(was(assembled(by(

calculating(the(percentage(of(social(science(articles(with(the(term(“innovation”(in(the(

title(between(1956(and(2006(in(the(Social(Science(Index(at(the(ISI(Web(of(Science.(

(Fagerberg,(Verspagen(2009.(p.220)(

(Fagerberg(and(Verspagen(describe(the(developing(focus(on(innovation(in(the(late(1950s(

and(early(1960s(as(related(to(cold(war(tensions.(In(the(United(States,(there(was(a(shared(

view(that(innovation(in(technology(served(as(a(fulcrum(for(military(power/supremacy.(


( 19(

Hence,(there(was(support(for(research(focused(on(R&D(and(innovation(by(the(US(

defence(industry(and(its(accompanying(interests.(As(an(example,(Fagerberg(and(

Verspagen(cite(the(founding(of(the(RAND(Corporation(by(the(US(Air(Force.((Ibid,(p.220)((

Numerous(researchers(dealing(with(innovation(and(R&D(from(an(economics(perspective(

were(affiliated(with(this(organisation.(There(were(other(areas(of(concern(in(the(study(of(

innovation(in(the(US(during(the(1960s,(such(as;(seeking(to(understand(drivers(behind(the(

spread(of(innovation,(resource(allocation(toward(the(creation(of(new(knowledge,(what(

role(science(plays(in(industrial(research(and(development,(the(origins(of(invention,(etc.(

(Ibid,(p.220)(

(

The(focus(on(innovation(in(the(States(was(later(echoed(in(Europe.(In(1965,(Sussex(

University(in(the(UK(formed(the(Science(Policy(Research(Unit((SPRU),(with(a(crossN

disciplinary(research(staff(drawn(from(engineering,(psychology,(sociology(and(economics.(

Along(with(the(offering(of(research(degrees(and(posts((Masters,(PhD(level(and(

postdoctoral),(external(researchers(took(part(and(institutional(exchanges(were(fostered.(

The(SPRU(unit(served(as(a(model(for(other(research(projects(across(Europe,(which(began(

thriving(in(the(middle(1980s.((Ibid,(p.220)((

(

From(the(beginning(of(the(focus(on(innovation(in(the(early(1960s,(users(are(recognised(

as(initiating(innovation((particularly(in(the(US).(We(can(trace(threads(of(research(

concerning(users(and(innovation(from(the(early(1960s(through(to(the(literature(dealing(

with(Living(Labs(and(further(to(the(conceptual(underpinnings(for(the(consultation(of(

users(for(the(purpose(of(innovating.(For(instance:(In(a(1962(article(concerning(the(origin(

of(inventions(resulting(from(innovations(in(products(and(processes,(Willard(F.(Mueller(

showed(that(between(1920(and(1950(at(the(chemical(firm(Dupont,(14(out(of(25(


( 20(

significant(product(and(process(innovations(originated(beyond(the(bounds(of(the(firm.(

(Mueller,(1962,(p.342)(In(1974,(the(Mueller(paper(was(cited(and(built(upon(by(Utterbank(

in(an(article(titled(“Innovation(in(Industry(and(the(Diffusion(of(Technology,(Science,”(

where(the(author(tells(us(that(his(research(showed(that(“…(most(of(the(ideas(

successfully(developed(and(implemented(by(any(firm(came(from(outside(the(firm.”(

(Utterback,(1974(p.623)(Later,(Utterbank(extends(“…(while(highly(developed,(internal(

technical(channels(are(vital(to(success(in(problem(solving,(information(flow(from(the(

environment(is(also(critical(to(technical(solutions.”((Ibid(p.623).(In(1976,(Utterbank’s(

work(was(recognised(and(picked(up(by(Professor(Eric(von(Hippel.((

(

Eric(von(Hippel(is(a(Professor(of(Technological(Innovation(at(the(MIT(Sloan(School(of(

Management(and(Engineering(Systems(Division.(His(work(currently(deals(with(the(

economics(of(Distributed(Innovation(and(what(has(come(to(be(discussed(as(User(and(

Open(Innovation.(Early(in(his(tenure(as(associate(professor(at(MIT,(von(Hippel(began(to(

extend(the(work(of(Utterbank(and(Mueller(concerning(the(user’s(role(in(innovation.(In(

1976,(von(Hippel(produces(a(paper(stating(the(following(the(key(finding:((

…"approximately"80%"of"the"innovations"judged"by"users"to"offer"them"a"significant"increment"in"functional"utility"were"in"fact"invented,"prototyped"and"first"fieldItested"by"users"of"the"instrument"rather"than"by"an"instrument"manufacturer."(Hippel,"1976"p.212)"(

This(1976(paper(is(von(Hippel’s(first(on(the(topic(of(user(influence(and(involvement(with(

innovation.(He(continues(to(generate(work(relevant(to(this(subject(through(to(the(time(

of(the(writing(of(this(paper((2016)(including;(over(twenty(academic(papers((all(available(

at(von(Hippel’s(website,(link(provided(in(footnote),(a(book,(numerous(articles(and(a(

number(of(lectures(available(for(public(viewing(on(Youtube(and(Vimeo.(In(some(respects,(

von(Hippel(is(the(key(researcher(preparing(the(way,(and(continuing(to(shape(the(Open(


( 21(

Innovation(and(User(innovation(philosophy(and(approach,(which(are(major(underpinning(

aspects(of(the(theory(and(practices(of(living(labs.((Kouroupetroglou,(2014a(p.289:(

Chesbrough(2003:(Howlett,(2011(p.258:(etc.)10(

(

In(2003,(Henry(Chesbrough(coined(the(term(“Open(Innovation”(citing(the(work(of(von(

Hippel.((Chesbrough’s(book,(titled(Open"Innovation:"The"New"Imperative"for"Creating"

and"Profiting"from"Technology(offers(the(definition:((

…"a"paradigm"that"assumes"that"firms"can"and"should"use"external"ideas"as"well"as"internal"ideas,"and"internal"and"external"paths"to"market,"as"the"firms"look"to"advance"their"technology."(Chesbrough,"2003"p.5)"""

Further(on,(Chesbrough(tells(us(“Consulting(with(customers(who(are(lead(users(can(

provide(firms(ideas(about(discovering,(developing(and(refining(innovations.”11(

(Chesbrough,(2003(p.7)(

(

A(large(majority(of(current(literature(dealing(with(Living(Labs(is(strongly(oriented(toward(

User(and(Open(Innovation(with(numerous(citations(of(von(Hippel(and(Chesbrough.(

(Marsh(et(al.,(2013(p.295:(Kouroupetroglou,(2014a(p.289:(Howlett,(2011(p.258:(

Schuurman,(Mechant,(&(De(Marez,(2014,(p.2(etc.)(This(literature(treats(User(and(Open(

Innovation(as(the(primary(underpinning(principle(of(the(living(lab(approach.((

(

A(paper(was(written(by(��Schuurman,(Marez(&(Ballon(for(OpenLivingLab(Days(on(August(

25th(2015,(hosted(by(ENoLL(in(Istanbul,(Turkey.((Schuurman(et(al.,(2015)(Here(again,(

Living(Labs(are(portrayed(as(firmly(rooted(in(User(and(Open(Innovation.(For(the(

purposes(of(their(work,(Schuurman(et(al.(delineate(between(Open(Innovation(and(User(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((10(https://evhippel.mit.edu(Viewed(19:46,(April(2,(2016.((11(Here,(Chesbrough(cites(von(Hippel(1988.((


( 22(

Innovation:(Open(Innovation(relates(to(a(firm(or(organisation;(the(central(idea(is(that(

companies(gain(benefit(by(opening(innovation(processes(via(exchanges(of(knowledge(

and(techniques.12(Schuurman(et(al.(define(User(Innovation(as(a(perspective(that(focuses(

on(users(themselves;(the(central(idea(is(that(users(begin(the(innovation(process(

themselves(and/or(later(make(constructive(contributions(to(innovation(processes.((Ibid.)(

Again,(it(is(worth(pointing(out(that(von(Hippel’s(research(and(observations(strongly(

correlate(with,(and(appear(to(undergird(these(positions.(Schuurman(et(al.(take(the(

position(that(Living(Labs(share(characteristics(in(their(approach(to(innovation;(each(

involving(multiNmethod,(realNlife(experimentation,(active(user(involvement((coNcreation),(

multiNstakeholder((publicNprivateNpeople(partnership(organization).(This(is(directly(in(line(

with(the(European(Network(of(Living(Labs(conception,(which(is(currently(the(dominant(

body(and(gravitational(centre(of(living(lab(practice(worldwide.((

(

Other(concepts(discussed(in(relation(to(the(living(lab(approach(are(numerous(and(

include;(coNcreation((Prahalad(&(Ramaswamy,(2004:(Scharmer,(2010),(coNdesign(

(Szebeko(&(Tan,(2010),(community(informatics((Gurstein,(2007)(and/or(participatory(

design((Sanders(&(Stappers,(2008).13(Each(concept(emerges(from(its(own(history(and(sets(

of(precedents.(Each(has(its(own(proponents(and(adherents.(There(has(been(some(

debate(over(these(concepts(dealing(with;(which(amongst(them(is(the(preferable(

approach,(if(how(and(when(they(should(be(deployed(or(used(as(a(descriptor,(and/or(

what(methods(approaches(and(practices(are(attached(to(a(particular(historical(

precedent.(However,(some(consensus(seems(to(be(emerging,(and(all(of(the(above(can(be(

understood(to(overlap(with,(but(are(probably(better(discussed(as(subsumed(by(the(basic(

premises(of(User(and(Open(innovation.((

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((12(Here(Schuurman(et,(al.(cite(Lichtenthaler(&(Lichtenthaler,(2009(and(van(de(Vrande(et(al.,(2009(13(Often(discussed(as(a(synonymous(and/or(preceding(term(for(coNdesign(


( 23(

(

This(dissertation(will(provide(a(model(that(subsumes(these(debates(with(a(more(abstract(

view(of(the(living(lab(as(a(means(to(pursue(innovation(via(the(scientific(method(

(collaborative(research(and(experimentation)(–(and(this(conception(is(a(critical(factor(in(

dissolving(categorical(distinctions(between(collaboratories(and(living(labs.((

(

A(Slight(Return14((

There(is(a(final(note(in(this(section,(which(swings(us(back(to(collaboratories(prior(to(

ending(this(literature(review:(It(seems(important(to(turn(our(attention(back(to(the(work(

of(a(major(proponent(of(Open(Innovation;(Henry(Chesbrough.(Chesbrough’s(recent(

paper(From"Open"Science"to"Open"Innovation(is(essentially(a(call(to(begin(to(integrate(

more(of(the(operating(principles(of(Open(Innovation(into(the(increasingly(occurring(

phenomena(of(Open(Science.((P.(H.(Chesbrough(&(Chesbrough,(2015)(Other(writers(are(

advocating(strongly(for(more(Open(Science(initiatives(and(approaches(in(various,(if(not(

all(fields(of(science.((Boulton(et(al.,(2012)(

(

As(we(proceed(through(the(case(studies(in(Chapter(Five,(we(will(see(that(three(of(the(

organisations(surveyed(are(engaged(in(Open(Science((NCIPNHub(Collaboratory,(City(

Observatory(Living(Lab(and(LIGO).(It(also(seems(fair(to(argue(that(living(labs(are(already(

engaged(in(Open(Science.(It(would(seem(that(things(are(in(motion(culturally,(which(will(

make(clear(the(unity(of(the(approaches(discussed(here.((

(

(

(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((14(Yes.(I(did.((Hendrix,(J.(1968)((


( 24(

Research(Methodology(

This(study(relies(on(a(qualitative(research(method,(using(case(studies(through(semiN

structured(interviews((verbal(via(Skype(and/or(phone)(and(written(questions(exchanged(

with(members(of(living(labs(and(collaboratories.(In(addition,(the(author(took(part(in(

observations(of(the(development(phases(of(both(a(Living(Lab(and(Collaboratory(at(the(

University(of(Bristol(Engineering(Department(for(a(project(titled(“Distributed(

Manufacturing(and(the(Resilient,(Sustainable(City”((RDM/RSC).((

(

Philosophical(Considerations((

The(nature(of(qualitative(research(technique(is(constructivist(and/or(interpretivist.(The(

perspective(is(taken(that(the(reality(people(experience(is(a(cultural(construction(and(

therefore(fluid:(that(which(is(known(is(constructed(by(social(settings,(relationships(with(

other(people(and(negotiated.((Miles(&(Huberman,(1994;(Saunders,(Lewis,(&(Thornhill,(

2009)(Hence,(the(ontological(perspective(taken(in(qualitative(research(is(subjectivist,(

giving(rise(to(the(understanding(that(the(phenomena(in(the(social(realm((“…(are(created(

through(the(perception(of(social(actors.”15((Saunders,(2009(p.123)(In(terms(of(

epistemology,(this(has(implications(for(understandings(of(what(and(how(things(are(

known.(The(interpretivist/constructivist(epistemological(perspective(could(be(described(

as(follows:(A(person((researcher)(is(not(separate(from(their(knowledge(–(there(is(a(

linkage(between(the(research(and(the(researcher.((Ibid.)(These(interlaced(

understandings(of(how(the(world(operates(are(potentially(problematic(for(qualitative(

research.(As(a(useful(starting(point,(this(needs(to(be(acknowledged(N(and(this(

acknowledgement(may(begin(to(create(a(level(of(safeguard.((Creswell,(2003;(Saunders,(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((15(Risking(overN(simplification,(subjectivism(is(oppositional(to(the(objectivist(notion(that(there(is(an(objective,(fixed(reality(that(can(be(apprehended(–(which(resides(“out(there”(beyond(the(bounds(of(human(subjectivity.(It(is(not(clear(either(account(stands(alone(on(its(own(merit,(but(that(is(another(paper.((


( 25(

2009).(However,(careful(thought(needs(to(be(applied(to(the(design(of(qualitative(

research(methods(in(order(to(control(for(bias(–(and(to(gain(a(more(objective(perspective(

in(the(research(process,(analysis(phase(and(conclusions.((

"Precautions((

InNdepth(and(semiNstructured(interviews(are(sometimes(viewed(as(unreliable.(Often,(this(

critique(focuses(on(the(notion(that(two(researchers(interviewing(identical(sets(of(

participants(may(reach(different(conclusions.(In(Saunders(et(al,(three(types(of(bias(are(

discussed(as(possible(during(an(interview.(In(a(case(of(“interviewer’s(bias”(the(

researcher’s(vocal(timbre((tone(of(voice)(and/or(body(language(may(influence(an(

interviewees(response,(if(there(is(a(perception(that(the(researchers(own(beliefs(lie(in(

one(direction(or(another.(“Interviewee(bias”(may(occur(when(a(researcher(is(perceived(

to(lack(credibility(or(is(unable(to(establish(trust,(leading(the(interviewee(to(withhold(

information(pertinent(to(the(study(or(possibly(provide(inaccurate(information.(

Interviewee(bias(may(also(present(itself(if(the(interview(is(perceived(as(invasive,(and(the(

interviewee(may(seek(to(limit(the(information(they(share(or(refuse(to(provide(

information.(In(a(case(of(“participation(bias,”(due(to(frustration(over(the(amount(of(time(

involved(in(an(exhaustive(interview,(an(interviewee(may(avoid(answering(the(full(range(

of(questions(deliberately.(((

(

Steps(were(taken(to(avoid(the(biases(described((above)(through(the(adoption(of(

approaches(advocated(by(Saunders,(et(al.(((2012):(The(interviews(were(kept(crisp(and(

relatively(short((under(40(minutes).(In(addition,(the(interviewer(prepared(in(advance,(

obtaining(significant(prior(knowledge(concerning(the(organisation(for(the(interview.(This(

was(achieved(through(extensive(consultation(with(literature(relating(to(the(type(of(


