Mayfield Publishing Company Addictive Behaviors Habits that have gotten out of control, with a...

Mayfield Publishing Company

Addictive BehaviorsAddictive Behaviors

Habits that have gotten out of control, Habits that have gotten out of control, with a resulting negative impact on with a resulting negative impact on healthhealth


Characteristics of addictive Characteristics of addictive behaviorsbehaviors

– reinforcementreinforcement

– compulsion or cravingcompulsion or craving

– loss of controlloss of control

– escalationescalation

– negative negative consequencesconsequences


Substance AbuseSubstance Abuse

Physical dependence may or may not Physical dependence may or may not be presentbe present

Involves one or more: Involves one or more: – recurrent drug use resulting in failure to recurrent drug use resulting in failure to

fulfill major responsibilitiesfulfill major responsibilities– recurrent drug use in physically recurrent drug use in physically

hazardous situationshazardous situations– recurrent drug-related legal problemsrecurrent drug-related legal problems– continued use despite drug-related continued use despite drug-related

social or interpersonal problemssocial or interpersonal problems


Substance DependenceSubstance Dependence Includes 3 or more of the following: Includes 3 or more of the following: – developing tolerance to the substancedeveloping tolerance to the substance– experiencing withdrawalexperiencing withdrawal– taking substance in larger amounts taking substance in larger amounts – wanting to cut down on or regulate usewanting to cut down on or regulate use


Substance DependenceSubstance Dependence

– spending a great deal of time obtaining spending a great deal of time obtaining the substance or recovering from its the substance or recovering from its effectseffects

– giving up or reducing important giving up or reducing important activities activities

– continuing to use substance despite continuing to use substance despite recognizing drug-related problemsrecognizing drug-related problems


Who Uses and Abuses Drugs?Who Uses and Abuses Drugs?

Characteristics that Characteristics that place people at a place people at a higher riskhigher risk– malemale– youngyoung– exposure to drugs exposure to drugs

through family and through family and friendsfriends

– disinterested in schooldisinterested in school– risk-taking personalityrisk-taking personality


National Estimates of National Estimates of Illicit Drug UseIllicit Drug Use

_ An estimated 14.8 million Americans were An estimated 14.8 million Americans were current users of illicit drugs in 1999, current users of illicit drugs in 1999, meaning they used an illicit drug at least meaning they used an illicit drug at least once during the 30 days prior to the once during the 30 days prior to the interview. By comparison, the number of interview. By comparison, the number of current illicit drug users was at its highest current illicit drug users was at its highest level in 1979 when the estimate was 25 level in 1979 when the estimate was 25 million.million.

Source: 1999 National Household Survey http://www.samhsa.gov/hhsurvey/hhsurvey.html


Illicit Drug Use (II)Illicit Drug Use (II)

_ 10.9 percent of youths age 10.9 percent of youths age 12-17 reported current use of 12-17 reported current use of illicit drugs in 1999.illicit drugs in 1999.

_ Marijuana is the major illicit Marijuana is the major illicit drug used by this group; 7.7 drug used by this group; 7.7 percent of youths were percent of youths were current users of marijuana in current users of marijuana in 1999. 1999.



Illicit Drug Use (III)Illicit Drug Use (III)

_ Among youths age 12-17, the percent Among youths age 12-17, the percent using illicit drugs in the 30 days prior to using illicit drugs in the 30 days prior to interview was slightly higher for boys interview was slightly higher for boys (11.3 percent) than for girls (10.5 percent). (11.3 percent) than for girls (10.5 percent). Although in the age group 12-17 years Although in the age group 12-17 years boys had a slightly higher rate of boys had a slightly higher rate of marijuana use than girls (8.4 percent vs. marijuana use than girls (8.4 percent vs. 7.1 percent), girls were somewhat more 7.1 percent), girls were somewhat more likely to use psychotherapeutics likely to use psychotherapeutics nonmedically than boys (3.2 percent vs. nonmedically than boys (3.2 percent vs. 2.6 percent).2.6 percent).



Illicit Drug Use (IV)Illicit Drug Use (IV)

_ The rates of current illicit drug use for major The rates of current illicit drug use for major racial/ethnic groups were 6.6 percent for racial/ethnic groups were 6.6 percent for whites, 6.8 percent for Hispanics, and 7.7 whites, 6.8 percent for Hispanics, and 7.7 percent for blacks. percent for blacks.

