May2014

Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 05

B. N. Nagaraja, Sangeeta Jadhav, Ramesh Rathod, A. S. Patil and L. Ranganath Department of Veterinary Surgery & Radiology,Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bangalore-24

(E-mail: [email protected] )

Papillomavirus (PV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Papova virus family, causes

mucosal and cutaneous neoplasms in humans, cattle, horses, dogs, rabbits, cats and wild animals. Oral and

many of the cutaneous papillomas in dogs are related to PV infection and only recently the use of narrow

and broad-spectrum polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has allowed to hypothesize the presence in the dog

of a variety of thus far unknown PVs.

Papillomas of viral and nonviral origin occur in dogs and at least five clinical syndromes are

recognized. According to clinical manifestations they are classified as cutaneous papillomas, cutaneous

inverted papillomas, multiple pigmented papular cutaneous papillomas, multiple pigmented plaques and

canine oral papillomatosis. Of these above mentioned clinical conditions only the cutaneous papillomas

may not be of viral origin, are probably non-neoplastic but traumatically induced lesions and have also

been defined as squamous papillomas. They are single or multiple papillated masses, typically less than 1

cm in diameter, occurring most commonly on the face, eyelids, and extremities. The cutaneous papillomas

may be occasionally of viral origin, their clinical presentation closely resembles those of the

non-neoplastic squamous papillomas and are called exophytic papillomas. These viral lesions may regress

spontaneously over a period of weeks to months in contrast to nonviral papillomas. Multiple lesions may

be present and the condition is referred as cutaneous papillomatosis. Except squamous papillomas, all the

other clinical forms of papillomas are viral in origin and different types of PVs have been identified

demonstrating the heterogeneity of these viruses within animal genera.

Cutaneous inverted papilloma is a rare endophytic variant that usually appears as multiple, raised,

firm, umbilicated masses that are less than 2 cm in diameter. They are generally located on the ventral

abdomen and do not undergo spontaneous regression. The cells of the inverted papillomas stain positively

for PV-specific antigens but in situ hybridization studies suggest that the cytopathic effects are due to a PV

different from that causing oral papillomatosis.

Newsletter Date : 31st May 2014 Volume No: 3 Issue : 05

Veterinary College, Bengaluru Monthly e-Bullletin

Multiple pigmented papular cutaneous papillomas are a pigmented inverted papillomatosis in

which the lesions have ventral distribution, are pigmented and are one-tenth the size of the more common

inverted papilloma. Canine pigmented viral plaques sometimes previously described as lentigines or

lentiginosis profuse represent another form of this disease. They are multiple, deeply pigmented, ovoid or

circular plaques, less than 1 cm in diameter, usually affecting the ventral abdomen, ventral thorax and

proximal limbs of Pugs and Miniature Schnauzers.

Complete cell blood counts and biochemical profiles will be within the normal range. Urine analy-

sis showed only haematuria while the other parameters were within normal range. The mass will lead to a

marked swelling of the preputial region (Fig. 1). Surgical excision of the preputial skin confirmed the pres-

ence of single pedunculated, soft, pinkish in colour, cauliflower-like masses arising from the penile mu-

cosa, with diameter ranging from 2 to 8 cm (Fig. 2). Most of the clinical cases show ulcerations and mod-

erate bleeding.

Diff Quick®-stained impression smears shows the presence of several hypersegmented neutrophils

suggestive of an inflammatory process, while fine-needle aspirates were characterized by a homogenous

population of epithelial cells with rare nuclear and cytological atypia. Histopathology of the biopsy

samples showed an epithelium with papillary folds and digitiform expansion of the squamous layer

without hyperparakeratosis or hyperorthokeratosis; the elongated rete ridges appeared slanted towards the

periphery of the lesion and no viral cytopathic effects were present (Fig. 3). None of the samples showed

any evidence of ballooning degeneration or basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies (Fig. 4). The

connective tissue core contained congested vessels and there was variable inflammation and superficial

neutrophilic pustules depending on whether or not the papillomas have been traumatized .

Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 01 Pashubandha 2014 Volume No : 3 Issue : 05

Fig. 1. Marked swelling of the prepuce, the skin overlying the mass is intact and moderately

erythematous.

Fig. 2. Pedunculated, pinkish, cauliflower-like mass arising from the base of the

penis.

Fig. 3. Histology of the mass. Digitiform expansions covered by hyperplastic epidermis without koilocytosis or giant keratohyalin granules, mild inflammation of the superficial dermis

(haematoxylin and eosin, bar = 100 µm).

Histologically, the WHO classification includes two types of papillomas: the benign viral

papilloma/papillomatosis and inverted papilloma, and non-neoplastic epidermal papillated mass defined as

squamous papilloma. Typical viral papillomas (both the exophytic and inverted variants) comprise

multiple finger-like projections of thickened squamous epithelium with generally normal maturation.

Ectatic blood vessels and mild to moderate infiltrates of mixed inflammatory cells are generally present in

the connective tissue cores of papillae. True inclusion bodies are uncommon in PV papillomas; they are

probably less common than cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions. Cytopathic effects (swollen cells with

blue-grey cytoplasm, hypergranulosis, koilocytes) are much more frequent. Squamous papilloma is similar

to viral papilloma; the epithelium forms moderately hyperplastic, mildly hyperkeratotic and mature

papillary projections. The collagenous cores of the fingerlike projections are bland, delicate and the

inflammation is generally minimal to mild. Viral cytopathic effect is not evident. From this classification it

emerges that in PV-induced papillomas both viral cytopathic effects and intranuclear inclusion bodies are

often detectable in H&E-stained sections and their identification promptly leads to the diagnosis. In those

cases in which the viral aetiology is suspected, but viral inclusions and cytopathic effects are not promptly

detectable, the use of IHC and PCR is mandatory.

Dr. Madhukar* and Prof. H. A. Upendra#

*Assistant Professor, # Director, Institute of Wildlife Veterinary Research, KVAFSU,Doddaluvara, Kodagu (E-mail: [email protected])

We outlined the procedure for loading and unloading of the immobilization dart in our previous

article. In this final article of the series on immobilization, we will outline the procedure for cleaning of

syringe and needle, and dart maintenance.

CLEANING THE SYRINGE 1. Release the air from the air chamber as outlined in the

previous section. Hold the dart horizontally with the black

plunger upwards, fit a coupling to a filler syringe and fill the

dart with water.

2. Flush the drug chamber with warm water. Repeat this step several times. The syringes must not be sterilized by steam or heat.


Fig. 4. Histology of the mass. Expansion of the squamous layer without hyperparakeratosis or hyperorthokeratosis; no

ballooning degeneration or basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed (haematoxylin and eosin, bar = 100 µm).

CLEANING THE NEEDLE

1. Remove the silicone sleeve from the needle.

2. Remove the needle from the syringe using pliers. The

serviceability of the dart can be prolonged by removing the

needle after use. The mounting hub will remain in better

condition and retain its shape for longer.

3. Rinse the needle by passing warm water through the needle several times.

4. Repeat previous step till the two injection ports (holes)

are free from debris and foreign material. The needles may

be sterilized using steam or other methods employing heat.

DART SYRINGE MAINTAINANCE

1.After cleaning the syringe retract the black plunger using an

air filler syringe fitted with a coupling adaptor.

2. Place one drop silicon oil into the drug chamber. Do not

allow any oil onto the external surface of dart syringe

needle boss.

3. Using the air filler syringe move the black plunger

forwards and backwards several times.

Next article will cover details on different types of immobilization equipments available in the market for veterinary use. The authors have used images and illustrations for educational purpose only and neither claims their ownership nor endorses these brands.


Dr. P. T. Ramesh, Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary clinical medicine

Veterinary college, Hebbal Banglore (E-mail : [email protected])

• It is an important disease of goats, causes focal encephalitis, septicemia and abortion.

• The organism can be excreted in the milk of healthy carrier goats, as well as sick goats.

It is a potentially zoonotic disease.