( 26(

organisation(involved((collaboratories(and(living(labs)(as(well(as(the(particulars(

concerning(the(specific(organisations(respondents(were(asked(to(discuss((websites,(

articles,(etc.).(Interviewees(were(prefaced(on(the(topic(of(discussion(with(draft(questions(

and(the(rationale(behind(the(interview(in(advance.(The(tone(of(voice(used(by(the(

interviewer(was(friendly(and(straightforward,(and(body(language(was(not(an(issue(due(

to(the(use(of(Skype(or(phone.(This(preparation(was(useful(in(demonstrating(credibility(to(

the(interviewees,(and(appeared(to(foster(the(provision(of(very(precise(and(specific(

information(on(the(subjects(broached.(In(addition,(other(areas(of(discussion(were(

opened((history(of(organisations,(precedents,(suggestions(for(areas(of(research(to(

consider,(etc.)(which(proved(useful(to(the(dissertation.((

"The(Case(Study(Approach((

The(case(study(method(is(an(approach(allowing(the(researcher(to(develop(an(

understanding(of(a(subject(and(how(it(works((operates)((Foster,(2000).(This(is(achieved(

by(systematically(gathering(information(about(a(particular(person,(event,(group(or(

organisation((Berg(&(Lune,(2014).(Case(studies(are(understood(as(useful(in(analysing(

both(simple(and(complex(objects(of(study.(A(case(study(should(involve(the(compiling(of(

information(from(multiple(sources(and(methods((Ibid).(This(approach(can(facilitate(the(

capture(of(nuance(and(patterns(that(might(be(missed,(and(some(knowledge(can(be(

gained(when(considering(these(things(in(relation(to(one(another((Ibid).(

(

Given(the(above,(a(case(study(approach(fits(this(dissertation,(which(seeks(to(grasp(the(

workings(of(collaboratories(and(living(labs(and(the(relationships(between(them.(The(

objects(of(study(are(numerous(and(growing(in(number,(and(dispersed(across(the(globe.(


( 27(

In(this,(looking(at(particular(cases(allows(for(some(generalisation(and(understanding(of(

the(nature(of(work(carried(out(in(these(contexts.(

(

Sample(organisations((living(labs(and(collaboratories)(were(chosen(on(the(basis(of(their(

spread(in(subject(and/or(geography.(Another(consideration(was(their(length(of(

functioning:(A(range(of(organisations(were(consulted,(from(relatively(new,(to(those(

operating(for(longer(periods(of(time.(This(approach(was(adopted(to(obtain(surveys(from(

organisations(in(different(parts(of(their(life(cycle,(situated(in(different(parts(of(the(world(

and(to(collect(data(from(organisations(working(in(a(wide(range(of(disciplines.((

(

The(organisations(and/or(nodes(of(the(organisations(from(which(interviews(and/or(

written(responses(were(gathered(are:(Smart(Villages(Living(Lab((Bhubaneswar,(Odisha,(

India),(The(Manchester(Digital(Innovation(Lab(at(Manchester(Metropolitan(University,(

The(Collaboratory(for(the(Study(of(Earthquake(Predictability((node(at(University(of(

Bristol,(UK),(Manchester(Digital(Development(Agency(Living(Lab((MDDA),(The(National(

Cancer(Informatics(Program(Hub((NCIPNHub(node(at(Maryland,(USA),(The(City(

Observatory(Living(Lab(at(Strathclyde(University(in(Glasgow,(Coventry(University(Living(

Lab((as(a(part(of(Enterprise(&(Innovation),(a(former(Director(of(a(Living(Lab(and(council(

member(of(ENoLL,(and(2(contributing(node(organisations(involved(in(the(Laser(

Interferometer(GravitationalNwave(Observatory((LIGO);(MaxNPlanckNInstitut(fuer(

Gravitationsphysik((AlbertNEinsteinNInstitut),(and(The(California(Institute(of(Technology(

(Caltech).(One(respondent(has(retired,(but(remained(involved(in(the(Living(Lab(milieu(in(

various(ways(in(the(UK(and(across(Europe.(((


( 28(

Over(40(organisations(in(total(were(contacted,(and(14(survey(respondents(were(able(to(

contribute.((The(sample(size(is(ample(for(the(purposes(of(this(dissertation((Baker(&(

Edwards,(2012).(

"The(Interviews(

Interviews(were(semiNstructured(in(order(to(afford(flexibility.(This(allowed(for(shifts(in(

topic,(where(the(researcher(could(follow(the(train(of(thought(of(interviewees.(Such(

malleability(leaves(room(for(unanticipated(information(and(fresh(insights(can(be(

captured(during(interview((Foster,(2000).((Cachia(and(Millward(tell(describe(this(

approach(as:((

A"fixed"set"of"sequential"questions"is"used"as"an"interview"guide"but"additional"questions"can"be"introduced"to"facilitate"further"exploration"of"issues"brought"up"by"the"interviewee,"thus"almost"taking"the"form"of"a"managed"conversation."(Cachia"&"Millward,"2011"p.268)""

Saunders(tells(us(that,(in(circumstances(where(the(research(area(is(fresh(and/or(there(is(

uncertainty,(an(exploratory(approach(is(seen(as(suitable.(Interviewees(who(are(experts(

in(their(field(may(produce(fresh(perspectives(and/or(insights((Saunders,(2009).(

Exploratory(study(is(suitable(if(there(is(uncertainty(about(the(issue.(Subject(expert(

interviewees(are(a(viable(way(to(develop(insight(on(particular(topics((Cachia(&(Millward,(

2011).(

(

Classifications(of(interviews(approaches(were(put(forward(by(Saunders(et(al.(in(2012.(

The(formality(and(level(of(structure(of(the(interviews(conducted(for(this(dissertation(

were(nonNstandardised,(and(conducted(on(a(one(to(one(basis.((

(

In(the(interviews,(key(subjects(were(established(and(covered,(but(the(interviewer(was(

able(to(omit(or(add(questions(on(the(basis(of(pertinence(to(the(organisation(and(to(


( 29(

investigate(areas(of(interest(emerging(from(the(answers(given(by(the(interviewee.(The(

main(thrust(of(the(interviews(was(to(gain(an(understanding(of(the(situation(s).((

(

This(approach(was(highlighted(as(suitable(for(gathering(information(about(the(context(

from(the(interview(process.(Saunders(et(al.(describe(this(as(exploratory,(based(on(an(

inductive(approach(with(qualitative(research((2012).(

(

In(the(semiNstructured(interview(approach,(the(researcher(is(understood(as(attempting(

to(grasp(the(logic(underpinning(decisions(and/or(the(rationale(for(opinions(given.((The(

SemiNstructured(interviews(were(conducted(with(people(working(at(living(labs(and(

collaboratories.(Interviews(were(held(on(the(phone(or(Skype(and(recorded(for(

transcription.(The(transcriptions(were(sent(to(the(respondents,(all(signed(off(on(the(

material(contained(within.(Written(questions(were(solicited(and(answered(via(email.(All(

of(the(information(was(analysed(for(the(purposes(of(this(study.(Some(responses(have(

been(anonymised(to(protect(the(identities(of(the(interviewees(and(the(organisations(

discussed.(Respondents(were(drawn(from(core(teams(at(each(organisation.(In(most(

cases,(the(respondents(were(directors(or(deputies,(though(some(further(down(in(the(

organisational(structure(were(also(consulted.(Transcripts(of(interviews(and(copies(of(the(

emails(exchanged(are(contained(in(the(appendix(of(this(paper.(Some(materials(proved(

more(useful(than(others.(Hence(several(are(cited(or(discussed(less(often(than(others.((

(

One(of(the(prime(limitations(encountered(in(the(research(was(dependence(upon(the(

ability(and/or(willingness(of(the(organisations(to(participate(in(the(survey(within(a(

timeframe(allowing(for(integration(of(the(data(gathered.(Some(participants(were(more(

forthcoming(than(others.(Some(organisations(did(not(respond.(((


( 30(

(

The(work(of(the(author(in(the(context(of(the(RDM/RSC(project(at(The(University(of(

Bristol(sometimes(veered(from(observer(to(participant((Buchanan(&(Bryman,(2008;(

Labaree,(2002;(etc.).(This(raises(potential(complications(of(an(ethnographic(nature,(and(

specifically(related(to(participant(observation.(However,(as(per(the(guidance(offered(by(

Bernard,(the(researcher’s(role(was(kept(oriented(toward(Moderate(Participation,(which(

allows(for(a(good(degree(of(detachment(and(objectivity,(and(establishing(a(good(balance(

between(“outsider”(and(“insider”(roles.((Bernard,(2006;(Dewalt,(Dewalt,(&(Wayland,(

1998;(etc.).(In(addition,(the(data(gathered(via(the(RDM/RSC(project(proved(mainly(useful(

in(forming(questions(that(were(eventually(put(to(the(other(organisations(surveyed,(and(

this(tends(to(minimise(questions(arising(around(participant(observation(at(Bristol.((

(

A(sample(framework(has(been(created(to(visualise(relationships(between(collaboratories(

and(living(labs(is(discussed.(This(concept(was(developed(from(of(the(research(for(the(

paper,(and(heavily(influenced(by(information(gathered(in(the(surveys(conducted.((

(

There(are(other(upsides(to(qualitative(research(methodologies.(Miles(and(Huberman(

believe(a(qualitative(approach(allows(opportunities(for(researchers(to(gather(more(inN

depth(and(possibly(better(information(about(organisations.(Hence,(this(mode(is(being(

adopted(in(researching(organisations(more(often,(allowing(the(capture(of(“…(the(

complexity,(mess(and(contradictions…”(present(in(the(real(world,(while(allowing(the(

researcher(to(make(sense(of(patterns(in(a(meaningful(way.((Miles(&(Huberman,(1994(

p.224)((

(


( 31(

The(qualitative(method(of(inquiry(has(been(a(useful(choice(of(approach.(It(has(been(

noted(that(more(is(learned(through(this(means(than(simply(reading(literature(concerning(

the(object(s)(of(study((Saunders(et(al.,(2009).(This(proved(to(be(the(case(for(the(research(

behind(this(paper.(The(interviews(and/or(information(exchanges(with(respondents(for(

this(work(were(conducted(to(gain(a(grasp(how(their(particular(organisation(works.(Even(

when(perceiving(themselves(as(presenting(simple(facts,(the(answers(obtained(were(

presented(in(situated,(subjective(terms.(The(basic(question(behind(the(interview(was(

“how(does(it(work.”((However,(the(participants(took(the(opportunity,(or(felt(the(need(to(

situate(themselves(and(their(organisation(both(physically(and(historically(in(the(wider(

world.(Questions(of(“how”(tended(to(raise(questions(of(“why”(and(this(produced(useful(

information(for(analysis.((

(

Amongst(the(findings(of(this(paper,(a(notion(arose(that(distributed(forms(of(research,(

experimentation,(collaboration(and(innovation(are(the(factors(that(link(Living(Labs(and(

Collaboratories.(This(notion(was(arrived(at(through(induction(based(on(case(studies;(

which(is(an(inherent(feature(of(the(qualitative(approach.(For(this(author(of(this(research,(

these(factors(produced(what(Braun(describes(as(“new(meaning”((Braun,(2013(p.3)(

(

(

(

(

*(

(

(

(


( 32(

(((Visualising(Relationships:(Innovation(Orientation(and(Geographical(Distribution(

For(the(purposes(of(this(paper,(a(means(to(visualise(relationships(between(Living(Labs(

and(collaboratories(has(been(created.(In(the(diagram(below,(the(YNaxis(depicts(

Innovation(Orientation;(one(end(of(the(gradient(represents(Social(Innovation(orientation(

and(the(other(Technical(Innovation.(The(XNaxis(depicts(Geographical(Distribution,(with(

one(end(of(the(spectrum(depicting(geographical(proximity(of(people(involved(with(the(

research(of(the(organisation,(and(the(opposite(indicating(distance.((

"The(Table(below(is(intended(to(summarise(the(organisations(surveyed(for(this(paper(as(

relating(to(the(parameters(described(above.((

(

(


( 33(

Innovation(Orientation(

In(the(diagram((below),(the(Innovation(Orientation(has(been(conceived(as(a(gradient,(

recognising(that(Living(Labs(and(Collaboratories(are(oriented(toward(producing(both(

Technical(and(Social(Innovation.(Technical(Innovation(and(research(outcomes(are(likely(

to(have(impacts(as(Social(Innovations(in(one(form(or(another.(For(instance,(we(can(

consider(the(deployment(of(various(technical(innovations(developed(through(space(

exploration(in(socially(innovative(ways((Hardash(et(al.,(2014;(Roberts,(2007;(Yowell(&(

Thomas,(2011;(etc.).(We(should(also(keep(in(mind(that(pure(research((no(specific(

practical(outcome(intended)(is(responsible(for(numerous(unexpected(benefits.(

(Bergström,+2012;+Marc+A.+Kastner,+2015;(etc.)(

(

Further(to(the(above,(in(large(majority((if(not(all(cases),(the(work(in(the(technological(

sphere(at(a(living(lab(has(a(clear(and(explicit(focus(on(social(innovation:(All(of(the(living(

labs(surveyed(for(this(paper(presented(strong(social(innovation(orientations.(For(

example,(City(Observatory(Living(Lab(has(recently(completed(work(used(to(reduce(crime(

in(its(immediate(region,(and(Smart(Villages(Living(Lab(work(to(find(ways(to(improve(

water(quality(and(improve(education(regionally.(As(per(The"Stanford"Review"of"Social"

Innovation"definition(discussed(above,(these(are(clearly(social(innovation(outcomes(

sought(through(technological(means.(In(addition(to(this,(ENoLL,(as(an(overarching(body(

for(living(labs(clearly(orients(toward(innovation(as(a(means(to(produce(positive(social(

outcomes,(describing(an(aspect(of(its(own(launch(as(an(“…(aspiration(for(innovation(

towards(job(creation(and(growth…”((Hirvikoski,(Schuurman,(&(Stokes,(2016(p.15)(

(

At(first(glance,(collaboratories(may(seem(primarily(oriented(toward(Technical(Innovation.(

The(shared(data(and(instruments(between(the(organisations(surveyed(for(this(paper,(


( 34(

and(the(research(and(innovations(arising(from(these(organisations(are(both(highly(

specialised(and(technically(oriented.(The(NICPNHub’s(position(on(innovation(is(made(

clear(in(the(“About”(section(of(the(hub:(((

“…"to"foster"collective"innovation"and"democratize"access"to"data,"tools"and"standards"across"the"cancer"research"community.”"16""

However,(the(outcomes((actual(and(potential)(may(also(be(viewed(as(oriented(toward(

Social(Innovation.(The(names(of(the(National(Cancer(Informatics(Program(Hub((NCIPN

Hub)(and(the(Collaboratory(for(the(Study(of(Earthquake(Predictability((CSEP)(speak(to(a(

socially(innovative(orientation.(Cancer(diagnosis,(prevention(and(treatment,(and(

earthquake(prediction(have(an(obvious(social(innovation(orientation.(The(value(gained(

by(society(from(successful(innovation(in(cancer(diagnosis(and(treatment(is(selfNevident.17(