_ The rate was highest among the American The rate was highest among the American Indian/Alaska Native population (10.6 Indian/Alaska Native population (10.6 percent) and among persons reporting percent) and among persons reporting multiple race (11.2 percent). Asians had the multiple race (11.2 percent). Asians had the lowest rate (3.2 percent).lowest rate (3.2 percent).



Illicit Drug Use (V)Illicit Drug Use (V)

_ The rate of illicit drug use in metropolitan The rate of illicit drug use in metropolitan areas was higher than the rate in non- areas was higher than the rate in non- metropolitan areas. Rates were 7.1 percent metropolitan areas. Rates were 7.1 percent in large metropolitan areas, 7.0 percent in in large metropolitan areas, 7.0 percent in small metropolitan areas, and 5.2 percent small metropolitan areas, and 5.2 percent in non-metropolitan areas. Rural non- in non-metropolitan areas. Rural non- metropolitan counties had a lower rate of metropolitan counties had a lower rate of illicit drug use (4.2 percent) than other illicit drug use (4.2 percent) than other counties. counties.



National Estimates:National Estimates:Tobacco UseTobacco Use

_ An estimated 66.8 million An estimated 66.8 million Americans reported current use of Americans reported current use of a tobacco product in 1999, a a tobacco product in 1999, a prevalence rate of 30.2 percent for prevalence rate of 30.2 percent for the population 12 and older. Of the population 12 and older. Of this total, 57.0 million (25.8 this total, 57.0 million (25.8 percent) smoked cigarettes, 12.1 percent) smoked cigarettes, 12.1 million (5.5 percent) smoked million (5.5 percent) smoked cigars, 7.6 million (3.4 percent) cigars, 7.6 million (3.4 percent) used smokeless tobacco, and 2.4 used smokeless tobacco, and 2.4 million (1.1 percent) smoked million (1.1 percent) smoked tobacco in pipes. tobacco in pipes.


Tobacco Use (II)Tobacco Use (II)_ Current cigarette smoking rates increase Current cigarette smoking rates increase

steadily by year of age, from 2.2 percent at steadily by year of age, from 2.2 percent at age 12 to 43.5 percent at age 20. Overall, age 12 to 43.5 percent at age 20. Overall, 14.9 percent of youths age 12 to 17 years 14.9 percent of youths age 12 to 17 years in 1999 smoked cigarettes currently. in 1999 smoked cigarettes currently. Among young adults age 18 to 25 years, Among young adults age 18 to 25 years, the rate was 39.7 percent, and among the rate was 39.7 percent, and among adults age 26 and older the rate was 24.9 adults age 26 and older the rate was 24.9 percent.percent.


Tobacco Use (III)Tobacco Use (III)

_ Three brands account for most of Three brands account for most of adolescent cigarette smoking. 54.5 adolescent cigarette smoking. 54.5 percent of current smokers 12 to 17 years percent of current smokers 12 to 17 years of age report Marlboro as their usual of age report Marlboro as their usual brand. Newport was reported by 21.6 brand. Newport was reported by 21.6 percent of youth smokers, and Camel was percent of youth smokers, and Camel was reported by 9.8 percent. No other cigarette reported by 9.8 percent. No other cigarette brand was reported by even 2 percent of brand was reported by even 2 percent of youths.youths.


Tobacco Use (IV)Tobacco Use (IV)

_ Race/ethnicity differences in usual Race/ethnicity differences in usual cigarette brand used were evident among cigarette brand used were evident among both adult and youth (age 12-17 years) both adult and youth (age 12-17 years) smokers. More than half of white (58.4 smokers. More than half of white (58.4 percent) and Hispanic (59.7 percent) youth percent) and Hispanic (59.7 percent) youth smokers reported Marlboro as their usual smokers reported Marlboro as their usual brand. About three quarters (73.9 percent) brand. About three quarters (73.9 percent) of black adolescent smokers reported of black adolescent smokers reported Newport as their usual brand.Newport as their usual brand.


Tobacco Use (V)Tobacco Use (V)

_ Youths age 12-17 who currently smoked Youths age 12-17 who currently smoked cigarettes were seven times more likely to cigarettes were seven times more likely to use illicit drugs than youths who didn't use illicit drugs than youths who didn't smoke. Young adults age 18 to 25 who smoke. Young adults age 18 to 25 who smoked were four times more likely to use smoked were four times more likely to use illicit drugs than their nonsmoking peers. illicit drugs than their nonsmoking peers.