ETIOLOGY

• It is caused by L.monocytogenes a motile, aerobic to facultative anaerobic, gram positive rod.

The organism is easily killed by the commonly used disinfectants, but can survive in feces, silage, and

tissues for 5 or more years.

• It is common in dairy goats in North America, Europe.

• It is also reported in South Africa, Australia, India and New Zealand (nervous form is common).

• During septicemia and abortion- organism is present in large numbers in milk, feces, placenta, fetuses

and newborn kids.

Zoonotic potential is high for vets and animal care takers.

SYMPTOMS

• Encephalitic form- signs are non specific like depression, decreased appetite, decreased milk

production, fever, transient fever up to 107.60 F.

• Neuronal signs are followed by hemiparesis, in coordination, tendency for goats to lean, stumble or

move in one direction only, which then cause torticolis in the same direction and circling.

The septicemic form- also begins with the depression, loss of appetite, decreased milk production, fever up

to 107.6oF.

DIAGNOSIS

• CSF analysis shows elevated cell count and protein.

• Increased serum agglutination titer is seen in septicemia form but not in the encephalitic form.

• Culture is undertaken for the definitive diagnosis.

• Gross PM findings are uncommon in encephalitic form- focal gray discoloration and malacia of the

brain steam has been recorded.

• In the septicemic form- multiple foci of the necrosis are seen in the liver, kidney and heart.

• In aborted fetuses yellow spots are seen on the liver and are highly suggestive of the listerosis.

Culture of the liver, spleen, uterus of septicemic adult is preferred for isolation of organism.

TREATMENT AND DIAGNOSIS

Therapy includes broad spectrum antibiotics that cross the blood brain barrier, Supportive

therapy –fluids and electrolytes administration, Management of keratitis, supplemented feeding etc,


• Good management practices, where kids are raised separately from adults.

• Careful disposal of the aborted fetuses, placenta etc., Kids need care, good feed, pasteurized

colostrums, feed sample-examined by the cultures and discarded if infected.

M.A.Kshama and A.Muralidhara Dept of TVCC, Veterinary College, Bangalore, KVAFSU

(E-mail : [email protected])

The Pomeranian is the smallest member of the Spitz family of dogs, which includes

the Samoyed, Alaskan Malamute, and Norwegian Elkhound, among others although he sometimes thinks

he's a lot bigger than he is.They are smart , vivacious and extroverted. So don't let them challenge bigger

dogs in the mistaken belief that they are larger.They love meeting new people and get along well with

other animals. However most of the dogs that are passed off as Pomeranians here are actually Spitz.

The ancestors of today's Pomeranian breed were large working dogs from the Arctic regions. These

dogs are commonly known as the Wolfspitz or Spitz type. The Pomeranian is considered to be descended

from the German Spitz. The breed is thought to have acquired its name by association with the area known

as Pomerania which is located in northern Poland and Germany along the Baltic Sea. The breed has been

made popular by a number of royal owners since the 18th century. Especially two members of the British

Royal Family are credited with having influenced the evolution of the breed. In 1767, Queen

Charlotte, Queen-consort of King George III of England, brought two Pomeranians to England. Named

Phoebe and Mercury, the dogs were depicted in paintings by Sir Thomas Gainsborough. These paintings

depicted a dog larger than the modern breed, reportedly weighing as much as 30–50 lb . Queen Victoria,

Queen Charlotte's granddaughter, was also an enthusiast and established a large breeding kennel. Queen

Victoria owned a particularly small Pomeranian named “Windors Marco” which weighed only12 lbs (5.4

kg). When she first exhibited Marco in 1891, it caused the smaller type Pomeranian to become

immediately popular and breeders began selecting only the smaller specimen for breeding. During her

lifetime, the size of the Pomeranian breed was reported to have decreased by

50%.VIctoria worked to improve and promote the Pomeranian breed by

importing smaller Pomeranians of different colors from various European

countries to add to her breeding program. The first breed club was set up in

England in 1891, and the first breed standard was written shortly afterwards. The

first member of the breed was registered in America to the American Kennel

Club in 1898, and it was recognized in 1900. In the standard published in 1998,

the Pomeranian is included in the German Spitz standard, along with

the Keeshond, by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale. According to the standard "Spitz breeds are

captivating" and have a "unique characteristic, cheeky appearance.