It(is(the(same(for(successful(prediction(of(earthquakes:(people(as(individuals(and(

communities(can(be(served(by(allowing(appropriate(measures(in(advance(of(

earthquakes(such(as(preparing(for(temporary(shelter(requirements,(medical(preparation,(

moving(people(from(more(dangerous(locations(in(advance,(and(assembling(food(stores,(

etc.).((Even(with(The(Laser(Interferometer(GravitationalNwave(Observatory((LIGO),(in(

which(the(research(of(a(collaboratory(is(focused(far(outside(of(earthly(bounds,(the(

innovations(produced(may,(at(some(stage,(be(deployed(in(socially(innovative(ways.(

LIGO’s(Caltech(arm(has(an(entire(webpage(section(dedicated(to(discussing(innovations(

developed(as(part(of(the(research:((

"LIGO"has"already"spawned"innovative"technology"and"invention."Innovations"in"areas"as"diverse"as"lasers,"optics,"metrology,"vacuum"technology,"chemical"bonding,"and"software"algorithm"development"have"resulted"directly"from"LIGO’s"pioneering"work."Some"of"these"‘spinIoff’"technologies"are"listed"in"the"table"below."More"about"each"one"can"be"found"in"the"Advanced"LIGO"Technology"Transfer"page.18"

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((16(https://nciphub.org/aboutus(Viewed(01:00,(April(26,(2016(17(Biological(and(pharmaceutical(research(is(noted(to(have(well(documented(linkages(to(innovation(outcomes.((Lim,(2004)(18(https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/ligoNtechnology?highlight=innovative(Viewed(14:56,(March(25,(2016((


( 35(

(

In(this(respect,(each(of(the(collaboratories(can(be(conceived(of(as(residing(on(the(

Innovation(axis:(each(in(different(parts(of(the(spectrum.((

(

It(seems(intuitive(that(NCIPNHub(would(have(a(more(socially(based(orientation(than(LIGO.(

The(innovation(outcomes(from(work(done(via(NCIPNHub(are(intended(to(have(a(more(

immediate(social(impact.(Innovations(arising(from(research(at(LIGO(are(likely(to(require(

more(time(to(manifest(themselves(as(in(a(social(orientation.(In(this(respect,(CSEP(would(

seem(to(reside(somewhere(between(NCIPNHub(and(LIGO:(The(work(at(CSEP(is(about(

digital(testing(earthquake(prediction(models(for(accuracy,(and(therefore(seems(

somewhat(more(toward(the(technical(end(of(the(spectrum(than(NCIPNHub.((

(

Geographic(Distribution((

Living(Labs(and(collaboratories(cover(geographic(regions(on(various(scales.(Smart(

Villages(Living(Lab((SVLL)(reaches(across(a(portion(of(the(state(of(Odisha(in(India.(The(

CSEP(collaboratory(has(collaborating(researchers(and(institutions(across(the(globe,(and(

uses(data(collected(from(seismometers(on(every(continent(and(on(ocean(floors.(Taking(

these(two(examples,(we(see(that(SVLL(will(reside(in(the(proximity(side(of(the(

Geographical(Distribution(axis,(and(CSEP(on(the(opposite(end.((

(

In(considering(differences(amongst(collaboratories,(we(can(conceive(of(CSEP(as(having(a(

wider(geographical(spread(than(LIGO.(The(latter(has(collaborators(on(all(continents(with(

the(exception(of(Antarctica((and(does(not(receive(or(share(data(with(instruments(based(

on(ocean(floors).(

(


( 36(

Manchester(Digital(Innovation(Living(Lab(is(oriented(on(the(geographical(region(of(

Manchester,(hence(it(resides(further(on(the(proximity(side(of(the(spectrum(that(SVLL.(

However,(City(Observatory(Living(Lab(is(a(different(case(and(shows(several(

characteristics(of(a(collaboratory((to(be(discussed(later),(including(sharing(and(receiving(

data(from(other(major(cities(worldwide.(Given(this,(COLL(will(reside(more(toward(the(

distance(end(of(the(geographic(distribution(axis.((

"

(

(

Each(of(the(individual(organisations(surveyed(has(been(placed(in(the(framework,(based(

on(where(it(resides(on(the(combined(axes,(establishing(a(placement(in(the(overall(graph.(

This(visual(representation(is(heuristic.(The(evaluation,(selection,(creation(or(adoption(of(


( 37(

metrics(for(this(table(is(for(future(consideration(and(research.(For(the(moment,(the(

image(below(serves(to(visualise(part(of(the(underlying(concept(involved.((

(

(

Locations(

The(Location(of(a(Living(Lab(tends(to(be(very(straightforward(compared(to(a(

collaboratory.(The(most(comprehensive(list(of(Living(Labs(worldwide(is(available(through(

the(website(of(The(European(Network(of(Living(Labs((ENoLL).(The(tally(is(current(at(388.19(

Taking(it(by(continent,(there(are(322(ENoLL(certified(labs(in(Europe,(28(in(South(America,(

16(in(Africa,(11(in(Asia,(2(in(North(America,(and(2(in(Australia.(A(number(of(Living(Labs(

on(the(list(have(been(historically(recognised(by(ENoLL(but(do(not(currently(maintain(

official(organisational(ties(to(ENoLL.(In(searches(for(a(number(of(the(organisations(listed,(

but(no(longer(tied(directly(to(ENoLL,(many(appear(to(remain(functional,(and(their(

current(ways(of(working(continue(to(fit(to(the(Living(Lab(approach(or(suggest(a(strong(

legacy(of(the(work(which(resulted(in(ENoLL(accreditation.((

(

Living(Labs(are(located(in(particular(regions,(reaching(across(a(specific(geographical(area.(

As(an(example,(we(can(consider(Manchester(Digital(Innovation(Living(Lab,(which(has(a(

geographical(spread(described(by(the(Director(as(“…(the(city(centre(and(in(close(

proximity(to(many(digital(businesses(as(well(as(being(on(a(university(campus(the(

geographical(reach(is(quite(small((say(city(centre)…”20(and(another(example(is(SVLL(

(discussed(above),(which(covers(villages(in(Nischintakoili(Block,(Cuttack(in(the(state(of(

Odisha,(India((approximately(225(square(kilometres).((

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((19(The(full(ENoLL(list(can(be(found(at(the(following(link,(which(includes(more(granular(breakdowns,(offering(specific(counts(and(locations(of(Living(Labs(in(particular(countries,(and(links(to(each(of(the(individual(labs(listed:(http://www.openlivinglabs.eu/livinglabs(Viewed(13:09,(April(2nd,(2016.((20(Email(exchange(with(Director(Paul(Bason,(May(4,(2016,(contained(in(the(appendix(of(this(paper.((


( 38(

(

Collaboratories,(both(historically(speaking,(and(during(the(time(this(paper(was(

researched((early(2016)(functioned(with(huge(majority(of(participating(institutions(and(

researchers(based(in(North(America(and(Northern(Europe.(This(dynamic(was(present(In(

2003,(when(Cogburn(wrote(of(a(need(for(greater(understanding(of(the(technical(and(

social(factors(required(to(increase(partnerships(and(participation(between(developing(

and(developed(countries(able(to(contribute(to(onNgoing(“globally(distributed(knowledge(

work”(which(the(collaboratory(model(can(facilitate.((Cogburn,(2003(p.86)(To(a(large(

degree,(his(suggestion/observation(has(yet(to(be(fulfilled.((

(

The(Science(of(Collaboratories((SoC)(website,(based(at(the(University(of(California,(Irvine,(

holds(the(most(comprehensive(list(of(collaboratories(available.21(However,(the(list(was(

last(updated(in(2010.22(At(the(time(of(the(last(update(774(collaboratories(were(

catalogued.(For(this(purpose(of(this(study(over(20(links(provided(at(the(SoC(website(

were(checked.(Approximately(half(of(these(links(were(live,(allowing(click(through(to(

functioning(collaboratories.(The(remaining(links(were(dead,(connected(to(archived(

websites(of(collaboratories(that(had(completed,(ceased(activity(or(simply(linked(to(

domains(which(bore(little(to(no(relationship(to(a(collaboratory.(The(National(Science(

Foundation((NSF)(in(the(United(States(has(funded(an(array(of(different(collaboratories,(

and,(in(fact,(funded(the(SoC(website((discussed(above)(from(2010(to(2011.(The(NSF(was(

contacted(both(by(phone(and(email(for(this(study,(and(according(to(staff(in(the(

Washington(DC(offices,(no(records(relating(to(collaboratories(were(kept((functioning(or(

otherwise).((

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((21(http://soc.ics.uci.edu/Resources/colisting.php(Viewed(23:34(April(3rd,(2016.((22(See(appendix:(PDF(titled(“Suggestions(for(info(on(collaboratories.pdf”(


( 39(

(

An(additional(layer(of(complexity(is(added(by(the(following:(there(are(organisations(

working(in(ways(that(fit(the(definition(of(collaboratory(but(may(not(use(or(recognise(the(

term(to(describe(aspects(of(their(work.(An(example(of(this(is(discussed(in(the(case(study(

of(The(Laser(Interferometer(GravitationalNwave(Observatory((below).((

(

Other(means(and(conceptual(frameworks(for(scientific(groups(working(at(distance(

complicate(attempting(to(locate(collaboratories(as(well.(As(an(example,(we(can(consider(

computerNsupported(cooperative(work((CSCW),(virtual(multidisciplinary(team([vMDT],(

multidisciplinary(case(conferences(and/or,(extended(research(groups,(etc.((Grudin,(1994;(

Hinds(&(Kiesler,(2002;(Munro(&(Swartzman,(2013;(Walsh(&(Maloney,(2002)(Though(

there(are(numerous(examples(and(types(to(consider(beyond(collaboratories(and(living(

labs,(these(entities(lie(beyond(the(scope(of(this(paper.((

(

Beyond(the(above,(the(act(of(establishing(a(particular(location(of(a(collaboratory(

produces(a(conundrum:(The(Internet(is(often(referred(to(as(a(“web”(this(is(an(apt(way(to(

describe(a(collaboratory.(Multiple(partner(organisations(and(individual(researchers(

contribute(from(all(points(in(the(network.(It(is(not(necessary(for(a(particular(node(to(

operate(as(the(central(focus.(Sometimes(two(or(more(nodes(are(prime((e.g.(LIGO).((For(

illustrative(purposes,(we(can(consider(a(collaboratory(titled(“The(Adult(to(Adult(Living(

Donor(Liver(Transplantation(Cohort(Study”((A2ALL).23(The(participating(organisations(in(

A2ALL(are:(Northwestern(University((Evanston,(Illinois),(Columbia(University((NYC),(and(

Virginia(University.(In(addition,(there(are(the(Universities(of(Colorado,(California((San(

Francisco),(Toronto,(Pittsburgh,(Michigan(and(Pennsylvania,(as(well(as(The(Lahey(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((23(https://www.nihNa2all.org((


( 40(

Hospital(&(Medical(Centre(at(Tufts(University((Massachusetts).(Finally,(the(National(

Institute(of(Diabetes(and(Digestive(and(Kidney(Diseases((NIDDK)(&(National(Institutes(of(

Health((NIH)(are(based(in(Bethesda,(Maryland(with(other(branches(in(Phoenix(Arizona.(

The(data(coordinating(for(A2ALL(takes(place(in(Michigan(and(the(Project(Officer(is(based(

in(Maryland.(It(may(be(sensible(to(suggest(the(network(is(somehow(based(in(Maryland(

or(Michigan,(but(from(another(point(of(view(making(a(determination(as(to(which(node(is(

central(to(the(collaboratory(is(contrary(to(the(nature(of(the(collaboratory(itself.(

!

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(


( 41(

Case(Studies(

Smart(Village(Living(Lab:(How(it(works(

(

Smart(Village(Living(Lab((SVLL)(is(rurally(oriented,(focusing(on(the(areas(of(affordable(

housing,(environment,(energy,(water(and(education.(Coordination(of(the(project(is(via(

The(School(of(Applied(Sciences(in(Bhubaneswar,(the(capital(city(of(the(state(of(Odisha(in(

India((approximately(115km(from(the(Bay(of(Bengal).(The(project(connects(with(villages(

in(Nischintakoili(Block,(in(Cuttack(in(the(state(of(Odisha.(Nischintakoili(Block(covers(

about(approximately(225(square(kilometres,(and(SVLL(works(across(four(gram(

panchayats(in(the(region.24(SVLL(was(granted(ENoLL(membership(in(August(2015.(The(

living(lab(gathers(and(channels(information(from(those(working(and(living(in(rural(

communities(–(end(users(in(real(life(settings.(Through(ENoLL(accreditation,(SVLL(receives(

close(support(from(experienced(members(of(living(labs(based(in(the(UK,(Belgium(and(

Finland.(We(will(see(in(the(case(studies(below(that(the(shared(resources(and(support(

coming(from(ENoLL(accreditation(and(the(emphasis(on(cross(border(collaboration(tends(

to(operate(reflect(the(approaches(used(in(with(collaboratories.(Much(of(the(

communication(between(the(players(involved(is(conducted(via(electronic(platform(

(email,(phone,(Skype(or(other(conferencing(approaches)(rather(than(via(actual(visits(to(

India(or(vice(versa.((

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((24(A(gram(panchayat(is(the(local(lynchpin(in(selfNgovernance(at(the(village(and/or(small(town(level.(


( 42(

(

The(area(of(the(state(of(Odisha,(which(SVLL(covers(has(rich(resources,(but(there(is(need(

for(introduction(of(science,(technology(and(connectivity(for(economic(development(in(

the(region.(In(socioNeconomic(terms,(the(majority(of(people(of(the(region(are(grouped(

among(the(poorest(worldwide.(Smart(Village(LL(aims(to(facilitate(skills(development,(

generate(a(workforce(that(is(scientifically(and(technically(empowered,(and(foster(

entrepreneurship.(All(of(the(above(falls(squarely(within(the(definition(used(for(social(

innovation(as(described(in(the(literature(review(of(this(paper.(In(this(respect,(SVLL(will(

reside(on(the(social(innovation(end(of(the(spectrum(in(the(IO&DG(Plane,(and(will(be(

represented(as(more(geographically(dispersed(than(Manchester(or(Coventry(living(labs,((

(rather(than(a(city(region(or(centre).((

(

Harkening(back(to(the(Drexel(University(project(in(Philadelphia(that(preceded(the(MIT(

lab((mentioned(above),(activities(at(SVLL(are(driven(and(managed(through(student(

projects.(Students(from(the(University(and(children(from(village(schools(and(overseen(by(

University(staff.(This(way(of(reaching(a(user(base(is(considered(a(key(strength(–(

educating(children(about(science(and(the(scientific(method(and(accelerating(the(spread(

of(innovation(culture(in(the(region.(Another(area(of(activity(will(be(the(creation(of(

infrastructure,(bringing(amenities(common(to(urban(areas(to(village(populations,(

reducing(discrepancies(for(those(living(in(rural(areas.((((

(

Puspalata(Pattojoshi(is(a(Professor(in(Physics(at(KIIT(University,(India.(She(also(holds(an(

MBA.(The(focus(of(her(academic(work(is(on(Science(Communication,(Education(

Technology(and(Open(Innovation.(She(has(researched(and(worked(in(the(areas(of(Fibre(

