Maximum prices

7
Maximum Prices EdExcel Economics 1.4.1

Transcript of Maximum prices

Maximum  Prices  

EdExcel  Economics  1.4.1  

Maximum  Prices  /  Price  Caps  –  Some  Topical  Issues  

Housing  Rent  Controls  

Energy  Price  Caps  to  control  fuel  bills  

Caps  on  CEO  Pay  /Bonuses  

Cap  on  Mobile  Roaming  Charges  

Price  capping  for  water  companies  

Cap  on  interest  rates  charged  by  pay-­‐day  lenders  

Cap  on  annual  charges  to  occupaDonal  pension  plans  

Currency  peg  e.g.  Hong  Kong  /  US  

dollar  

The  government  or  an  industry  regulator  can  set  a  maximum  price  to  prevent  the  market  price  from  rising  above  a  certain  level  

Maximum  Price  Analysis  Diagram  

QuanDty  supplied  

P1  

Q1  

A  maximum  price  must  be  set  below  the  normal  free  market  equilibrium  price  to  have  any  effect  on  price  and  output  

Market  Demand  

Max  Price  

Q2  

Price  

Q3  

Market  Supply  

Max  Price  (price  ceiling)  

Free  Market  Equilibrium  

An  alternaDve  to  a  maximum  rent  is  a  rent  subsidy  for  housing  which  is  the  equivalent  of  an  increase  in  income  

Maximum  Price  Analysis  –  “Black  Market”  Prices  

QuanDty  supplied  

P1  

Q1  

If  quanDty  is  restricted  to  Q3,  then  some  consumers  will  be  willing  to  pay  a  higher  “unofficial  price”  at  P2  Producers  can  extract  extra  consumer  surplus  at  higher  price  

Market  Demand  

Max  Price  

Q2  

Price  

Q3  

Max  Price  

P2   Market  Supply  

Extracted  consumer  surplus  above  the  official  price  ceiling  

Possible  unofficial  price  above  the  ceiling  

Some  raDoning  or  aucDon  process  may  be  needed  if  output  =  Q3  

Applied  Micro:  Plans  for  an  Energy  Price  Cap  

Output  of  gas  

P1  

Q1  

D  

Max  Price  

Price  of  gas  

Q3  

S  

In  2013,  ex-­‐Labour  Leader  Ed  Milliband,  announced  that  he  would  consider  capping  fuel  prices  if  elected  into  Government  in  2015  

•  Milliband  argued  that  rising  fuel  prices  benefit  only  the  privately-­‐owned  firms  that  sell  the  fuel.  

•  These  firms  benefit  unfairly  because  there  is  limited  compeDDon  in  the  fuel  generaDon  and  retail  markets.  

•  Because  demand  for  fuel  is  price  inelasDc,  an  increase  in  fuel  bills  reduces  people’s  real  purchasing  power  

•  The  main  case  for  the  energy  price  cap  proposal  is  to  increase  fairness  for  families  on  low  incomes  

Opponents  of  a  price  cap  argue  that  more  compeDDon  is  a  beaer  long-­‐term  strategy  to  lower  prices  

EvaluaGng  Price  Caps  in  Different  Markets  

A  maximum  price  also  involves  a  normaGve  judgement  on  behalf  of  the  government  about  what  that  price  should  be  

Benefits  •  A  useful  surrogate  for  compeDDon  

• Holds  prices  down  –  consumer  welfare  gains  

•  IncenDves  for  businesses  to  cut  costs  to  maintain  profits  

Downsides  •  Reduces  profits  –  less  money  for  capital  investment  

• May  dissuade  new  entrants  

•  Firms  might  raise  prices  in  other  ways  

AlternaGves  • Measures  to  reduce  entry  barriers  in  an  industry  

• Higher  taxes  on  monopoly  profits  e.g.  a  windfall  tax  

Maximum  Prices  

EdExcel  Economics  1.4.1