Description Pomeranians are small dogs weighing 1.9–3.5 kilograms (4.2–7.7 lb) and standing 5.0–11 inches

(13–28 cm) gh at the withers .They are compact but sturdy dogs with an abundant textured coat with a

highly plumed tail set high and flat. The top coat forms a ruff of fur on the neck. They come in a variety of

colors including white, black, brown, red, orange, cream, blue, sable, black and tan, brown and tan,

spotted, brindle, golden, chocolate plus combinations of those colors. The most common colors are orange,

black or white. The merle Pomeranian is a recent color developed by breeders. It is a combination of a

solid base color with lighter blue/grey patch which gives a mottled effect. The most common base colors

for the effect are red/brown or black, although it can also appear with other colors. Combinations such as

brindle merle or liver merle are not accepted in the breed standard. Pomeranians have a thick double coat,

and while grooming is not difficult, it has be done daily to maintain the quality of the coat and because of

its thickness and the constant shedding, trimming every 1–2 months is recommended. The outer coat is

long, straight, and harsh in texture while the undercoat is soft, thick and short. The coat knots and tangles

easily, particularly when the undercoat is being shed, which happens twice a year. The life expectancy of a

Pomeranian is 12 to 16 years.

Temperament Pomeranians are typically a very friendly, playful and lively breed of

dog. They love to be around their owners and are known to be protective of them.

Alert and inquisitive, Pomeranians make excellent watchdogs and will bark at anything out of the ordinary. Teach them to stop barking on command, though, or they might go on all day long. They are also defensive of their

territory and will thus bark when they encounter any outside noises. Pomeranians

are intelligent dogs, respond well to training, and can be very successful in getting

what they want from their owners. They are extroverted and enjoy being the

center of attention but can become quite aggressive and dominant if not well

trained. The use of toys can be an effective tool in encouraging Poms to spend

time alone.Temperament is affected by a number of factors, including

heredity, training, and socialization. Puppies with nice temperaments are curious

and playful, willing to approach people and be held by them. Always meet at least

one of the parents — usually the mother is the one who's available — to ensure

that they have nice temperaments make sure the puppy you choose is friendly,

calm, quiet, and easy to live with. Like every dog, Pomeranians need early

socialization — exposure to many different people, sights, sounds, and

experiences — when they're young. Socialization helps ensure that your Pom puppy grows up to be a

well-rounded dog However, no matter what ,cocky, commanding, and animated, the pint-size Pomeranian

is always an entertaining companion.

Poms have a lot of energy and enjoy going for walks. They trot along, proudly holding their head

up, meeting new people and exploring new sights and smells .More and more Poms are being trained in


obedience, agility, tracking and flyball. Some also have been trained as hearing assistance dogs. They make excellent therapy dogs and bring delight and comfort to the sick and elderly in hospitals and nursing homes. If you'd like a pint-size companion with personality plus, the Pomeranian may be the

choice for you.

Issues regarding health Though Pomeranians are generally a sturdy and healthy breed there are some health issues they

may be prone to Ocular problems.

Ocular problems are common especially in Merle colored dogs. They may suffer from mild to

severe deafness, increased intraocular ressure, ametropia, microphthalmia, and colobomas. Luxating patella is another health issue in the Pomeranian breed. Tracheal collapse is another common

problem caused by the weakening of the tracheal rings. It occurs when the rings that normally hold the

shape of the windpipe collapse, closing the airway. The symptoms of a collapse include a honking cough

that can sound similar to a goose honk, an intolerance to exercise, fainting spells and a cough that is

worsened by hot weather, exercise and excitement. In Pomeranians, a condition often called "black skin disease"/ Alopecia X occurs which is a combination of alopecia and hyperpigmentation . Other names for

this condition include wooly coat, coat funk, pseudo-Cushing's disease, or severe hair loss syndrome. This

condition affects male Pomeranians more than females, and may be

inherited. Although most affected dogs show signs following puberty, it can

occur at any age. Other conditions can mimic this condition

including Cushing's syndrome, hypothyroidism, chronic skin infections, and

reproductive hormone disorders. Another common disorder in male

Pomeranians is cryptorchidism and It is treated through surgical removal of

the retained testicle. Poms are prone to teeth and gum problems and early tooth

loss. Watch for dental problems and take your Pom for regular dental

examination.