Optics(and(Nanotechnology.(In(2005,(academic(outreach(activities(took(place(in(the(


( 43(

Odisha(region,(in(the(form(of(a(roving(science(lab(in(2005.(Professor(Pattojoshi(was(the(

driver(for(this(project,(and(SVLL(built(on(the(legacy.(Pattojoshi(described(a(project(that(

preceded(the(living(lab(as(follows:((

The"mobile"lab"was"a"collection"of"very"rudimentary"[pieces(of]"equipment"(about"a"hundred"of"them)."That"was"good"enough"for"rural"high"school"students"to"engage"in"hands"on"science"learning."A"group"of"University"Professors"(including"me)"used"to"visit"the"Schools"(with"at"least"two"rounds"of"discussion"prior"to"the"visit"with"the"School"authorities"and"teachers)."[At(each(school]"about"30"school"students"identified"by"the"school"were"trained"first"on"the"experiments."Then"these"children"interact"with"the"rest"closely"observed"and"supported"by"the"schoolIteachers"and"us.25"" "

Work(of(this(nature(continues(as(part(of(SVLL’s(approach.(When(asked(about(this(of,(

Professor(Pattojoshi(replied:((

The"Smart"Village"Living"Lab"is"experimenting"on"User"led"Open"Innovation"dimensions"at"present."Basically"the"role"of"University"and"Higher"education"institutions"is"currently"explored.26""

When(asked(about(what(methods(are(used(to(elicit(inputs(for(user(engagement:((

"…"Action"research"methodologies,"interviews"etc."are"being"used.27""

When(asked(who(were(the(lead(users:((

We"presently"are"relying"on"School"children"and"women,"but"not"restricting"to"these"only.28""

When(determining(which(users(will(be(consulted(and/or(relied(upon,(SVLL’s(approach(is(

as(follows:(

The"lab"focuses"presently"on"technology"innovation"related"to"water,"energy,"education,"environment"etc."in"rural"areas."Hence"in"the"Living"Lab"set"up,"people"in"all"segments,"based"on"gender,"age,"occupation"levels,"education"levels"etc."are"consulted."The"secondary"users"/"stakeholders"like"village"Heads,"Government"bodies"are"also"coaxed"to"join.29""

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((25(Please(appendix(for(section(titled(“Smart(Village(responses”((26(Ibid.((27(Ibid.((28(Ibid.((29(Ibid.(


( 44(

When(asked(about(the(nature(of(the(consultation(with(participants/users(in(the(region,(

and(with(secondary(users/stakeholders(like(Village(Heads(&(Government(bodies,(

Professor(Pattojoshi(explained:((

Before"any"visit"to"a"particular"School,"a"team"visits"to"the"School"to"discuss"the"needs"of"the"students,"the"offerings"of"the"mobile"lab,"the"infrastructure"set"up"of"the"school,"interest"of"the"teachers,"time"suitable"etc."Village"heads"and"local"Government"bodies"are"consulted"in"most"of"the"cases"to"ascertain"the"needs"and"local"preferences"and"cultural"practices"so"as"to"involve"the"students"and"the"School"community."Often"Schools"are"within"the"villages"and"this"becomes"necessary"so"that"the"entire"endeavour"is"accepted"by"the"villagers"as"a"whole.30""

When(asked(how(lead(users(were(selected(and(if(these(change(for(each(

intervention/visit:((

Based"on"the"intervention"area,"lead"users"are"selected."For"example,"for"education,"School"students,"their"teachers,"parents;"in"that"order."Yeah…"it"changes"for"particular"projects.31""

An(example(of(an(innovation(that(came(from(the(users(engaged(with(SVLL(is(a(water(

filtration(method(used(in(the(home.(The(filtration(method(is(a(traditional(practice(in(the(

region(involving(the(use(of(a(piece(of(cloth(to(filter(water,(which(has(been(found(to(

improve(the(quality(of(water(used(in(the(home.(This(method(is(being(studied,(and(

through(the(Living(Lab,(will(undergo(further(testing(and(modification.(Then,(this(method(

will(be(brought(to(other(people(in(the(region((and(possibly(beyond).((

(

Another(example(of(innovation(arising(from(users(is(in(the(design(of(homes.(The(Living(

Lab(is(seeking(to(find(best(practices(for(the(design(of(homes(in(the(region,(looking(

toward(traditional(home(building(practices.(Many(of(the(traditional(building(practices(

arose(in(order(to(cope(with(serious(flooding(in(the(areas(where(people(live.(These(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((30(Ibid.((31(Ibid.(


( 45(

building(practices(have(specific(implications(for(the(placement(of(kitchens(and(

sometimes(where(and(how(people(keep(pets(and/or(livestock.(

(

Observations:(SVLL(

The(living(lab(approach(at(SVLL(boils(down(to(research,(experimentation(and(innovation(

and(refinement(that(is(described(above.(The(entire(approach(is(underpinned(by(the(

scientific(method.(The(innovations(produced(are(technical(in(nature((however(‘lowNtech’(

they(may(seen(by(Western(standards),(with(a(social(innovation(orientation.(Specifically,(

they(centre(on(social(concerns(of(water(quality(and(housing.(

(

These(innovations(were(found(amongst(the(users(as(participants(dispersed(across(the(

gram(panchayats(in(Nischintakoili(Block,(collaborating(with(the(researchers(for(the(work.(

The(area(of(distribution(is(actually(is(a(broader(than(the(living(labs(located(cities(in(

Western(Europe.(As(an(additional(point(concerning(dispersed(actors,(we(should(also(

note(the(involvement(of(advisors(from(ENoLL((mentioned(above)(in(the(SVLL(project(as(

well.(((

(

Given(that(SVLL(made(connections(to(users,(in(part(through(local(government(and(local(

leaders,(we(can(take(note(of(resonances(that(will(arise(in(the(case(studies(of(Manchester(

and(Coventry(living(labs;(governmental(or(local(leaders(remain(intrinsic(to(reaching(users(

and(facilitating(the(living(lab(approach.(This(is(the(case(with(City(Observatory(Living(Lab,(

in(which(the(case(study(mentions(the(involvement(of(a(citizen’s(group(in(a(crime(

reduction(project.(Inversely,(and(perhaps(of(equal(importance(is(that(SVLL(may(serve(as(

a(means(of(connecting(the(users(back(to(their(governments,(which(in(turn(relates(to(

Coventry,(Manchester(and(City(Observatory(Living(Labs.(


( 46(

(

There(are(also(linkages(to(the(work(of(collaboratories:(We(shall(see(in(the(case(studies(

for(NCIPNHub(and(for(CSEP(that(supports(come(from(governmental(bodies((data,(funding,(

etc).(This(was(true(of(another(case(study(dealt(with(in(this(paper;(City(Observatory(Living(

Lab,(which(has(both(elements(–(relationships(with(local(government,(and(the(use(of(

open(data,(including(from(across(the(globe.((

(

Another(aspect(to(consider(is(the(implicit(sense(that,(in(the(discussion(above(concerning(

SVLL,(multiple(kinds(of(users(are(involved;(the(citizens(of(the(region,(students(from(

universities(and(schools,(as(well(as(local(leaders(and(government(and(agencies.(We(will(

see(the(recognition(of(such(delineations(made(by(the(respondent(form(City(Observatory(

Living(Lab(in(that(case(study.((

(

NCIPNHub:(How(it(works(

(

Launched(in(2012,(the(National(Cancer(Informatics(Program(Hub((NCIPNHub)(is(a(

collaboratory(for(cancer(research(and(informatics(with(resources(available(to(people(

from(across(the(globe.(The(interview(respondent(from(NCIPNHub(is(Ishwar(

Chandramouliswaran,(Associate(Director(in(the(National(Cancer(Informatics(Program(at(


( 47(

the(National(Cancer(Institute(Centre(for(Biomedical(Informatics(and(Information(

Technology.(He(works(at(the(collaboratory(node(in(Baltimore(Maryland.((

(

NCIPNHub(is(intended(to(support(and(drive(collective(innovation(and(democratise(tools,(

standards(and(data(for(the(cancer(research(community(worldwide,(and(its(position(on(

innovation(is(made(clear(in(the(“About”(section(of(the(hub(webpage:(((

“…"to"foster"collective"innovation"and"democratize"access"to"data,"tools"and"standards"across"the"cancer"research"community.”"32""

Users(of(the(hub(can(share(resources,(use(collaboration(tools(and(host(online(

communities.(NCIPNHub(receives(funding(from(the(National(Cancer(Institute(and(

National(Institutes(of(Health(in(the(USA.(

(

The(NCIPNHub(cyberNinfrastructure(is(HUBzero(platform,(designed(and(sold(through(

Purdue(University.(HUBzero(was(created(with(the(specific(intension(to(support(varying(

kinds(of(collaboratories.((Deelman,(2012)(Numerous(collaboratories(have(adopted(and(

are(currently(functioning(with(this(platform;(e.g.(nanoHub,(CITSCIBIO((Biomedical(Citizen(

Science(Hub),(DataCenterHub,(etc.33(Technical(support(is(performed(by(HUBzero(

personnel(at(Purdue.(Ishwar(is(a(strong(proponent(of(HUBzero:((

"This"is"where"the"platform"[HUBzero]"is"different;"It"allows"you"to"actually"do"some"informatics"research,"it"gives"you"a"Linux"environment,"it"allows"you"to"upload"tools,"it"allows"others"to"run"tools,"it"allows"you"to"connect"to"the"cloud"capacity"in"the"back,"or"some"other"high"computational"capacity"in"the"back."So,"it"actually"allows"you"to"do"some"research."It"allows"you"to"share"data"files."It"allows"you"to"build"a"database"(small"one)"to"share"with"your"collaborators"and"participating"team"members."So,"it’s"not"just"a"communication"tool."It"goes"beyond"that."That’s"my"definition"of"collaboration"and"collaboratory:"it"allows"you"to"do"things"collaboratively"that"you"would"do"in"research.34""

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((32(https://nciphub.org/aboutus(Viewed(01:00,(April(26,(2016(33nanoHub(http://nanohub.org((:((DataCenterHub(https://hubzero.org/sites/46((:((CITSCIBIO(https://citscibio.org(((34(Full(transcript(provided(in(Appendix,(titled(NCIPNHub(Transcript.((


( 48(

""

Organisations(and(individuals(collaborating(through(NCIPNHub(come(from(Universities,(

businesses,(governmental(bodies(and(NGOs.(To(cite(some(examples,(we(can(consider:(

The(National(Cancer(Institute((divisions(in(Maryland,(Arizona(and(elsewhere(in(the(

United(States),(IDEAConsult(with(offices(in(Bulgaria((Sophia)(and(Russia((St.(Petersburg(

and(Moscow),(various(firms(and(Universities(in(The(Netherlands((Amsterdam,(

Maastricht,(Groningen,(etc.),(National(School(of(School(of(BioNTechnology,(India((Calicut),(

Cancer(Council(Australia((various(cities,(Australia)(etc.((

(

Participants(in(the(collaboratory(can(join(and(enter(discussions(in(groups.(Some(groups(

are(open((examples;(CoIClinical"Oncology"Imaging"Research"Resource"(COIR)(and(

Machine"Intelligence"in"Medical"Imaging)."Some(groups(are(restricted((Cancer"Systems"

Biology,"Tumor"Heterogeneity).((Others,(such(as(Cancer"Deep"Phenotyping"from"EMRs(((((

require(invitations(to(join.((These(features(of(at(the(NCIPNHub(are(useful(as(a(tool,(but(

something(more(should(be(recognised(here,(perhaps(directly(related(to(Open(Science.((

Part(of(the(conversation(surrounding(Open(Science(has(to(do(with(openness(and(access(

to(data.((Finch,(2013)(The(varying(levels(and(means(of(access(within(NCIPNHub,(and(

available(through(the(HUBzero(platform(not(only(facilitates(levels(of(openness,(but(may(

be(one(way(of(allowing(Open(Science(approaches,(while(facilitating(the(preservation(of(

data(protections,(and(a(potential(means(to(facilitate(requirements(for(time(restrictions(

and(releases(of(data.((

(

As(depicted(in(the(image(below,(the(hub(also(includes(tools(for(project(management,(

inclusive(of(task(lists(for(individual(that(will(produce(a(combined(list(from(across(various(

projects.(An(array(of(other(features(are(available(through(the(hub(dashboard(including;(


( 49(

access(to(technical(support(through(a(ticket(system,(a(listing(of(personal(contributions(to(

the(hub,(a(blogging(feature,(quick(links,(etc.((

(Image(of(NCIPNHub(Dashboard(

""

Through(the(HUBzero(platform,(NCIPNHub(members(are(able(to(publish(data((offering(

citation(protocols(for(linking(to(the(data(in(papers(and(reports).(The(data(is(generated,(

and(the(institutions(or(individuals(are(invited(to(selfNserve:((

Then"we"say"to"them:"“Hey,"create"your"project,"store"your"data"over"here."When"you"think"it"is"ready"to"publish"and"make"available,"simply"hit"the"publishing"function."Make"it"available."You"own"the"assets."You"get"the"credit"if"others"use"it."You"can"track"the"metrics"associated"with"it.”35"""

NCIPNHub(goals(are(longNterm,(and(involve(the(establishment(of(a(community(supported,(

federated(catalogue.((

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((35(Ibid.(


( 50(

…whoever"contributes"to"it"owns"and"takes"responsibility."Sort"of"like"a"Wikipedia,"essentially."You"keep"it"updated…"So"the"Hub;"we"want"it"to"be"this"catalogue…"and"we"want"it"to"be"this"central"place"where"people"think:"“This"is"the"place"where"I"should"start"if"I’m"looking"for"something"associated"with"whatever"digital"assets.”36""""

NCIPNHub(has(a(recently(published(talk(concerning(Open(Science,(citing(the(use(of(video(

games(to(invite(users(to(sort(through(large(data(sets.((Andrew,(2016)(And(National(

Cancer(Informatics(Programme(and(National(Science(Foundation(in(the(United(States(

have(been(proponents(of(Open(Science(in(both(words(and(action.37(NCIPNHub(appears(to(

be(following(through(on(this,(which(will(tie(to(observations(in(the(conclusions(of(this(

paper.(((

(

Observations:(NCIPNHub((

Though(more(broadly(dispersed(than(SVLL,(the(main(underpinning(work(at(NCIPNHub(is(

collaborative(research(and(experimentation(to(produce(innovations(in(cancer(

informatics.(At(this(abstract(level,(NCIPNHub(is(very(much(like(SVLL((discussed(above).(It(

is(the(scientific(method(that(underpins(both(of(these(organisations.((

(

While(being(heavily(technically(oriented,(NCIPNHub(shows(a(strong(social(innovation(

orientation(–(linking(it(not(only(to(SVLL.(This(linkage(to(Public(Health(is(a(common(thread(

amongst(other(organisations(in(this(study,(including(City(Observatory,(City(Lab(Coventry,(

and(CSEP.(This(positions(NCIPNHub(on(the(technical(end(of(the(gradation(of(the(

Innovation(Orientation(axis(of(the(IO&GD(Plane,(while(remaining(further(toward(the(

social(innovation(orientation(than,(for(instance,(LIGO.((((

(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((36(Ibid.(37(Press(release(dated(March(15,(2015(The(National(Science(Foundation(re(Open(Data(and(Open(Science:(https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=134478((


