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May/June 2015 SECTION A

1.1 Chronic deceases are primarily caused by:

1. Pathogens2. Genetics3. Lifestyles and behaviours

4. Bacteria

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At first chronic deceases (such as heart deceases, diabetes, arthritis and cancer) were thought to be a

result of simply growing old or to be caused primarily inherited factors. Now, however they are

understood to be influenced by lifestyles and behaviours that begin in early childhood. (Prescribed book

page 4)

1.2 Controllable health risk factors include all of the following, except

(a) insufficient exercise

(b) weak diet

(c) drug abuse

(d) genetic predisposition

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Certain risk factors are within a person's control and can be modified. These include insufficientexercise, poor diet and eating behaviours, smoking, and substance abuse among others. (Prescribed bookpage 19)

1.3 Health promotion is

(a) an effective health-related advertising campaign

(b) an organised effort which encourages healthy behaviours and habits

a planned treatment intervention

(d) a training of health professionals in disease prevention

Feedback:

Health promotion, on the other hand, takes a broader approach and involves more than just healtheducation. It may be defined as

... any combination of health education with related organisational, political and economic interventionsdesigned to facilitate behavioural and environmental adaptations that will improve or protect health inindividuals, groups or communities (Reddy & Tobias, 1994:20).(Tutorial letter 501/3/2015, page 14)

1.4 A group of organs working together to perform a specific function is called

(a) a life cycle

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(b) genetic inheritance

(c) a body system

(d) homeostasis

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A group of organs that works together to perform a specific function in the body is referred to as a bodysystem. (Prescribed book page 27)

1.5 The function of the skin is

(a) excretion of mineral salts and small amounts of body waste

(b) conversion of ultraviolet rays from the sun to vitamin D

(c) protection of the body from germs and other disease-causing agents

(d) all of the above

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The skin which is body's largest organ, weighing about 7 pounds and covering approximately 20 squarefeet in the average adult - has several important functions:

1. It separates the inner body parts from the outside environment, protecting the body from germs andother disease-causing agents, while keeping vital fluids inside.

2. It excretes dissolved mineral salts and small amounts of body wastes (urea and lactic acid).

3. It helps regulate and maintain an ideal body temperature of approximately 98.6 degrees by constrictingblood vessels and pores to reduce heat loss when the body needs to be warmed and producingperspiration when the body needs to be cooled.

4. It converts ultraviolet rays from the sun to vitamin D.

5. It contains sensory receptors for pressure, touch, pain, heat and cold (Prescribed book page 30)

1.6 Which system working together with the respiratory system, supplies body cells with oxygen?

(a) nervous system

(b) circulatory system

(c) lymphatic system

(d) endocrine system

Feedback:

The respiratory system working in conjunction with the heart, supplies body cells with oxygen anddisposes of the waste product carbon dioxide. (Prescribed book page 31)

1.7 During inhalation the Diaphragm_____________ and the chest cavity______________

(1) relaxes, shrinks

(2) relaxes, enlarges

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(3) contracts, shrinks

(4) contracts, enlarges

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When the diaphragm contracts, the rib cage expands, enlarging the chest cavity and thereby pulling airinto the lungs (inhalation). When the diaphragm relaxes, the chest cavity shrinks, forcing air out of thelungs (exhalation). (Prescribed book, page 31)

1.8 A waste product of the process of metabolism is

(a) carbon dioxide

(b) oxygen

(c) nitrogen

(d) lactic acid

Feedback:

The cells require oxygen to convert food into the energy needed to sustain life. This process, called cellmetabolism creates carbon dioxide as a waste product (Prescribed book page 31)

1.9 Bile is made in the and stored in the

(a) spleen, pancreas

(b) pancreas, liver

(c) liver, gallbladder

(d) gallbladder, pancreas

Feedback:

From the stomach, chime is moved at intervals into the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine,where bile (made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder) aids in the breakdown of fat and pancreatic

juices assist in digesting proteins and carbohydrates. (Prescribed book page 37)

1.10 The largest part of the brain is the

(1) cerebellum

(2) cerebrum

(3) medulla

(4) midbrain

Feedback:

The cerebrum, the largest part of the brain, is divided into a right and left hemisphere, each with asurface that resembles a walnut shell. (Prescribed book, page 38 )

1.11 Another name for bed-wetting is

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(a) peristalsis

(b) enuresis

(c) encopresis

(d) pyelonephritis

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A common condition in childhood in both boys and girls is enuresis or bed-wetting. (Prescribed bookpage 38)

eardrum. (Prescribed book, page 40)

1.12 The part of the tongue that is sensitive to sour taste is

(1) the side of the tongue

(2) the back of the tongue

(3) the middle of the tongue

(4) the front of the tongue

Feedback:

The tongue is the organ that senses taste. Thousand taste buds, grouped in specific areas on the upperpart of the tongue, are sensitive to four basic tastes:

- sweet (front of tongue)

- bitter (back of tongue)

- sour (sides of tongue)

- salt (sides of tongue) (Prescribed book, page 41)

1.13 Fibre in food helps with all of the following, EXCEPT

(a) preventing certain types of cancer

(b) lowering cholesterol

(c) regulating blood sugar

(d) increasing overall energy

Feedback:

Fibre aids in the regular elimination of wastes, contributes to lower blood cholesterol, help to regulateblood sugar and has a role in preventing certain types of cancer (Prescribed book page 71)

1.14 The main function of protein is to

(1) carry oxygen to the lungs

(2) help build and repair body tissues

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(3) carry vitamins to the surrounding tissues

(4) help with the contraction and relaxation of muscles

Feedback:

Proteins were not designed to be used as a primary energy source. Their main purposes aremaintenance, repair and growth of muscle and other tissues. (Prescribed book, page 75)

1.15 Which vitamin is water-soluble?

(a) Vitamin D

(b) Vitamin K

(c) Vitamin C

(d) Vitamin A

Feedback:

The two major classes of vitamins are water-soluble and fat-soluble. The water-soluble vitamins includethe set of B vitamins and vitamin C (Prescribed book page 75)

1.16 The Human Immune-deficiency Virus (HIV) can enter the body through

(1) sharing a comb

(2) sharing a coke

(3) breast milk

(4) none of the above

Feedback:

The body fluids that best support the transmission of the virus are blood, semen, breast milk and vaginalsecretions. (Prescribed book, page 164)

1.7 Diabetes is a decease which is caused when the ______ does not produce enough insulin.

1. liver2. gallbladder3. pancreas4. spleen

Feedback:

Diabetes is the condition wherein the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to regulate the level ofsugar in the blood. (Prescribed book page 42)

1.18 Which of the following cognitive benefit can an individual attain through regular physical activity?

(1) decrease in stress and anxiety

(2) increase in feelings of self-worth and self-esteem

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(3) all of the above

(4) none of the above

Feedback:

Research supports that engaging in regular activity can do the following

- help reduce anxiety

- decrease mild to moderate depression

- reduce various types of stress

- have a beneficial emotional effect

- contribute to improvement in self-concept and self-esteem (Prescribed book, page 124 )

1.19 What are the general characteristics of malignant melanoma (skin cancer)?

(1) asymmetrical in shape

(2) even border

(3) even in colour

(4) spreads slowly

Feedback:

The A B C D Rule:

Warning Signs of Melanoma

- Asymmetry: One half does not match the other half.

- Border: Irregularity of borders.

- Colour: Pigmentation is not uniform

- Diameter: Greater than 6 mm or sudden increase in size. (Prescribed book, page 166)

1.21 Two basic needs identified by Maslow include

(1) success and popularity

(2) physical strength and stamina

(3) food and shelter

(4) power and leadership

Feedback:

The original hierarchy of needs five-stage model includes:

1. Biological and Physiological n eeds - air , food, dr ink, shel ter , warmth, sexual expression, sleep.

2. Safety needs - pro tect ion from elements, secur i ty, order, law, stabi l i ty , freedom from fear.

3. Love and belonging ness needs - fr iendship, int imacy, affect ion and love, - from w ork gro up, fami ly,

fr iends, romantic relat ionships .