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ಪಶು�ೖದ�ೕಯ ಮತು� ಪಶು�ಾಲ�ಾ �ಸ�ರ�ಾ ��ಣ ��ಾಗ

ಪಶು�ೖದ�ೕಯ ಮ�ಾ��ಾ�ಲಯ, �ಂಗಳ"ರು ([email protected])

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Qೕ�ನ ಮರಗಳ kಾಂl=ೕಕೃತ �ೕkಾಯ ಪದm5� ಯ �ಾ=ತ�nFಯನುW FೖNೂಳg?ಾoತು.

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residues) ಯtೕಚv�ಾ\ �ೂ:ಯು<ಾ��ಾದರೂ �ೕXN FಾGಡು5�ದYಂ< Fೂಳ� �ಾ�ಗಳf ಬ5� ಒಣ\ Oಾನು�ಾರುಗPN

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ಮತು� ಅದರ ಉಪ_ೕಗಗಳ ಬN| 5ಳfವPF aೕಡ?ಾoತು.

ಜೂA 5ಂಗಳ 2�ೕ �ಾರದGH ಮುಂNಾರು �ಾ=ರಂಭNೂಂಡು ಒಂದು ಹದ

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ಇ?ಾ~ಯ ವ5oಂದ 400 ಅಗk ಸXಗಳನುW (ರೂ. 3 ರಂ< ಒಂದು ಸXN) aೕd 2*2 ಅd

ಅಂತರದGH (kಾGaಂದ kಾGN 2 ಅd ಮತು� ಸXoಂದ ಸXN 2 ಅd) �ಾ@ Kಾಡಲು

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ಈಗ eರು �ೕXNಯಲೂH ಹXರು QೕವC ನಳನPಸುವCದನುW Fಾಣಬಹುದು (Eತ= 4, 5)


1

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ಅಗk kೂpSನGH �ೕ.% 16-20 ರಷು� �=ೕ@ೕA ಅಂಶ�ದುY, �ೕ.% 25-30 ರಷು�

ಒ�ಾಂಶ�ರುತ��. ಅಲH� ಈ kೂpSನGH sಾವC�ೕ �{�ಕ<ಯ �:ೂೕl ಅಂಶಗಳf

(Anti nutritional factors) ಇಲH�ರುವCದ[ಂದ �ೖನು:ಾಸುಗಳf 5ನುWವಷು� kೂಪSನುW

aೕಡಬಹುದು. �ೕN kಾಂ�=ೕಕೃತ �ೕkಾಯ ಪದm5ಯGH �Mದಂತ Qೕ�ನ ಮರಗಳf 2

[ಂದ 4 ವಷ ಗಳ Fಾಲ ಫಸಲನುW Fೂಡುತ��. ವಷþ Fc 5-6 ಕxಾವನುW ಪiಯಬಹುದು.

ಪ=5 ಕxಾ�N ಒಂದು ಮರ�ಂದ 1-2 F. h. QೕವನುW ಪiಯಬಹುದು (50-100 ಟA�/

ವಷþ/ �F�ೕ�).