( 51(

It(should(also(be(noted(that(the(democratising(aspect(of(NCIPNHub(easily(maps(onto(SVLL(

–(and(this(is(strongly(evident(with(other(technically(oriented(projects(with(an(Open(

Science(thread(to(their(work(such(as(LIGO((discussed(below).(

(

In(addition(to(the(above,(we(will(encounter(resonances(with(other(organisations(

pertaining(to(questions(of(open(and(closed(data((City(Observatory,(City(Lab(Coventry(and(

LIGO).(

(

Manchester(Living(Labs:(How(they(work(

(

Presently,(Manchester(has(three(Living(Labs.((All(three(are(accredited(ENoLL(members:((

Future(Everything,(MadLab,(and(The(Manchester(Digital(Innovation(Living(Lab(at(The(

Shed(Manchester(Metropolitan(University.(The(city(was(also(once(home(to(another(

Living(Lab(called(Manchester(Digital(Development(Agency((MDDA);(a(division(of(

Manchester(City(Council(from(2003(to(2015,(which(left(behind(a(legacy(of(approaches(

the(council(continues(to(pursue.38((

(

This(section(contains(information(gained(from(interviewees(involved(with(MDDA(and(

The(Manchester(Digital(Innovation(Living(Lab.((

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((38(Please(see(for(more(info:(http://www.manchesterdda.com((


( 52(

(

The(Manchester(Digital(Innovation(Living(Lab(is(housed(at(The(Shed;(a(project(oriented(

toward(the(promotion(and(support(of(digital(research,(innovation(and(education(funded(

by(Manchester(Metropolitan(University.(Areas(of(focus(for(this(living(lab(are;(innovation(

in(partnerships(and(business(models((with(partners(spanning(from(China,(Europe,(UK(

and(Manchester),(technology(and(design(oriented(toward(ageing(populations,(coN

creation(via(new(technology,(digital(manufacturing,(animation,(games(development,(etc.(

Paul(Bason(is(Director(of(Manchester(Digital(Innovation(Living(Lab,(which(became(

accredited(with(ENoLL(in(2014.(Bason’s(professional(milieu(is(media(production(and(

education,(and(he(an(extensive(background(in(leveraging(technology(to(foster(social(and(

educational(change((social(innovation(through(technical(means).(All(of(this(connects(him(

to(the(Living(Lab(approach(found(in(Manchester.((

(

The(innovation(space(at(The(Shed(has(been(built(in(a(former(engineering(building(in(

Manchester(city(centre.(In(asking(Bason(about(the(approach(to(innovation(through(the(

Living(Lab,(he(feels(it(is(not(direct(or(explicit:(((

I"think"the"more"general"answer"to"that"is"that"we"have"an"open"approach"which"is"about"the"Living"Labs"philosophy"and"a"collaborative"and"cross"disciplinary"approach…"and"I"think"that"is"at"the"heart"of"our"work…"whether"that"is"explicitly"living"labs"or"not,"that"is"how"we"stimulate"innovation…39""

As(examples,(Bason(said:(((

Our"doors"are"open"to"the"outside"world"I"so"we"host"a"whole"range"of"events,"which"are"around"technology:"We"run"a"Saturday"school"for"Raspberry"Pi."We"have"the"open"data"institute"and"run"their"kind"of"Northern"stuff"there."The"BBC"[people(and(teams]"are"in"and"out,"and"that"impacts"on"our"academic"life"in"one"way"or"another."And,"we"also"have"90"small"businesses"in"there.40""

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((39(Interview(transcript(contained(in(appendix,(titled(“Paul(Bason”(40(Ibid.(


( 53(

"Bason(feels(the(above(arose(in(Manchester(from(a(time(that(preceded(ENoLL(and(even(

Bill(Mitchell’s(work(at(MIT:((

…we"looked"to"Living"Labs"as"an"endorsement"of"our"approach"and"not"a"blueprint…"Manchester"has"a"long"history"of"a"close"relationship"with"the"European"Network"of"Living"Labs"going"right"back"to"its"foundation"in"Finland.41""

And(further,((

Manchester"had"[a(good(connection](through"the"MDDA"where"Dave"Carter"was"the"chief"executive,"and"was"one"of"the"founding"members"of"the"Living"Lab"network"[ENoLL].42""

David(Carter(is(a(central(figure(in(digital(technology(culture(and(Living(Lab(history(in(

Manchester.(Carter(headed(MDDA(after(leading(city(council’s(early(focus(on(digital(

technology.(He(is(currently(an(Honorary(Research(Fellow(at(The(Centre(for(Urban(Policy(

Studies(at(The(University(of(Manchester,(and(Chair(of(MadLab.(Dave(has(strong(

connections(in(Europe,(working(on(various(European(Commission(projects(and(agendas,(

including(serving(as(Chair(of(the(working(group(that(lead(to(The(European(Connected(

Smart(Cities(Network.(During(an(interview,(Carter(discussed(some(background(for(

Manchester(Living(Labs.((

We"had"a"bunch"of"activists"who"these"days"would"be"called"open"source."That"was"in"the"1980s."They"were"selfIbuilding"modems,"and"they"were"connecting"microIcomputers"to"the"plain"old"phone"systems"through"X25"networks."And"they"were"doing"that"with"a"social"aim;"which"is"to"networkIup"activists"in"various"social"movements."43""

These(activities(laid(the(groundwork(for(what(was(to(later(become(the(Living(Lab(

paradigm(in(Manchester.(Carter(described(it(as(follows:((

We"were"engaged"in"this"work"for"10"years,"before"we"even"came"across"the"term"Living"Lab."And"then"we"engaged"with"colleagues"in"Helsinki"who"had"the"specific"idea…"having"taken"that"originally,"when"you"read"the"history"bit…"it"really"came"out"of"the"work"of"the"late"Bill"

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((41(Ibid.((42(Ibid.((43(Interview(transcript(contained(in(appendix,(titled(“Dave(Carter.”((


( 54(

Mitchell"at"MIT"Media"Lab,"due"to"his"and"MIT’s"engagement"with"Nokia"research."This"back"in"the"day,"because"remember"now"we’re"talking"20"years"ago"now,"that"was"at"the"cutting"edge"of"…"a"lot"of"telematics"research."And,"obviously"now"it"[telematics]"barely"exists"but"at"the"time,"you"know…"Nokia"had"engaged"with"the"MIT"Media"Lab."Bill"Mitchell"and"his"colleagues"had"engaged"with"Nokia"in"Helsinki."And"Helsinki"were"a"part"of"a"small"European"network"that"Manchester"was"a"part"of."Therefore"we"had"a"look"in"at"the"early"days."And,"when"in"2005,"five"years"after"that,"Helsinki"said"“What"about"forming"some"kind"of"Network"of"Living"Labs?”"…"We"were"absolutely"in,"but"we’re"probably"the"most"guilty"of"simply"rebadging"the"work"we"did"as"Living"Lab"because"by"that"time"it"existed"for"15"years.44""

Bason(and(Carter(both(recognise(the(Manchester(route(was(not(the(only(means(to(

establishing(a(living(lab.(Rather(than(using(emergent(characteristics(such(as(that(found(in(

Manchester,(other(approaches(were(possible.(When(I(asked(Carter(to(suggest(an(

example(of(a(Living(Lab(that(was(developed(taking(a(more(direct(route,(he(suggested(

City(Lab(Coventry:((

Coventry"took"on"the"approach"of"Living"Lab."Did"a"great"job"in"adapting"and"changing"their"approach"to"be"more"in"the"model"of"living"labs.45""

Observations:(Manchester((

We(can(see(strong(evidence(of(a(social(innovation(approach(present(in(Manchester,(and(

this(relates(to(the(work(of(SVLL,(particularly(where(the(establishment(of(digital(culture(in(

Manchester(was(harnessed(to(produce(positive(economic(outcomes(for(the(residents(in(

the(region.(This(is(made(particularly(clear(from(the(conversation((cited(above)(with(Dave(

Carter.(Secondly,(in(the(discussion(concerning(Manchester(living(labs,(we(find(a(

particular(permutation(of(a(living(lab,(emerging(from(foregoing(set(of(dynamics(and(

actors(present(in(the(city.(In(Manchester,(the(living(lab(approach(in(was(emergent(–(in(

fact,(as(per(Carter(and(Bason’s(indications(above,(the(living(labs,(in(many(respects,(

already(existed(prior(to(obtaining(the(living(lab(moniker(from(ENoLL.(The(living(lab(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((44(Ibid.((45(Ibid.((


( 55(

approach(was(adopted(and(deployed(directly.(The(Manchester(living(labs(are(fostering(

innovation(via(various(means,(some(less(overt(than(the(hackathons(and(bringing(

businesses(together.(As(an(example,(Director(of(Manchester(Digital(Innovation(Living(

Lab’s(work(with(digital(technology(and(an(ageing(population;(this(work(is(approached(

with(a(distributed(collaborative(research,(experimentation(and(innovation(across(the(

city.((

(

In(the(Public(Health(orientation(of(digital(technology(and(design(for(the(ageing(

population,(we(can(identify(connections(across(a(large(majority(of(the(organisations(

serving(as(case(studies((SVLL,(NCIPNHub,(City(Observatory,(City(Lab(Coventry(and(CSEP).(

There(is(also(an(educational(focus(that(is(a(connecting(thread(with(LIGO,(SVLL,(and(City(

Lab(Coventry.((

(

Other(clear(social(orientations(arise(around(the(Manchester(Digital(Innovation(Living(Lab(

to(innovation(in(In(addition,(we(see(evidence(of(cross(border(collaborative(working(

(China(and(across(Europe).((

(

In(the(next(section,(we(look(at(a(living(lab(that(was(established(in(a(more(direct(fashion(

in(Coventry,(UK.(

(

(

(

(

(

(


( 56(

City(Lab(Coventry:(How(it(Works(

(

"Coventry(City(Council(has(partnered(with(Coventry(University,(creating(City(Lab(Coventry(

(CLC).(The(living(lab(was(established,(and(received(ENoLL(accreditation(in(July(2010,(and(

has(accumulated(a(reputation(for(cross(border(partnerships(in(Europe(in(ICT,(

infrastructure,(buildings(and(transport.(The(central(urban(area(of(Coventry(has(become(a(

lab(where(users(and(producers(of(digital(technologies(are(put(through(collaboration,(

experimentation,(research,(and(a(continuous(cycle(of(innovation(and(refinement.(((

(

The(main(thrust(of(living(lab(activity(in(Coventry(is(to(deploy(a(user(driven(innovation(

approach(in(working(toward(solutions(across(areas(as(diverse(as(Sustainable(Agriculture,(

Human(Security,(Digital(Media,(Low(Impact(Buildings,(The(Ageing(Society,(Integrated(

Transport(&(Logistics,(and(Low(Carbon(Vehicles.(

(

The(respondent(for(the(Coventry(interview(was(Paul(Fairburn,(Director,(Enterprise(&(

Innovation(at(Coventry(University.(Fairburn(is(a(Mechanical(Engineer(with(a(background(

in(pharmaceuticals,(healthcare(and(medical(engineering.(He(has(worked(with(IVAX(

Pharmaceuticals,(The(National(Heath(Service((UK)(and(British(Gas.(Fairburn(also(now(

serves(as(a(council(member(at(ENoLL.((


( 57(

(

The(interview(segments(in(this(section(relating(to(City(Lab(Coventry(contain(

conversational(exchanges(with(the(author(of(this(dissertation(and(Paul(Fairburn.(The(

word(“Interviewer”(will(indicate(questions(and(statements(made(by(the(author(of(this(

paper,(who(was(the(questioner.((“Fairburn”(precedes(statements(made(by(Paul(Fairburn(

during(the(exchanges.((

(

Following(on(from(the(Manchester(Conversation((above),(Fairburn(described(a(more(

direct(approach(in(establishing(user(engagement(in(the(Coventry(context:((

Fairburn:"Coventry"[University]"have"focused"very"much"on"applied"research"activities."So"that’s"meant"that"we’ve"had"to"get"out"there"and"understand"user"needs,"and"business"needs,"and"then"apply"research"principles"to"solve"the"problems"…"We"are"in"the"middle"now,"probably"12"months"down"the"road"to"investing"in"our"fundamental"research"base…"but"we’re"maintaining"those"links"with"companies…"Essentially,"because"of"that"culture"within"the"University,"we"are"well"versed"in"working"with"and"alongside"our"counterparts"externally;"be"they"public"sector"health"providers"or"service"providers"or"industry."And"it"means"then,"through"those"trusted"relationships,"we"have"quick"access"to"the"end"users…"be"they"staff"of"the"organisations"or"the"general"public.46""

Fairburn(conveyed(that(the(living(lab(is(based(in(The(University(of(Coventry’s(longN

standing(relationship(to(Coventry(City(Council,(which(owns(somewhere(in(the(region(of(

60%(of(the(land(in(the(city(centre.(The(University(owns(approximately(30%(of(the(

buildings(in(the(city(centre(and(this(percentage(is(growing.(((

Fairburn:"So,"from"the"perspective"of"our"core"business"of"education"and"all"the"students"coming"into"Coventry,"of"course,"the"council"has"a"vested"interest"in"us"being"here…""but"it"also"puts"pressure"and"demand"on"council"services."So,"we"naturally"have"a"close"working"relationship"[with(the(council]…"and"what"we’ve"done"over"the"last"five"years"is"to"start"to"build"up"a"relationship,"not"just"around"the"students,"but"also"on"the"research,"enterprise"and"innovation"research"that"we"undertake.47"

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((46(Please(appendix(for(transcript(titled(“Transcript(Paul(at(Coventry.”(47(Ibid.(


( 58(

"The(relationship(with(the(council(is(imperative(to(the(work(of(the(living(lab;(perhaps(

especially(that(currently(surrounding(driverless(vehicles:((

Fairburn:(The"key"initiative"we’re"working"on"around"a"Smart"City"space…"Living"Lab"space…"is"around"connective"and"driverless"vehicles."So"we"have"three"big"trials"coming"to"Coventry"in"the"next"two"years"I"which"is"about"actually"putting"those"cars"on"the"street"and"testing"them."…"That’s"a"partnership"with"City"Council,"the"University"and"our"private"sector"consortia"like"Jaguar"Land"Rover,"Ford,"RDM"Automotive,"Siemens,"Horiba"Mira,"there’s"a"whole"host"of"different"partners"involved…"You’ve"got"Sweden"with"Volvo,"and…"Germany"with"BMW"and"Audi…"Everybody"is"looking"at"this"[driverless(vehicles]"because"its"a"game"changer"for"the"future…"and"actually"its"also"an"opportunity"for"small"disruptive"players"to"enter"the"market."""The"automotive"space"is"a"very"traditional"space,"but"actually"the"future"is"where"they"can"make"competitive"difference"is"based"on"the"level"and"the"intelligence"of"digital"technology"that’s"included"in"the"vehicle…"and"that"can"either"be"through"your"own"personal"device"or"the"embedded"electronics"within"the"vehicle…"""If"you"think"about"what"is"required"to"effectively"test"a"driverless"vehicle"on"Coventry"streets…"There"are"all"sorts"of"risks"associated…"As"a"true"living"lab"we"need"to"be"encouraging"that"sort"of"activity"to"take"place"rather"than"in"a"controlled"environments"away"from"the"city"where"you"don’t"have"exposure"to"the"general"public…"The"whole"point"of"these"trials"is"to"understand"behaviours,"really…"you"know"how"the"public"will"respond…"It"is"not"just"about"testing"the"technology"of"the"vehicles…"because,"actually,"it"is"already"there…""You"know,"the"capability"is"there…""it"just"needs"to"mature…"This"[research(into(driverless(vehicles]"is"more"about"“How"do"people"respond"to"and"interact"with"driverless"vehicles.”"When"they’re"on"the"streets…"Whether"they"are"on"the"streets"as"a"pedestrian."Whether"they"are"a"motorist"themselves…"There"are"needs"to"understand"[how(people(will(behave]"…"So"the"city"council"works"hard"to"make"sure"the"public"access"to"the"roads"is"there([for(testing(driverless(vehicles]"so"they"can"easily,"but"also"safely"trail"these"cars…""""Interviewer:""…"and"the"living"lab"is"situated"as"a"liaison"between"the"firms"and"the"city?"""Fairburn:"Yeah,"its"the"glue"that"holds"it"all"together."And"we"(in"the"nicest"possible"way)"use"the"Living"Lab"brand"to"inform"the"city"council"of"the"potential…"and"our"core"interest"was"raising"the"profile"of"the"University"in"the"city,"drawing"down"funding"and"investment"for"projects"to"enhance"our"research"activity,"and"also"build"links"with"industry"partners"on"the"back"of"the"ENoLL"brand.""