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4. Esteem needs - achievemen t, mastery , indep endenc e, status , dom inanc e, prestig e, self-respect ,

respect from others.

5. Self-Actual izat ion n eeds - real izing personal po tent ial, sel f- ful f ilment, seeking person al grow th and

peak exper iences.

(Prescribed book, page 201)

1.22 When children have a good self-esteem they are likely to

1. engage in drug use on their own, without the encouragement of their friend2. be confident about their social and school performance3. isolate themselves from assertive peers4. refuse to enter into competitive play

Feedback:

Sometimes people's self-esteem is high; they feel good about themselves and confident about theirschool or job performance and personal relationships. (Prescribed book page 205)

1.23 An individual's conviction about being male or female is known as

(1) sex role

(2) gender

(3) gender identity

(4) sexual orientation

Feedback:

In contrast, gender identity, sometimes called "sexual identity" refers to a person's conviction aboutbeing male or female. (Prescribed book, page 227)

1.24 Hans Seyle identified three stages our bodies go through as they respond to stress. This is known as

1. eustress2. coping mechanism3. General Adaption Syndrome4. distress

Feedback:

Seyle was able to describe for the first time the physiological responses to stress. Some of these

changes are subtle physiological adaptions, and others are much more overt, sometimes ending inpathology. Seyle called this sequence of bodily changes the general adaption syndrome. (Prescribedbook page 273)

1.25 The flight or fight response

(1) is taught to children by parents

(2) is a sign of mental illness

(3) is a survival response to perceived dangers

(4) should be controlled to prevent violent behaviour

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Feedback:

Supporting the need for survival is the fight or flight response to situations perceived as dangerous or athreat to survival. (Prescribed book, page 200)

1.26 Aggressive bullies

(a) tend to be anxious, insecure and dependent

(b) generally do not initiate the aggressive acts

(c) may lack inhibitions against aggression

(d) are the most common type of bully

Feedback:

Aggressive bullies

- Are the most prevalent type of bully

- Initiate aggressive acts towards peers.

- Are regarded as fearless, tough, coercive and impulsive.

- Have a strong inclination toward violence, like to dominate others and show minimal empathy towardstheir victims.

- Attack their victims directly (practice "direct bullying)

- Enjoy being in control of others.

- Cognitively misrepresent the meaning of their victim's behaviour and tend to overact in ambiguoussituations.

- Have a paranoid view of the world. (Prescribed book page 306)

1.27 Regular exercise during childhood can reduce the risk of which one of the following diseases in adulthood

(a) heart disease

(b) diabetes mellitus

(c) osteoporosis

(d) all of the above

Feedback:

Because physical activity confers significant protection from chronic diseases (such as cardiovasculardiseases and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) and because it appears to reduce risk ofosteoporosis and some cancers, there is substantial interest in beginning the prevention of these adultdiseases during the first two decades of life through regular physical activity (Prescribed book page 119)

1.28 Which of the following is related to psychological drug dependence?

(1) the person experiences craving

(2) withdrawal from the drug produces psychological symptoms

(3) withdrawal from the drug produces physical symptoms

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(4) all of the above

Feedback:

Psychological dependency also called habituation, occurs when people feel they cannot maintain

themselves without the drug. They have a craving for the drug they cannot overcome. People who arepsychologically dependent may or may not be physically dependent. (Prescribed book, page 335)

1.29 ___________occurs when someone prepares for the expected death of a loved one

(a) A premonition

(b) Anticipatory grief

(c) Anger and rage

(d) Bargaining

Feedback:

When someone is known to be dying, loved ones anticipatory grief. They prepare for the eventual death.(Prescribed book page 404)

1.30 When helping a child who has a nosebleed you should

(a) place a cold compress on the child's neck and nose

(b) plug the nostrils with cotton wool

(c) pinch the child's nostrils together with the head bent slightly backwards

(d) pinch the child's nostrils together with the head bent slightly forward

Feedback:

The first aid procedure for a nosebleed is to have the victim sit down to lower the blood pressure, leanforward and apply pressure directly over the nostrils as if pinching the nostrils shut with his or herthumb and forefinger. (Prescribed book page 481)

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