ಅಗk kೂಪSನುW �ನಂಪ=5 5 F.h. ಯಷು� �ೖನು:ಾಸುಗPN ಪ�ರಕ

ಆ�ಾರ�ಾ\ aೕಡುವCದ[ಂದ ಸ[ ಸುKಾರು �ೕ. 15 ರಷು� �ಾGನ ಇಳfವ[

��ಾ�\ರುವCದು ಸಂ��ೕಧ�ಗPಂದ 5Pದು ಬಂ�ರುತ��. ಇದನುW ಆ�ಕ�ಾ\

��HೕXದ:, 1 ಅಗk ಮರ�ಂದ ತನW ವಷþಗಳ hೕ�<ಾವlಯGH 40 F. h. ಯಷು� ಹXರು

QೕವನುW ಪiಯಬಹುದು. ಅಂದ: ಸ:ಾಸ[ 8 Gೕ. �ಾಲನುW ಅlಕ�ಾ\ ಉ<ಾS�ಸಬಹುದು. 8 Gೕ. �ಾGನ ಇಂ�ನ �? 200

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ರೂ. ಗಳ aವ�ಳ ಆ�ಾಯ��.

ಆಸ�ಯುಳg :ೖತರು ಅಗk eೕಜಗಳನುW BAIF ಸFಾ:ೕತರ ಸಂkwಯ BIRD- K Nಾ=�ೕದಯ ತರ�ೕ5 Fೕಂದ=,

ಲcಹPg, 5ಪಟೂರು, ತುಮಕೂರು h?H ಇGHಂದ ಪiಯಬಹುದು. ಅಗk eೕಜಗಳ ದರ ಈ Fಳ\ನಂ5�.

kkzೕasಾ k� �ಾ�A (ಅಗkಯ ಒಂದು ಪ=�ೕದ) – ರೂ. 150/F. h.

kkzೕasಾ Nಾ=ಂd�Hೕರ – ರೂ. 185/F. h.

****

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(Dr. Anant Rao Desai, Dr. Mahesh Savanur and Dr Harisha M) email: [email protected]

Calculation of NPV, IRR and BCR

As discussed previously Net Present Worth or Net Present Value (NPV/ NPW), Internal Rate of

Return (IRR) and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) are three important parameters considered to by financing

agencies to decide on funding the project.

Let us consider a project with following details of expenditure and income.

Net Present Worth (NPW) or Net Present Value (NPV) The Net Present Worth is the difference between the present worth of all cash inflows and outflows

of a project. The investments made in the projects are generally called costs or cash outflows. The receipts

that accrued during different time periods are called as cash inflows or gross returns.

The cash flows discounted with an appropriate discount rate will give the net present worth of the

project. Annual discount rate takes into account not just the time value of money, but also the risk or

uncertainty of future cash flows; the greater the uncertainty of future cash flows, the higher the discount

rate. It varies from 10% to 20% and it is usually equal to the rate of interest charged to fund this project.

(Bt is cash flows in tth year, Ct is cash outflows in tth year,

t is 1 to 10 years that is life span of the project.)

The choice criterion using NPV is that the project with positive NPV is accepted for implementa-

tion and the project with negative NPV is rejected. If he is to choose among different projects, the project

with highest NPV has to be chosen.

Calculation of NPV manually using the above formula is explained below.


1 yr 2 yr 3 yr 4 yr 5 yr 6 yr 7 yr

Non recurring expenditure (includes work-ing capital)

470000

Recurring ex-penses/ costs

162740 185140 185140 180640 180080 185140 182810

Total Costs 632740 185140 185140 180640 180080 185140 182810

Total income 278910 322180 322180 295660 292350 322100 322050

Gross profit -353830 137040 137040 115020 112270 136960 139240

Annual discount rate

15%

PW Income/ benefits @ 15%

= 278910 + 322180 + 322180 + 295660 + 292350 + 322100 + 322050

(1+0.15)1 (1+0.15)2 (1+0.15)3 (1+0.15)4 (1+0.15)5 (1+0.15)6 (1+0.15)7

= 278910 + 322180 + 322180 + 295660 + 292350 + 322100 + 322050

1.15 1.3225 1.521 1.749 2.011 2.313 2.66

= 1272700.8

PW Expenditure/ costs @ 15%

= 632740 + 185140 + 185140 + 180640 + 180080 + 185140+ 182810

(1+0.15)1 (1+0.15)2 (1+0.15)3 (1+0.15)4 (1+0.15)5 (1+0.15)6 (1+0.15)7

= 632740 + 185140 + 185140 + 180640 + 180080 + 185140+ 182810

1.15 1.3225 1.521 1.749 2.011 2.313 2.66

= 1153512.8 NPV = 1272700.8 - 1153512.8 = 119187.8

Calculation of NPV manually is tedious, using MS Excel makes the calculation easier and the steps

are explained below.