Alcohol FactsAlcohol Facts 64% of Americans over age 12 drink 64% of Americans over age 12 drink

alcohol in some formalcohol in some form Alcohol-related injuries are leading cause Alcohol-related injuries are leading cause

of death among people between ages 15 of death among people between ages 15 and 24 and 24

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is determined by amount of alcohol determined by amount of alcohol consumed, heredity, body weight, body consumed, heredity, body weight, body fat, and genderfat, and gender


National Estimates: National Estimates: Alcohol UseAlcohol Use

_ In 1999, 105 million Americans age 12 and In 1999, 105 million Americans age 12 and older reported current use of alcohol, older reported current use of alcohol, meaning they used alcohol at least once meaning they used alcohol at least once during the 30 days prior to the interview. during the 30 days prior to the interview. About 45 million of this group engaged in About 45 million of this group engaged in binge drinking, meaning they drank 5 or binge drinking, meaning they drank 5 or more drinks on one occasion during that more drinks on one occasion during that 30 day period. 12.4 million were heavy 30 day period. 12.4 million were heavy drinkers, meaning they had 5 or more drinkers, meaning they had 5 or more drinks on one occasion 5 or more days drinks on one occasion 5 or more days during the past 30 days. during the past 30 days.


Alcohol Use (II)Alcohol Use (II)

_ Although consumption of alcoholic Although consumption of alcoholic beverages is illegal for those under 21 beverages is illegal for those under 21 years of age, 10.4 million current drinkers years of age, 10.4 million current drinkers were age 12-20 in 1999. Of this group, 6.8 were age 12-20 in 1999. Of this group, 6.8 million engaged in binge drinking, million engaged in binge drinking, including 2.1 million who would also be including 2.1 million who would also be classified as heavy drinkers. classified as heavy drinkers.


Alcohol Use (III)Alcohol Use (III)

_ For current alcohol use, binge For current alcohol use, binge drinking, and heavy alcohol use, 21 is drinking, and heavy alcohol use, 21 is the age of peak prevalence.the age of peak prevalence.


Effects of Chronic Use of AlcoholEffects of Chronic Use of Alcohol

CirrhosisCirrhosis Pancreatic inflammation Pancreatic inflammation Cardiovascular problemsCardiovascular problems Increased cancer riskIncreased cancer risk Psychological problemsPsychological problems Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) due to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) due to

maternal drinkingmaternal drinking


Warning Signs of Alcohol AbuseWarning Signs of Alcohol Abuse

Drinking alone or secretivelyDrinking alone or secretively Using alcohol to handle difficult situationsUsing alcohol to handle difficult situations Feeling uncomfortable when alcohol is not Feeling uncomfortable when alcohol is not

availableavailable


Warning Signs of Alcohol AbuseWarning Signs of Alcohol Abuse

Escalating alcohol consumption Escalating alcohol consumption Using alcohol heavily in risky situationsUsing alcohol heavily in risky situations Getting drunk regularly Getting drunk regularly Drinking in the morning or at other Drinking in the morning or at other

unusual timesunusual times


TobaccoTobacco Nicotine addictionNicotine addiction– physical dependence physical dependence

on the psychoactive on the psychoactive drug nicotinedrug nicotine

Withdrawal symptomsWithdrawal symptoms– muscular pains, muscular pains,

headaches, nausea, headaches, nausea, insomnia, irritabilityinsomnia, irritability


Short-Term Health Hazards of Short-Term Health Hazards of Tobacco UseTobacco Use

respiratory respiratory – shortness of breath, smoker’s cough, shortness of breath, smoker’s cough,

smoker’s bronchitissmoker’s bronchitis loss of appetite, diarrhea, fatigue, loss of appetite, diarrhea, fatigue,

hoarseness, stomach pains, hoarseness, stomach pains, insomnia, impaired night sightinsomnia, impaired night sight


Long-Term Health Hazards of Long-Term Health Hazards of Tobacco UseTobacco Use

reduced life expectancy reduced life expectancy increased risk for cardiovascular disease, increased risk for cardiovascular disease,

lung disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, lung disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, many cancersmany cancers

gum disease, bad breath, hair loss, gum disease, bad breath, hair loss, reproductive disorders, vehicle crashes, reproductive disorders, vehicle crashes, fire-related injuriesfire-related injuries


Environmental Tobacco SmokeEnvironmental Tobacco Smoke

ETS inhaled by nonsmokers can ETS inhaled by nonsmokers can causecause– coughscoughs– headachesheadaches– nasal discomfortnasal discomfort– eye irritationeye irritation

ETS causes nearly 3000 deaths/year ETS causes nearly 3000 deaths/year from lung cancer and 50,000/year from lung cancer and 50,000/year from heart disease in nonsmokersfrom heart disease in nonsmokers

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