( 59(

"I"think"people"within"the"University"understand"what"we’re"trying"to"do"with"the"living"lab"concepts…"Its"harder"from"a"language"and"a"cultural"perspective…"to"perhaps"explain"that"to"local"authorities"and"other"organisations…"As"I’m"sure"you’ve"heard"before,"you"know,"they’re"[City(Council(and(local(authorities]"very"traditional"organisations"and"I"think"we’ve"got"traction"around"the"automotive"sector"because"the"guy"who"was"head"of"transport"in"the"local"authority…"He’d"got"it…"He"understood…"He"knew"what"we"were"trying"to"do…"and,"we"went"from"a"position"where"the"University"was"working"hard"to"move"the"council"to"him"taking"responsibility,"and"saying"“This"is"what"I"want"to"do"for"the"city.”"""Interviewer:"Right."So"that"was"a"critical"connection"in"the"local"government?""""Fairburn:"Mmm…[Affirmative]"Yes.""""Interviewer:"Very"much"like"other"Living"Labs…"like"Smart"Village"Living"Labs"in"India."""Fairburn:"So,"its"consistent"across"the"globe."That’s"interesting."[laughs]"""Interviewer:"…Seems"to"be"the"case…"there"are"certain"throughIroads"which"appear"to"be"kind"of"universal"or"at"least"semiIuniversal…"at"least"for"living"lab"projects…"""Fairburn:"I"think"that’s"because,"normally,"culturally,"as"you"know,"Universities"are"asked"to"ask"challenging"questions"I"be"creative,"be"innovative…""Whereas,"local"authorities"typically"will"be"asked"to"provide"specific"services"within"a"restrictive"budget,"and"they"will"be"tied"up"by"legislation"and"red"tape…"which"is"necessary,"but"that"drives"behaviour…"you"know…"that’s"why"you’ve"got"those"relationships…48"""

"CLC(also(works(in(Public(Heath:((

Fairburn:(…that’s"working"with"health"and"social"services…"supporting"either"delivery"of"care"to"the"community…"we’ve"got"a"lot"of"interaction"with"exchange"of"staff"and"students"…"both"practitioners"and"graduates"being"recruited"into"the"health"care"services…"so"there’s"lots"and"lots"of"links"there."And"that’s"how"we"frame"our"Living"Lab"if"you"like:"It"is"based"around"user"engagement"and"user"led"innovation,"but"also"technology"integration"as"well…""

City(Lab(Coventry(also(has(an(extensive(programme(of(community(engagement,(called(

City(Initiative.((

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((48(Ibid.(


( 60(

Fairburn:"So,"going"back"to"The"University"taking"up"30%"of"the"city"downtown"area…"you"as"a"Coventry"resident"would"probably"say…"“Well,"what"does"that"mean"to"me?"How"do"I"benefit?"I’m"not"studying"at"the"University"but"I’m"a"city"resident…"What’s"the"University"giving"back"to"me?”"And,"we"[CLC(living(lab](have"a"series"of"programmes"to"connect"with"the"Coventry"community,"and"that"whole"user"engagement,"user"lead"innovation"piece"is"important"to"us."So…"this"is"not"unique"to"Coventry…"but"we’re"just"in"the"process"of"opening"our"FabLab."I"would"say"that"the"difference"with"our"FabLab"is"that"it"is"not"on"the"University"site"–"it"is"genuinely"in"the"centre"of"town…"it"will"be"open…"you"know,"genuinely"open"to"the"public"who"can"come"in"an"test,"and"develop"and"create"new"products"from"their"own"ideas."So"there’s"a"whole"host"of"activities"going"on…""…"We’ve"done"a"lot"of"community"engagement"activity"around"public"space…"for"example,"and"you"know,"we"had"a"project"called"“Voice"Your"View”"which"is"engaging"citizens"on"their"views"on"public"spaces"around"the"city."It"was"a"small"piece"of"work"taken"on"by"our"Ergonomics"and"Human"factors"research"staff,"and"that"was"about"putting"interactive"facilities"within"Coventry"which"allows"people"to"ask"questions"whist"they"were"out"about"in"the"city…"about"particular"aspects"about"the"city…"and"you"get"some"very"traditional"responses,"that"you"might"expect…"and"then"the"unexpected"as"well…"challenges,"you"also"have"the"ethical"challenges"of"actually"engaging"with"end"users"and"members"of"the"public…"you"have"to"be"careful"around"crafting"your"methodology"to"get"it"right"particularly"if"its"around"sensitive"subjects"like"public"heath…"you"might"be"extracting"sensitive"information"so"that’s"a"challenge…49"

(

Observations:(CLC(

We(saw(above(that(CLC(is(engaged(projects(across(the(entire(city(of(Coventry(in(

collaborative(research,(experimentation(to(produce(and(refine(innovations(at(many(

levels.(In(the(Public(Health(realm,(there(are(resonances(with(SVLL,(NCIPNHub(and(City(

Observatory(Living(Lab.((

(

However(there(is(another(consideration(with(CLS,(which(is(the(direct(involvement(with(

research,(experimentation(and(innovation(on(a(large(scale,(collaborating(with(private(

companies(including(major(players(from(the(auto(industry(and(health(care(industry,(as(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((49(Ibid.((


( 61(

well(as(potentially(disruptive(startNups.(In(this(respect,(there(are(resonances(with(

Manchester(and(NCIPNHub((as(per(the(listings(of(commercial(firms(in(the(case(study).(In(

this(context,(seems(useful(to(note(that(NICPNHub(is(a(collaboratory(and(CLC(is(a(living(lab.(

Again,(we(are(seeing(separations(between(categories(dissolve.((

(

CLC,(like(City(Observatory,(is(working(with(individual(users(and(other(layers(of(users(

(which(will(be(mentioned(in(the(City(Observatory(case(study(below).(The(CLC(work(took(

place(across(a(distributed(area(N(using(the(city(streets(and(overall(environment(as(a(

research,(experimentation(and(innovation(area.(Here(we(see(again(that,(like(all(the(other(

organisations(surveyed,(CLC’s(underpinning(approach(is(essentially(guided(by(the(

scientific(method.((

(

There(resonances(with(Manchester(concerning(stimulating(innovation(through(various(

means((apps(challenges,(hackathons,(etc.).((Clear(resonances(are(present(in(the(area(of(

working(with(governmental(bodies(to(reach(and(work(with(users((SVLL,(COLL,(

Manchester(labs,(etc).(

CSEP:(How(it(Works(

(

The(Collaboratory(for(the(Study(of(Earthquake(Predictability((CSEP)(seeks(to(support(the(

development(of(scientific(methods(of(earthquake(prediction(in(regional,(multiNregional,(


( 62(

and(global(settings.50(Collaboratory(contributors(include(researchers(and(scientists(from(

across(the(world,(including(New(Zealand,(The(United(States,(Japan,(China,(Italy,(and(

Switzerland,(etc.51((

(

The(respondent(for(CSEP(is(Dr(Max(Werner,(a(Lecturer(in(Natural(Hazards(and(Risks,(

based(at(University(of(Bristol((UK)(in(the(School(of(Earth(Sciences(and(the(Cabot(Institute.(

Max(is(also(a(Fellow(at(the(London(Mathematical(Laboratory.(Werner(has(also(worked(

with(the(German(Agency(for(International(Development(in(Guatemala,(Swiss(

Seismological(Service,(and(was(a(Harry(H.(Hess(Postdoctoral(Fellow(in(the(Department(of(

Geosciences(at(Princeton(University((US).(

(

CSEP(evaluates(earthquakeNforecasting(methods(for(accuracy:(

Researchers"have"tried"to"evaluate"the"skill"of"their"forecasting"or"prediction"methods"themselves…"there"tend"to"be"some"biases"(some"of"them"conscious,"some"unconscious)"that"typically"led"them"to"be"over"optimistic"about"their"methods."The"purpose"[of"the"collaboratory]"is"to"have"an"infrastructure"where"we"can"do"blind"testing"of"earthquake"prediction"methods.52""

CSEP(facilitates(collaboration(between(testing(centres(across(the(globe,(creating(a(

platform(for(a(broad(spectrum(of(experiments(in(prediction(dealing(with(areas(

throughout(the(system(of(faults(on(tectonic(ridges(worldwide.((

(

To(test(forecasting(models,(CSEP(is(required(to(keep(abreast(of(any(developments(in(

earthquake(forecasting(and(prediction.(This(also(requires(the(upkeep(of(infrastructure(

for(testing.53(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((50(http://www.cseptesting.org/index.php((51(From(transcript(of(CSEP(respondent,(contained(in(appendix.(52(Ibid.(53(Ibid.(


( 63(

…we"need"to"make"sure"our"cyber"infrastructure"is"ready"to"accept"the"formats"of"these"forecasts,"and"that"it"[the"cyberIinfrastructure]"is"ready"to"evaluate"them.54"""

The(cyberNinfrastructure(is(coded(and(supported(by(a(computer(scientist(working(with(

the(collaboratory(node(at(The(Southern(California(Earthquake(Centre(in(Los(Angeles.55(

This(software(was(created(by(

…"a"software"developer"and"a"group"of"scientists"who"were"providing"a"set"of"priorities"and"inputs;"that’s"really"at"the"core"of"what"this"collaboratory"provides.56"""

The(researchers(and(designers(of(a(forecasting(method(submit(a(model(to(CSEP(testing(

nodes(in(Japan,(Switzerland,(New(Zealand(and(the(United(States.(Once(submitted,(the(

forecasts(are(“locked(down”(so(they(cannot(be(accessed(or(modified.(Then,(the(

forecasting(models(are(checked(against(realNworld(data(automatically.(The(data(used(to(

check(against(is(gathered(by(seismometers(run(by(various(governments(worldwide.(

Most"seismometers"are"connected"to"national"networks."These"national"networks"publish"their"data"freely"and"it"is"available"to"anyone"on"the"net.57"" "

CSEP(communications(and(teleconferencing(amongst(participating(organisations(and(

individuals(are(conducted(primarily(via(BlueJeans(collaboration(software,(but(email,(

telephone(and(Skype(are(used(as(well.58(

"The"innovation"part"comes"in"from"regular"discussions."We"have"biIweekly"teleconferences."Every"other"week"we"get"on"the"line"and"this"is"very"difficult"as"we"are"all"in"different"time"zones."We"talk"about"our"objectives"and"our"priorities,"and"particularly"how"we"should"address"the"current"need"of"the"community...59""

Teleconferencing(and(the(cyberNinfrastructure(allow(something(relatively(unique(to(

collaboratory(participants:(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((54(Ibid.(55(This(support(is(partially(provided(by(the(US(National(Science(Foundation.(Ibid.((56(Ibid.(57(Ibid.(58(http://bluejeans.com((59(Ibid.((


( 64(

Typically"in"the"academic"world,"much"of"the"communication"happens"at"conferences,"and"through"journal"publications,"and"through"joint"collaborative"projects"that"typically"don’t"involve"so"many"people."So,"having"the"cyberIinfrastructure"is"really"helpful"in"providing"and"obvious"target"for"people"to"work"together"and"to"concentrate"their"efforts"toward"the"common"goal.60""

All(of(the(work(for(CSEP(via(electronic(platforms(is(complimented(by(an(annual(meeting(

held(at(The(Southern(California(Earthquake(Centre.(The(meetings(involve(500(scientists((

…"which"is"larger"than"our"little"collaboratory."We"get"together"and"discuss"(through"workshops"etc.)"with"the"latest"and"greatest"in"our"research"areas."That’s"another"mechanism"for"fostering"innovation;"its"the"workshops,"these"teleconferences,"and"having"the"structure"of"having"many"groups"dispersed"throughout"the"world"working"toward"having"comparable"formats"and"targets.61"""

Observations:!CSEP!!

CSEP(has(a(clear(technical(orientation(in(its(work(testing(models(of(earthquake(

prediction.(There(are(essentially(two(layers(of(innovation(involved(here:(One(layer(is(the(

innovation(that(CSEP(encourages((and(vets)(in(earthquake(prediction(through(its(testing(

of(experimental(models(for(prediction.(The(other(innovation(aspect(is(the(collective(

determinations(as(to(how(to(go(about(this(testing,(which(draws(from(a(broad(array(of(

specialists(from(across(the(globe.(There(is(a(clear(collaborative(research(and(

experimentation(orientation.(This,(along(with(the(clear(emphasis(empirical(evidence((via(

the(testing(of(models(for(accuracy(in(prediction)(is(grounded(in(scientific(method.(((

(

However,(it(is(also(clear(CSEP(has(a(social(orientation;(the(work(done(here(has(to(do(with(

being(able(to(predict(earthquakes(in(order(to(protect(societies(from(potential(damage.(In(

many(ways,(this(is(a(connection(to(Public(Heath,(linking(the(work(of(CSEP(to(NCIPNHub,(

CLC,(Manchester(Digital(Innovation(Living(Lab,(and(City(Observatory.(This(social(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((60(Ibid.(61(Ibid.(


( 65(

orientation(will(effect(where(CSEP(will(resides(on(the(Innovation(Orientation(axis.(

Though(CSEP(is(heavily(technically(oriented,(it(will(reside(somewhere(closer(to(the(social(

orientation(end(of(the(spectrum(than(LIGO((to(be(discussed(below).(

(

CSEP(is(distributed(to(the(largest(extent(of(any(of(the(other(case(studies(N(beyond(using(

readings(from(every(continent(the(organisation(is(collecting(and(using(data(from(

instruments(on(ocean(floors.(((

(

City(Observatory(Living(Lab:(How(it(works(

(

The(City(Observatory(Living(Lab(is(based(at(The(Institute(for(Future(Cities,(Strathclyde(

University(in(Glasgow.(City(Observatory(Living(Lab((COLL)(obtained(ENoLL(accreditation(

in(August(2016.(For(the(purposes(of(this(paper,(Project(Manager(Janette(Hughes(was(

interviewed(about(how(work(is(done(there.(Janette(has(worked(in(various(sections(in(the(

areas(of(digital(wellness(and(health(innovation,(design,(economic(development,(and(

programme(management.(

(

COLL’s(primary(remit(is(the(collection,(management(and(interpretation(of(data(from(

urban(environments(with(Glasgow(itself(being(the(first(and(prime(example.(The(Living(