Step 1: Firstly enter the projected gross profit and annual discount rate. Enter the data for the period

required to completely repay the loan amount. Enter the NPV in the next row.


= 242530.4 + 243614.4 + 211838.6 + 169044.6 + 145349.6 + 139252.7 + 121070.5

= 550208.7 + 139992.44 + 121732.56 + 103281.51 + 89531.586 + 80041.131 + 68725.05

Step 2: Click on the cell in front of NPV, then click the function button and thirdly select the NPV

function from the drop down menu which pops out on clicking the function button as shown below.

Step 3: On double clicking the NPV function from the drop down menu function arguments dialogue box

opens.

Step 4: Click the first row in the dialogue box and click C1 value of discount rate. Click the second row in the dialogue box and click C2, value of first year gross profit continue till all the values are entered.


Step 5: Enter all the values and press OK in the dialogue box.

Step 6: This gives you the NPV for the project for the discount rate considered.

NPV can also be calculated by finding the discount factor, discounted costs and discounted benefits

for each year.

Step 1: Calculate the discount factor by the formula 1/(1+ discount rate/100)n where n = year. Enter equals

in the row of discount factor and in the column of the concerned year. Then enter the above formula as

shown in the excel sheet formula bar, click enter this gives the discount factor for the first year. Repeat for

all the years, changing the exponent.


Step 2: Multiply total costs and discount factor for each year. This gives the discounted costs. Sum the

discounted costs in the total column.

Step 3: Multiply total benefits and discount factor for each year. This gives the discounted benefits. Sum

the discounted benefits in the total column.


Step 4: NPV is the difference between the discounted benefits and discounted costs.

NPV = 1272701-1153513 = 119188 Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) An indicator used in cost-benefit analysis that attempts to summarize the overall “value for

money” of a project. It is the ratio of the benefits of a project relative to its costs, being expressed in

discounted present values.

BCR is worked out by dividing the present value of cash inflows by the present value of cash

outflows. If the BCR is more than one, that project is accepted and if BCR is less than one the project is

rejected. Among the different projects, the project with highest BCR is to be selected.

BCR = PW Profit/ Benefits at annual discount rate___

PW Expenditure/ Costs at annual discount rate

BCR = 1272701 = 1.10 : 1 1153513

Internal Rate of Returns (IRR) It is the rate of return per rupee invested in a project over its life span.

For example if the IRR is 30 per cent in a livestock project, it means that this project gets an

average annual return of Rs. 30/ per Rs. 100/ invested in the project over its life span.

For a project to be viable it should have a BCR of one or greater than one at the opportunity cost of

capital and a NPW of zero or greater than zero at the opportunity cost of capital and the discount rate for

IRR should be greater than the opportunity cost.

Step 1: Firstly enter the projected gross profit. Enter the data for the period required to completely repay

the loan amount. Enter IRR in the next row.


Step 2: Click on the cell in front of IRR, then click the function button and thirdly select the IRR function

from the drop down menu which pops out on clicking the function button as shown below.

Step 3: On double clicking the IRR function from the drop down menu function arguments dialogue box

opens.

Step 4: Click the first row in the dialogue box and select all the values. If you can guess the IRR then enter

the approximate value in the Guess row in the function arguments dialogue box and press OK, else click

OK in the dialogue box directly without entering anything in the Guess box.


Contact :

Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education

Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore

email: [email protected]

Blog: pashubandhavcheb.in

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Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal Bengaluru

Editor: Associate Editior:

Dean, Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru Head, Dept of Vety & Animal Husbandry Extension Education

Dr.S.Yathiraj (Ex-Officio) Dr.K.Satyanarayana (Ex-Officio)

• PELVIC

Step 5: This gives you the IRR for the project


May2014

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