Mayan calendar
description
Transcript of Mayan calendar
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Mária Hricová BartolomejováLadislav Hric
Kolos 2011
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History of Mezoamerican History of Mezoamerican IndiansIndians• 50 000-8 000 BC passing through 50 000-8 000 BC passing through
Bering strait-huntersBering strait-hunters• PaleoIndians: 3500 BC-agriculture, PaleoIndians: 3500 BC-agriculture,
pottery pottery • Olmecs: 1200-900 BC, Mexican Bay, Olmecs: 1200-900 BC, Mexican Bay,
statutes, jaguar, feather snakestatutes, jaguar, feather snake• Zapotecs: till 300 BC, Zapotecs: till 300 BC,
Oaxaka(wahaka),Monte Alban, Oaxaka(wahaka),Monte Alban, agriculture,writ, hieroglyphs, system of agriculture,writ, hieroglyphs, system of dots and bars, calendardots and bars, calendar
• Teotihuacan culture: 150 AD-pyramid of Teotihuacan culture: 150 AD-pyramid of the Sun, 250-600 AD pyramid of the the Sun, 250-600 AD pyramid of the Moon, 50 km from Mexico City, Got of Moon, 50 km from Mexico City, Got of the feather snake Quetzalcoatl the feather snake Quetzalcoatl
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• Mayans: 250-900 AD, Yucatan, Mayans: 250-900 AD, Yucatan, Guatemala, Belize, ancient towns: Guatemala, Belize, ancient towns: Palenque, Chichen Itza.Palenque, Chichen Itza.Feather snake, other DeitiesFeather snake, other DeitiesWriting-hieroglyphs,mathematics, Writing-hieroglyphs,mathematics, calendar, astronomycalendar, astronomy
• Aztecs: military nation coming from Aztecs: military nation coming from the north, 14 cent. AD, capital-the north, 14 cent. AD, capital-Tenochtitlan-Venice of the New Tenochtitlan-Venice of the New World,lake Texcoco(Teškoko) latest World,lake Texcoco(Teškoko) latest King MontezumaKing Montezuma II IIGod of the Sun-Huicilopochtilo God of the Sun-Huicilopochtilo (vicilopočtlí)-sacrifying of human (vicilopočtlí)-sacrifying of human hearts, bloodhearts, bloodGod of the Feather snake God of the Feather snake QuetzalcoatlQuetzalcoatlcalendar, mathematics astronomy, calendar, mathematics astronomy, writing from Mayans writing from Mayans
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Mayan Mayan matmathhematiematicscs Vigesimal number Vigesimal number
system based on system based on 2020
0 0 – 19– 19 CCombinombination of ation of
dotsdots a andnd barsbars 5 dots replaced by 5 dots replaced by
one barone bar MayMayans knew zeroans knew zero
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NumbeNumberr
DeDecimal cimal
SSystemystemVigesimalVigesimal
ssystemystem
3535 3x103x1011
++
55x10x1000
11xx220011++
1515xx220000
543543 5x105x1022
++
44x10x1011
++
33x10x1000
11xx220022++
77xx22001 1 ++
33xx220000
34534533
3x103x1033
++
44x10x1022
++
55x10x1011
++
33x10x1000
88xx220022++
1212xx22001 1
++
1313xx220000
3535 543543 34534533
220022===400=400
220011==
=20=20
220000==
=1=1
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NumbeNumberr
DeDecimal cimal
SSystemystemVigesimalVigesimal
ssystemystem
6060 66x10x1011 33xx220011++
00xx220000
543543 5x105x1022
++
44x10x1011
++
33x10x1000
11xx220022++
77xx22001 1 ++
33xx220000
34534533
3x103x1033
++
44x10x1022
++
55x10x1011
++
33x10x1000
88xx220022++
1212xx22001 1
++
1313xx220000
6060 400400 84284211
220022===400=400
220011==
=20=20
220000==
=1=1
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sumationsumation byby May Mayasas
85228522 ++ 1096610966 == 1948819488
220033==
80080000
220022==
400400
220011==
2020
220000==
11
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Chichen ItzChichen Itzá-El Caracolá-El Caracol
Observation: Sun, Venus, Moon, constallations, Milky way
Solar beams through the slit on the walls
Predictions of the solar eclipses
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Palenque-PalPalenque-Palaaccee
KKing ing aand priests observed the nd priests observed the SSunset unset from tower toward thefrom tower toward the pyram pyramidid of the of the InscriptionsInscriptions on 21.Decemberon 21.December==winter winter ssolsticeolstice
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IMIXIMIXWater lily,dragonWater lily,dragon
IKIK’’windwind
AK’BALAK’BALNight-houseNight-house
K’ANK’ANcorncorn
CHIKCHANCHIKCHANsnakesnake
KIMIKIMIdeathdeath
MANIKMANIK’’handhand
LAMATLAMATVenusVenus
MULUK’MULUK’waterwater
OKOKdogdog
CHUENCHUENMonkeyMonkey
EBEBtuthtuth
BENBENrreedrreed
IXIXJaguarJaguar
MENMENEagleEagle
KIBKIBsoulsoul
KABANKABAN
EarthEarthETZ’NABETZ’NAB
KnifeKnifeKAWAKKAWAK
StormStormAHAWAHAW
LordLord
CCalendalendaar r TzolkinTzolkin (ritual)(ritual)
•Cycle of 260 days orbital motion of Venus consisting of •2 cycles: A) 13 days from 1 to 13 numbers of days B) 20 days from 0 to 19 names of days – events from common life•1.Imix –New year after 260 days
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Ritual calendar Tzolkin
• Alternating of 2 cycles 13 days and 20 days
• 13x20=260 days• Beginning of New
year= 1.IMIX• 4 seasonal
cycles=4x65 days
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Ritual calendar Tzolkin
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Calendar Haab (civil) Numbers of days +names of months
PohpPohp MaskMask YaxYax greengreen?? ??