Lab(offers(access(to(open(data(sets(and(a(range(of(data(tools(for(capture,(linking,(


( 66(

visualisation,(analysis(and(predictive(modelling.(Through(these(methods,(a(city’s(

patterns(and(systems(can(be(mapped(and(analysed(to(determine(its(effects(on(

individuals,(businesses,(communities(and(the(overall(region.(COLL(currently(focuses(on(

areas(of(health,(crime,(transport(resilience(and(sustainability.((

(

When(asked(how(COLL(goes(about(user(engagement,(Janette(responded(with(a(query:((

So"you"are"talking"about"users"in"society."Are"you"talking"about"citizens,"are"you"talking"about"service"providers"who"deliver"services"to"the"citizens?"Because"there"are"two"layers,"I"suppose,"of"users.62""

This(recognition(and/or(delineation(is(of(interest(to(this(study;(it(was(inherently(present(

in(conversations(with(all(of(the(organisations(dealt(with(for(this(paper((see(SVLL(

responses(and(discussion(above).((In(fact,(both(“layers”(are(concerns(of(this(study,(and(

Janette(was(able(to(talk(about(examples(of(COLL(engagement(with(the(two.((

(

When(asked(to(discuss(engagement(with(citizens(as(users(directly,(Janette(told(us:((

…we’re"actually"part"of"the"Future"City"demonstrator…""That"is"to"look"at"a"range"of"challenges"a"city"has"not"today,"but"will"have"in"the"future."Trying"to"develop"a"smart,"intelligent"citizen"led"solutions…"community"engagement"events,"which"reached"15,000"people."They"also"did"hackathons,"etc.63""

Through(Future(City(Demonstrator(projects,(the(citizens(of(Glasgow,(as(users,(are(invited(

to(share(data,(look(at(patterns,(propose(solutions(and/or(receive(recommendations(on(

topics.(Examples(of(areas(of(engagement((thus(far)(are(energy,(travel,(social(transport(

and(intelligent(street(lighting.64(The(sharing(of(user(data(involves(monitoring(home(

energy(usage,(or(carrying(purpose(built(devices(to(monitor(movements(throughout(a(

specified(time(period,(etc.((

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((62(COLL(transcript(in(appendix.((63(Ibid.((64(http://futurecity.glasgow.gov.uk/energy/((


( 67(

(

In(working(with(service(providers(and(citizen(groups,(COLL(takes(a(multiNstakeholder(

approach.(A(recent(project(a(focused(on(crime(reduction/control.(((

The"first"thing"that"we"do"is"to"try"and"find"a"common"issue;"a"common"challenge"that"that"have"a"common"interest"in."Then"we"bring"the"stakeholders"together."So"we"brought"the"police"force,"Glasgow"city"council,"a"software"company,"and"Community"Safety"Glasgow"into"the"mix.65""

COLL(brought(data(sets(together(from(the(varying(sources(to(check(for(correlations(or(

connections(between(the(sets.((

…"multi"data"sets"were"brought"together…"in"new"methods"to"look"at"data"modelling"with"multiIlayers"and"any"correlation"between"them."To"then"develop"a"visualisation"that"would"show"impact"across"a"multiIstakeholder"consortium.66""

Crime(had(been(falling(in(areas(of(Glasgow(for(some(time,(but(more(recently(it(had(

reached(a(plateau.(This(raised(questions(concerning(the(kinds(of(interventions(that(

might(be(introduced(to(achieve(further(reductions(in(crime.(A(correlation(was(found(

through(the(visualisations(of(the(combined(data(sets.(The(presence(of(CCTV(was(related(

to(lower(crime(rates.(This(outcome(is(generally(not(possible(using(a(single(data(source.(

…"you"often"find"that"organisations"have"their"own"data,"but"their"data"is"looked"at"in"silos"–"in"isolation."The"Observatory"is"very"much"about"bringing"together"to"see"new"pictures,"new"patterns,"new"insights,"new"connections."The"result"of"bringing"those"stakeholders"together"was"really"to"push"the"boundaries"of"connecting"data,"and"connecting"the"impact"that"you"can"have"over"a"range"of"stakeholders.67""

The(outcomes(emerged(from(combining(the(data(sets,(and(from(bringing(the(

stakeholders(together:((

…although"the"street"lighting"and"CCTV"had"an"impact"on"crime,"the"budget"wasn’t"coming"from"Police"Scotland."The"budget"was"coming"from"an"infrastructure"budget"at"Glasgow"City"Council."So,"if"we"had"just"taken"Police"Scotland"and"done"that"project"in"isolation"with"them,"

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((65(COLL(transcript(in(appendix.(66(Ibid.(67(Ibid.(


( 68(

we"wouldn’t"have"seen"the"intervention"and"we"wouldn’t"have"got"the"results"of"what"the"return"in"investment"would"be"to"the"city"of"Glasgow,"rather"than"to"one"stakeholder.""Glasgow"City"Council"were"involved"at"different"levels."They"had"to"supply"us"with"data"on"the"infrastructure,"the"cost"of"that"infrastructure."The"return"in"investment"model"was"very"much"based"on"projecting"forward."So"we"did"projective"modelling."We"said"“So"what’s"the"demographic"change"in"Glasgow"or"what’s"the"urban"design"changes"I"and"asked"how"who"does"this"potentially"effect"crime"as"well?”"68""

The(examples(discussed(above(are(clearly(areas(of(Living(Lab(activities(–(working(with(

users(and/or(stakeholders(in(search(of(innovative(improvements(and(solutions(across(a(

distributed(geographical(area.((

(

However,(in(a(key(finding(for(this(dissertation,(other"aspects"of"the"work"at"COLL"

specifically"and"wholly"fit"the"definition"collaboratory"model"discussed"in"this"paper:(COLL(

has(a(wide(array(of(multiNdisciplinary(and(multiNsector(partnerships(that(allow(for(access(

to(data(sets(from(across(the(globe((ex.(British(Standards(Institute,(Lucandra(International,(

Synapsys,(World(Bank,(etc.)(In(addition(COLL(is(now(obtaining(data(from,(and(

collaborating(with(cities(“…from(Chicago,(Singapore,(Hong(Kong,(parts(of(Africa…”(and(

the(number(of(collaborating(cities(is(expect(to(rise(quickly(in(the(future.(((

We"have"an"open"data"portal."So"if"you"go"to"the"institute"for"Future"Cities"website"you"see"a"number"of"different"data"sets"which"are"open"to"researchers"or"the"public."So"yes,"we"do"collect/harvest"open"data"sets,"not"just"from"the"UK"but"other"places"throughout"the"world."It’s"quite"a"young"site,"so"the"harvesting"of"the"data"isn’t"that"mature."I"think"we’ve"got"some"data"from"Chicago,"Singapore,"Hong"Kong,"and"parts"of"Africa."So,"it’s"not"that"extensive,"but"there"is"that"ability"to"share"that"data.69"""

Another(attribute(COLL(has(which(fits(directly(into(the(collaboratory(model(is(the(holding(

of(a(repository(of(information(for(dissemination,(and(use(among(distributed(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((68(Ibid.(69(Ibid.(


( 69(

collaborators.(This(is(true(of(open(data,(such(as(that(used(with(the(project(concerned(

with(crime(rates((above)(and(closed(data:((

…"although"open"data"is"interesting,"probably"more"interesting"is"the"closed"data"that"we"usually"get"access"to"for"specific"research"projects."So,"health"is"a"common"asked"data"set…""however,"in"most"cases"the"health"data"is"too"sensitive"to"open"up."So"what"we’re"working"on"[in"this"example]"is"a"closed"data"set,"where"only"access"would"be"given"to"researchers"who"were"specific"to"that"project"(because"there"have"to"be"security"profiles"attached"to"that).70""

COLL(uses(both(commercially(built(software(for(data(sharing,(collaborating(and(

conferencing(with(collaborators(at(a(distances.(

Just"now"we"use"Microsoft"cloud"hosted"software."So,"our"data"repository"for"open"data"is"actually"based"in"MS"Ezure"Cloud."We"use"some"of"the"cloud’s"software"tools."So"MS"Ezure"comes"with"software"tools,"and"we"design"some"of"out"own."And,"depending"upon"who’s"doing"the"work…"it’ll"depend"on"what"tools…"some"people"have"preferences"for"tools…"and"they"will"use"specific"tools…"so"for"instance"some"of"our"engineering"colleagues"will"use"MatLab"to"analyse"the"data.71""

Observations:(COLL(

Above(we(see(relationships(between(Coventry(living(lab(work,(and(also(NCIPNHub,(

particularly(where(questions(of(open(or(closed(data(and(practices(arise.(The(Public(

Health(focus(is(the(thread(for(this(connection,(which(links(across(to(SVLL,(CLS,(

Manchester(and(CSEP.((

(

There(are(also(clear(resonances(concerning(governmental(bodies(that(COLL(works(with,(

and(this(in(turn(reflects(back(to(all(of(the(case(studies(in(this(paper.(There(is(a(clear(

linkage(concerning(social(innovation(in(the(project(on(crime(described(by(Janette,(and(

the(overall(functions(of(COLL,(while(involving(technical(means,(also(orients(strongly(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((70(Ibid.(71(Ibid.(


( 70(

toward(socially(innovative(work.(This(resonates(with(all(of(the(organisations(in(the(case(

studies(to(differing(degrees.((

(

COLL’s(work(is(distributed(across(Glasgow,(but(reaches(much(further(will(data(collection(

and(analysis(from(cities;(collaborating(within(and(beyond(Glasgow(with(distributed(

actors(for(research,(experimentation(and(innovation.(((

(

This(information(gained(in(the(interview(for(this(case(study(provided(a(key(finding(for(

this(dissertation,(further(establishing(a(unified(category(of(organisations(containing(living(

labs(and(collaboratories.((The(information(gathered(clearly(establishes(that(City(

Observatory(functions(as(a(living(lab,(while(also(operating(in(a(way(that(specifically(fulfils(

the(definition(of(collaboratory(as(discussed(in(the(literature(review(of(this(paper:(acting(

as(platform(for(of(collaboration(facilitated(via(electronic(means(with(collaborators(who(

are(geographically(dispersed,(and(engaged(in(scientific(research(and(collaboration,(and(

serving(as(a(repository,(holding(data(and(allowing(retrieval(and(dissemination(of(data.((

(

LIGO:(How(it(Works(

(

"The(Laser(Interferometer(GravitationalNwave(Observatory((LIGO)(is(a(shared(pair(of(

instruments(used(by(collaborating(institutions(for(the(purpose(of(a(largeNscale(physics(


( 71(

experiment(in(search(for(gravitational(waves.(There(are(currently(two(observatory(nodes,(

both(located(in(the(United(States.(The(Handford(Observatory(is(located(near(Richland(

Washington(and(the(Livingston(Observatory(resides(in(Livingston(Louisiana.(An(

announcement(was(made(in(February(2016(validating(the(first(confirmed(detection(of(

gravitational(waves((Sept(2015),(and(a(third(Observatory(has(been(given(the(green(light(

in(India.(((

(

The(data(produced(by(these(instruments(is(shared(and(analysed(by(researchers(and(

organisations(throughout(the(world(via(a(data(portal.72(The(primary(research(

organisations(are(in(the(United(States(at(Caltech(&(MIT((US).(Examples(of(other(nodes(

taking(part(in(collaboration(are;(The(Max(Planck(Institute((Germany),(University(of(Rome(

&(Perugia((Italy),(The(Australia(Telescope(National(Facility((ATNF),(University(of(Tokyo(

(Japan),(The(Universities(of(Glasgow(and(Manchester((UK),(etc.(In(total,(there(are(over(

900(participating(scientists(working(with(LIGO(at(varying(locations(throughout(the(word.(

Much(of(this(is(facilitated(via(the(LIGO(data(portal.((Vallisneri,(et(al.,(2015)(The(Open(

Science(element(of(LIGO(is(significant,(with(over(44,000(participants(worldwide(and(a(

number(of(observations(attributable(to(these(methods.((Aasi,(Abadie,(Abbott,(&(Abbott,(

2013;(Allen(et(al.,(2013)(

(

Some(answers(were(provided(in(writing(via(email(concerning(software(packages(used(in(

the(project.(The(respondent(wrote:((

Examples"of"software"we"use"are"MATLAB,"Mathematica,"ANSYS,"SolidWorks,"COMSOL,"Altium,"SPICE…"Yes"I"the"specialized"software"is"written"by"individuals"in"the"collaboration.73""

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((72(https://losc.ligo.org/data/(Viewed(04:45,(March(5,(2016.((73(Ibid.(


( 72(

In(addition,(a(written(response(confirmed(that,(amongst(researchers(and(organisations(

at(LIGO,(like(other(distributed(organisations,(are(also(handled(via(email,(phone,(Skype(

and(social(media(such(as(Facebook(and(Twitter.74((

(

As(mentioned(above,(LIGO’s(Caltech(arm(has(an(entire(webpage(section(dedicated(to(

discussing(innovations(developed(as(part(of(the(project,(as(well(as(how(these(are(

deployed(in(other(arenas.(Please(see(the(table(posted(on(the(website(below.75(

LIGO(Caltech(website.((

"LIGO(serves(as(an(example(for(this(study;(some(organisations(and(networks(that(work(in(

ways(fitting(to(the(definition(used(in(this(paper(for(“collaboratory”(do(not(recognise(

themselves(as(a(collaboratory(or(use(the(term(to(describe(their(work.(An(indicator(of(this(

turned(up(in(written(exchanges(with(staff(at(The(Max(Planck(Institute.(In(an(email(

request(to(confirm(the(Max(Planck(Institute(for(Gravitational(Physics(remained(a(

participating(organisations(in(the(Astrophysics(Simulation(Collaboratory((ASC).76(

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((74(Ibid.(75(https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/ligoNtechnology?highlight=innovative(Viewed(14:56,(March(25,(2016(76(Please(see(PDF(email(in(appendix,(titled(“Max(Planck(Institute(messages.“(


( 73(

The(staff(member(responded(that(the(work(with(the(collaboratory(had(come(to(a(close(

in(2002.77(However,(after(a(request(for(clarifying(information,(where(the(staff(member(

was(asked(to(consider(questions(concerning(operations(and(approaches(specific(to(the(

definition(of(“collaboratory”(as(used(in(this(paper(the(staff(member(recognised(the(

Planck(Institute(has(three(divisions(working(as(part(of(LIGO.78(

(

Observations:(LIGO(

LIGO(researchers(are(widely(distributed,(collaborating(with(shared(instruments(and(data(

for(research,(experimentation(and(innovations(across(the(globe.(The(LIGO(website(

counts(900(scientists(collaborating(and(an(Open(Science(initiative(touting(44,000(citizen(

scientists(taking(part(in(work(as(part(of(the(collaboratory.79(This(Open(Science(approach(

links(to(NCIPNHub,(as(well(as(City(Observatory(and(CSEP((as(well(as(some(other(highly(

visible(collaborative(research(projects).80(

(

LIGO(has(an(Open(Science(orientation,(facilitated(via(The(LIGO(Open(Science(Centre(

hosted(online.(This(is(a(similarity(with(NCIPNHub,(CSEP,(COLL(and(other(highly(visible(

science(projects.(The(data(gathered(by(LIGO(is(made(available(freely,(as(with(much(of(

the(data(accessed(by(City(Observatory(Living(Lab(and(NCIPNHub.((

(

Innovations(developed(at(LIGO(may(take(some(time(to(have(a(social(innovation(impact,(

and(therefore(it(occupies(a(far(point(in(the(technical(side(of(the(Innovation(Orientation(

spectrum.((

((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((77(Ibid.(78(Ibid.(79(https://losc.ligo.org/about(Viewed(13:45(May(16,(2016.(80(See(CERN(Open(Science(Press(Release(http://home.cern/cernNpeople/opinion/2014/11/roadNopenNscience((and(Open(Data(Portal:(http://opendata.cern.ch/?ln=en((Both(viewed(16:02,(May,(13,(2016.((


( 74(

(

A(key(link(between(LIGO(and(SVLL(lies(in(its(educational(outcomes.(LIGO(encourages(the(

use(of(its(data(in(educational(work,(and(SVLL(is(focused(on(education(as(a(means(to(

make(economic(improvements(across(the(region.(In(this(sense,(both(organisations(are(

engaged(in(education,(as(well(as(distributed(collaboration(for(research,(experimentation(

and(innovation.(In(this,(though(widely(separated(in(terms(of(technological(sophistication(

of(the(work(of(the(organisation,(the(underpinning(approach(involves(the(scientific(

method.(((

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(


( 75(

Conclusions(

In(many(ways,(science(is(understood(as(the(collective(endeavour(in(developing(and(

refining(knowledge((Franck,(2002;(Hecker,(2012;(Lenoir,(2006;(Rolin,(2008;(etc.).(Over(

the(course(of(the(past(quarter(century,(the(pace(of(scientific(collaboration(has(

accelerated(through(the(means(of(digital(technology.(Collaborative(research,(

experimentation(and(innovation(amongst(geographically(distributed(actors(has(been(

eased(and(enhanced.(Collaboratories(and(living(labs(are(two(prominent(approaches(to(

achieve(this,(and(together(they(occupy(a(single(category(of(organisation.((

(

The(single(category(containing(collaboratories(and(living(labs,(as(approaches(to(research,(

experimentation(and(innovation(conducted(by(physically(distributed(actors(can(be(

visualised(on(a(two(dimensional(coordinate(system.(This(system(has(been(created(for(

this(dissertation,(and(has(been(titled(the(Innovation(Orientation(and(Geographical(

Distribution(Plane((IO&GD(Plane).(With(this(model,(the(single(grouping(of(collaboratories(

and(living(labs(can(be(visualised(with(each(individual(organisation(residing(on(

coordinates(where(the(YNaxis(represents(an(Innovation(Orientation,(and(the(XNaxis(

depicts(Geographical(distribution.(A(revised(IO&GD(Plane(is(presented(again(here(for(

consideration(and(reference:((


( 76(

(

From(the(case(studies(in(this(dissertation,(we(have(been(able(to(observe(that(all(of(the(

organisations(residing(on(the(IO&GD(Plane(are(geographically(distributed.(The(actors(in(

these(organisations(may(be(working(across(a(city(centre,(a(state(or(province(or,(quite(

literally,(the(entire(globe.(The(Geographic(Distribution(axis(in(the(model(depicts(the(

position(of(each(organisation(on(the(basis(of(the(size(of(the(area(covered(by(its(

participants/contributors.(The(positioning(of(each(organisation(on(the(axis(is(relative(to(

the(others(from(the(case(studies(in(this(dissertation.((

(

An(underpinning(concept(of(the(IO&GD(Plane(is(the(recognition(that(while(an(innovation(

can(be(technical(in(nature,(it(is(also(likely(to(have(social(implications(and(impacts.(Given(

this,(the(Innovation(Orientation(axis(is(a(gradient(where(an(organisation(produces(


( 77(

innovations(that(reside(in(a(spectrum.(Over(time,(the(innovation(may(move(across(the(

spectrum.(An(important(element(of(where(an(organisation(is(placed(on(the(Innovation(

Orientation(axis(is(the(amount(of(time(that(might(be(anticipated(for(the(innovations(it(

generates(to(manifest(in(the(social(sphere.(

(

The(case(studies(revealed(an(array(of(similarities(and(relationships(between(the(

collaboratories(and(living(labs(sampled.(This(was(a(critical(consideration(leading(to(the(

development(of(the(IO&GD(Plane.(The(prime(resonance(between(collaboratories(and(

living(labs(is(scientific(method.(It(underpins(both(collaboratories(and(living(labs.(Once(

this(is(acknowledged,(relationships(between(it(living(labs(and(collaboratories(as(

distributed(forms(of(scientific(collaboration(in(research,(experimentation(and(innovation(

becomes(clear.(Conceiving(of(a(living(lab(as(a(research(methodology(and(experimental(

way(of(working(led(to(the(recognition(that(the(central(feature(of(collaboratories(and(

living(labs(is(the(use(of(scientific(method(across(geographically(distributed(actors.((

(

Further(evidence(for(the(organisations(surveyed(in(this(paper(belonging(to(a(single(

category(was(present(in(the(data(gathered(and(analysis(concerning(City(Observatory(

Living(Lab.(Here(it(was(revealed(that(work(occurring(at(City(Observatory(Living(Lab(

precisely(fits(the(definitions(of(collaboratory.(This(organisation(is(both(a(living(lab(and(a(

collaboratory.(Here,(any(difference(is(completely(dissolved,(and(this(is(a(key(finding(

relating(to(the(unified(category(or(organisation(depicted(on(the(IO&DG(Plane.(As(

discussed(in(the(observation(section(of(the(case(study(of(City(Observatory(Living(Lab(

(above),(the(organisation(operates(in(ways(that(fulfil(the(definitions(in(the(literature(

review(of(this(paper(for(collaboratory(and(living(lab((discussed(in(detail(above(on(p.72(of(

this(document).(In(addition(to(this(thinking,(some(consideration(should(be(given(to(the(


( 78(

emphasis(The(European(Network(of(Living(Labs(is(increasingly(placing(on(crossNborder(

collaboration.((Hirvikoski,(Schuurman,(&(Stokes,(2016(p.26,(p.57(&(p.100)(In(this(respect,(

ENoLL(itself(clearly(exhibits(attributes(fitting(to(the(definition(of(collaboratory,(with(living(

labs(acting(as(nodal(points(in(a(collaborative(network.(Again,"this"dynamic"also"blurs"

distinctions"between"living"labs"and"collaboratories:"organisations"with"these"titles"are"

doing"the"same"kind"of"work."Please(note(that(ENoLL(has(been(added(to(the(IO&DG(

Plane(visualisation(to(recognise(this(last(observation((above).((

(

Given(these(findings,(an(area(of(further(inquiry(and(consideration(might(revolve(around(

situating(other(geographically(distributed(approaches(to(collaborative(research,(

experimentation(and(innovation(on(the(Innovation(Orientation(and(Geographical(

Distribution(Plane;(e.g.(virtual(multidisciplinary(team((vMDT)(and/or(multidisciplinary(

case(conferences,(etc.((Hinds(&(Kiesler,(2002;(Munro(&(Swartzman,(2013;(etc.).(

(

Other(future(areas(of(research(could(potentially(involve(adding(dimensions(to(the(model.(

For(instance,(a(third(axis(creating(a(three(dimensional(model(may(be(added(to(represent(

different(geographical(considerations:(location(of(researcher(s)(vs.(place(where(data(is(

gathered((e.g.(an(earthquake(researcher(using(data(from(an(oceanNbased(seismometer).(

Another(possibility(may(be(to(have(an(axis(represent(the(plurality(of(participants;(some(

of(the(organisations(work(almost(exclusively(with(highly(trained(specialists((LIGO),(

whereas(other(organisations(worked(with(a(wider(spectrum(of(people(N(from(academic(

professionals(and(researchers(to(everyday(users(of(technologies(in(the(home((Small(

Villages(Living(Lab).((

(


( 79(

Another(outcome(of(viewing(a(living(lab(at(a(more(abstract(level,(as(a(research(

methodology(and(experimental(approach,(is(the(further(mitigation(of(questions(and/or(

debates(surrounding(whether(living(labs(need(to(operate(in(a(mode(of(coNcreation,(userN

innovation,(open(innovation(and/or(coNdesign,(etc.(In(many(ways,(taking(a(more(

distanced(perspective(allows(for(an(abstraction(which(releases(a(living(lab(from(any(

constraints;(there(is(no(reason(for(a(living(lab(to(be(described(as,(or(adhere(to(one(or(the(

other(distinctions(–(living(labs,(and(by(proxy(collaboratories(can,(and(should(be(free(to(

operate(in(any(of(these(modes,(in(combinations,(and/or(with(fresh(approaches.(Any"and"

all"of"these"approaches"could"be"exported"across"the"entire"spectrum"of"organisations"

identified"on"the"IO&DG"Plane.(We(will(briefly(return(to(this(topic(to(discuss(possibilities(

relating(to(Open(Science.((

(

Another(recognition(

The(data(gathered(during(the(research(for(this(paper(also(provides(a(picture(of(different(

conditions(surrounding(the(establishment(and/or(development(of(user(engagement(

amongst(the(various(living(labs(surveyed.(We(can(refer(to(one(as(“emergent”(and(the(

other(as(“directed”(user(engagement.(With(the(Manchester(Living(Labs,(we(learned(of(

the(presence(of(a(preNexisting(set(of(practices(and(a(community(of(users(in(the(city(that(

were(tapped(and(drawn(together(under(the(moniker(of(“living(lab.”(In(this,(we(might(

describe(the(Manchester(living(labs(as(“emergent.”(Another(example(of(emergent(living(

labs(discussed(by(a(Manchester(interviewee(is(Forum(Virium(Helsinki(living(labs.(In(the(

interviews(with(Smart(Villages(and(Coventry(Living(Labs,(we(learned(of(two(situations(

where(actors(set(about(deliberately(establishing(patterns(of(user(engagement(through(

the(living(lab(model(of(collaborative(research,(experimentation(and(innovation(–(a(

united(approach(across(very(different(contexts.(We(might(refer(to(the(SVLL(and(CLC(


( 80(

approach(as(“directed.”(In(addition,(the(data(collected(for(this(paper(also(indicated(that(

establishing(a(living(lab,(and(developing(user(engagement(in(both(directed(and(emergent(

circumstances(builds(on(preNexisting(ties(in(the(community.(These(ties(may(include(local(

governmental(bodies(or(leaders,(connections(between(organisations(such(as(universities,(

schools(and(businesses,(and(other(kinds(of(socially(engaged(practices((e.g.(mobile(

science(lab(project(which(preceded(SVLL(in(India).(Each(living(lab(case(study(provides(

ample(evidence(that(these(organisations(serve(as(a(means(of(connecting(governments,(

citizens(and(businesses(in(their(regions(for(purposes(beyond(their(stated(intent.((

(

In(closing(

In(his(2015(paper(“From(Open(Science(to(Open(Innovation,”(Chesbrough(begins(with(an(

acknowledgement,(telling(us(that((

While"open"science"has"advanced"impressively"in"the"past"two"decades,"one"cannot"yet"claim"that"it"has"simultaneously"led"to"a"similar"increase"in"innovation"(Chesbrough,(2015).""

Chesbrough(goes(on(to(discuss(the(time(lag(between(discovery(and(the(diffusion(of(the(

knowledge(and/or(innovations(of(Open(Science(into(society.(In(the(context(of(this(

dissertation,(LIGO(can(serve(as(an(exemplar.(This(organisation(has(over(44,000(

distributed(actors((citizen(scientists)(working(with(data(generated(by(LIGO.(As(per(the(

IO&GD(Plane(positioning(of(LIGO((above),(we(might(expect(some(delay(between(the(

innovations(produced(at(LIGO,(and(their(diffusion(into,(and(impact(upon(society(N(either(

as(socially(innovative(outcomes,(or(as(in(Chesbrough’s(terms,(as(commercial(outcomes.((

(

Chesbrough(sets(out(some(of(the(restraining(factors(for(Open(Science(and(the(diffusion(

of(discoveries(and(innovations,(including;(intellectual(property(rights,(and(differences(in(

incentives,(contexts,(and(in(funding.(In(this(dissertation,(some(of(these(issues(were(


( 81(

reflected(in(the(case(studies.(Perhaps(this(was(most(evident(in(those(organisations(

dealing(with(Public(Health(and(companies(working(in(the(private(sector.(The(issues(

manifested(themselves(in(the(areas(of(data(security(and(intellectual(property(concerns.(

There(were(resonances(with(these(issues(in(the(conversation(concerning(levels(of(open(

and(closed(data(at(NCIPNHub,(City(Observatory(Living(Lab.(These(are(also(likely(to(be(

concerns(at(Manchester(Digital(Innovation(Living(Lab(and(City(Lab(Coventry((due(to(their(

work(in(Public(Health(and(private(commercial(entities).((

((

Chesbrough(suggests(that(the(application(of(Open(Innovation(within,(or(in(conjunction(

with(Open(Science(may(offer(some(solutions,(and(help(to(diffuse(scientific(discoveries(as(

innovative(outcomes(to(society(at(large:((

Open"innovation"is"a"concept"that"can"help"to"connect"the"fruits"of"open"science"to"more"rapid"translation"and"development"of"its"discoveries."(Ibid.(p.3)""

The(connection(to(Open(Innovation(amongst(the(organisations(in(this(paper(is(obvious;(

living(labs(are(an(Open(Innovation(research(methodology.((

(

This(dissertation(has(explored(the(numerous(and(varying(relationships(and(similarities(

amongst(dispersed(actors,(collaboratively(researching,(experimenting(and(innovating.((

Perhaps(another(area(of(research(to(be(considered(in(these(concluding(remarks(is(to(

now(look(to(the(fleeting(differences,(and(to(find(ways(to(share(more(valuable(

understandings(and(practices(across(all(of(the(organisations(on(the(IO&GD(Plane.(Above,(

we(see(examples(within(the(same(category(of(organisation(with(Open(Innovation(at(the(

centre(of(their(practices(such(as(City(Observatory(Living(Lab(and(City(Lab(Coventry.(If(

Chesbrough(is(correct,(organisations(like(NCIPNHub(and(LIGO(may(indeed(benefit(from(


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the(exploration(of(Open(Innovation(as(a(means(to(further(the(dissemination(of(their(

scientific(and(innovation(outputs.((

(

(The(above(speaks(to(the(useNvalue(in(the(conception(of(organisations(consisting(of(

distributed(actors(engaged(in(collaborative(research,(experimentation(and(innovation(as(

a(unified(category(of(endeavour.(The(hybrid(grouping(offers(an(improved(conceptual(

framework(for(both(theoretical(and(practical(considerations.((

(

This(grouping,(arising(from(recognition(of(relationships(and(commonalities(between(

collaboratories(and(living(labs(is(a(step(forward,(and((as(discussed(above)(lays(the(

groundwork(to(consider(other(organisations(with(similar(characteristics(for(inclusion(on(

the(IO&GD(Plane.(In(this,(there(is(potential(for(shared(practices(and(solutions(amongst(

the(organisations(situated(in(this(category.(Such(solutions(may(prove(to(be(valuable.(The(

observation(regarding(Open(Innovation,(built(on(Chesbrough’s(writing,(is(likely(a(starting(

place,(but(with(further(research(and(consideration(other(areas(of(potential(shared(

practice(and(thought(are(likely(to(arise.(

(

(

(

(

*Ends*(

(

(

(

(


( 83(

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