WoWo frogfrog ZakZak whitewhite????
SipSip DeerDeer KehKeh DeerDeer
Sotz’Sotz’ BatBat MakMak BlanketBlanket
Sek Sek SkullSkull K’ank’inK’ank’in Full Full SSunun
XulXul EndEnd MuwanMuwan OwlOwl
Yaxk’inYaxk’in NewNew S Sun un PaxPax MusicMusic
MolMol UnionUnion K’ayabK’ayab TurtleTurtle
Ch’enCh’en WellWell Kumk’uKumk’u Dark GodDark God
• 365 days annual movement of Sun
• 18 months each 20 days=0...19
• Names of months-symbols from life
• 18x20=360 +Wayeb (5 days nonamed, unlucky=0...4)
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Calendar Haab (civil)hieroglyfic expression
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Calendar Haab (civil)hieroglyfic expression
• Last day of month=sitting day on the next month
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Calendar cycle (Tzolkin+Haab)
• Tzolkin 260 days• Haab 365 days• Beginning of both cycles after 18 980 (divisible) days = = 52 Haab = 73 Tzolkin 4 Ahaw, 8 Cumku again after 18 980 days Nowadays are used :Mexiko, Guatemala, Honduras,
Belize
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Calendar cycle (Tzolkin+Haab)
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Expression of calendar cycle by gliphs
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Mezoamerican indians
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Long Count• Recording of the historical events• 1 Bak’tun = 20 K’atun = 144 000 days• 1 K’atun = 20 Tun = 7 200 days• 1 Tun = 18 Winal = 360 days (0...17)• 1 Winal = 20 K’in = 20 days (0...19)• 1 K’in = 1 day• Starting of mayan calendar on 13 (11).Aug.3114 BC=584
283 JD = 0.0.0.0.0, 4 Ahau, 8 Cumcu• 12.19.17.17.18 =
12x144000+19x7200+17x360+17x20+18 = 1871278 days + 584283 JD = 2455561 days = 1.1.2011
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Mayan expression of date
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Mayan expression of date
• Kolos 1.12.2011=2 455 896 JD = 2455896 -584283 = 1871613 = 12x144000 + 19x7200 + 18x360 + 16x20+13= 12 Bak’tun 19 K’atun 18 Tun 16 Winal 13 K’in =12.19.18.16.13
• 1871613/260, 4 Ahau, = 6 Eb (divisible)• 1871613/365, 8 Kumku = 1 Mak• Today by Mayans 12.19.18.16.13, 6Eb, 1 Mak
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• MayMayan believed inan believed in 13 bakt 13 baktunsuns – 13 – 13 heavens which heavens which gradually developed gradually developed
• End of the count by End of the count by mamayanyan ccalendalendarar 13.0.0.0.0 = 13 bakt13.0.0.0.0 = 13 baktuun, 0 katun, 0 tun, 0 winal, 0 n, 0 katun, 0 tun, 0 winal, 0
kinkin, 4 Ahau, 3 Kankin , 4 Ahau, 3 Kankin = = 13x144000 = 1872000 d13x144000 = 1872000 daysays + + MMBB(58428(5842833JD) JD) = = 2456283JD = 2456283JD = (21)(21)2233.dec.2012 (.dec.2012 (almanacalmanac))
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What is happening in 2012?
Transit of Venus 5.-6. Jun 2012 – Nordkap -expedition Norway
Solar eclipse 14-13.November 2012 Caerms – Queensland - Australia
SAS pri SAV Info www.astro.sas.sk
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Chichén Itzá-El CastilloChichén Itzá-El Castillo
MayMayan can calendáralendár-9-9 platforms platforms divided by 2divided by 2==18 months18 months
4 sides 91 steps + top 4 sides 91 steps + top platformnplatformn==365 days a year365 days a year
Each fasade 52 plain Each fasade 52 plain stonesstones==52 year 52 year cycyclecle
Northern Northern sstepsteps==lightlights as and nd shadows show the shadows show the optic optical al efect of the waving snake on efect of the waving snake on 21.3. and 23.9.21.3. and 23.9.
It It t takes 3akes 3 h h 22 min 22 min
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